“微生物-肠-脑”轴介导的宿主食欲调节

人和动物的食欲受到中枢神经系统和外周激素的协同调控。近年来，一些研究指出肠道菌群的组成与变化通过多重途径影响宿主的食欲。肠道细菌分泌和产生的大量功能性代谢物如短链脂肪酸、次级胆汁酸和氨基酸衍生物等是其发挥调控作用的重要媒介物质。此外，肠道菌群还能够影响消化系统营养感知、肠迷走神经信号投递、肠道激素分泌等，这些也都会参与食欲和进食调节。在明确细菌调控食欲的作用机制后靶向调控和重组肠道微生物可能是改善宿主食欲的一种新策略，有助于厌食症、暴食症等相关疾病的诊治。     

肠道微生物和肠-脑轴在肥胖发展中的作用

肥胖和相关代谢综合征已成为全球最突出的健康问题之一,肠道微生物已被证明参与肥胖的发展,并可能对肥胖的发展和其干预治疗等提供重要的见解。最近的研究表明,肠道微生物和大脑的相互作用可能是肥胖的后果或解释因素,肠-脑轴是它们相互作用的联络枢纽。此外,肠道微生物可以通过肠道激素（包括ghrelin）以及迷走神经连接（影响能量消耗和CNS中与饮食行为相关的区域）来影响肠-脑轴,从而改变宿主行为。同时,肠道微生物代谢物和其产物还可以充当信号分子并调节肠内分泌细胞的激素分泌,如GLP1和PYY,从而调节食欲、肠道运动、能量吸收和储存以及能量消耗等摄食相关行为,进而影响肥胖的发展。所以,理解这些信号和激素作用并从药理学方法增强它们,可能为治疗肥胖提供一种重要的途径。     

基于脑-肠轴理论探讨针灸治疗认知障碍的机制

认知障碍是一种主要影响认知能力（包括学习、记忆、感知和问题解决等）的心理健康障碍。认知障碍常见于阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆、轻度认知障碍等患者。与药物治疗相比，针灸治疗具有低成本、可耐受性和安全等特点，已成为改善认知功能的潜在工具。许多研究表明，在认知障碍的患者中，针灸治疗具有明显改善认知功能的作用。但针灸改善认知功能的机制仍不清楚。基于中医从肠治脑的理论基础以及目前实验研究，脑-肠轴与针灸改善大脑认知功能关系密切。对于针灸改善认知的脑-肠轴机制的理解能促进肠道微生物微观机制研究，但肠道微生物存在个体差异、动态变化、种类繁多等特征，以肠道稳态为调控目标的新针灸方案有待研究完善与规范。本文综述了针灸干预脑-肠轴治疗认知障碍，针灸通过维持肠道生态平衡、保持肠道菌群多样性、调整有益菌群丰度、调节代谢、促进生成脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、抑制小胶质细胞激活、降低神经炎症反应、减少Aβ蛋白沉积等机制，实现对认知障碍的治疗。     

昆虫肠-脑轴的研究进展

肠-脑轴是大脑和肠道神经系统双向联系的通道,近年来关于肠道微生物与宿主的神经生理和行为之间关系的研究快速增长,成为学科领域研究热点和发展方向之一。肠-脑轴调控昆虫多种行为和生理功能,昆虫的生长发育、繁殖等都与肠道菌密不可分。本文综述了肠道微生物对昆虫觅食、运动、交配、攻击、学习和记忆行为以及社会性行为的影响,并且概述了以昆虫为模型,对肠-脑轴与人类神经性疾病相关性研究的进展。     

微生物-肠-脑轴的研究进展

肠道微生物群能够调节宿主肠道稳态,同时参与调节宿主神经系统功能和行为。肠道菌群失调可能导致宿主神经系统功能障碍,从而引发神经退行性疾病。因此,研究微生物在肠?脑轴中发挥的作用及其机制,靶向调控肠道微生物菌群结构和功能,将为神经系统疾病的诊断与治疗提供新的手段。近年来,有关肠道微生物与机体神经系统间的互作研究受到了广泛关注,然而其具体的调控机制还未明晰。因此,本文综述了肠道微生物对宿主神经健康的调节作用,以及肠道微生物与宿主间的互作在调节神经功能、行为的潜力等研究进展,为更好地了解肠道微生物在调控宿主神经系统功能和行为的作用机制提供参考。     

瘦蛋白介导的人食欲与体重调节机制

瘦蛋白(leptin)介导了一个由5个基因的表达与调控组成的食欲调节系统,从而实现了人体重的反馈调节。深入分析类体重调节的,矿子机制对于阐明肥胖发生的生理学机制,以及对于抗肥胖药物的设计和筛选具育重要意义。     

肠道微生态系统对食欲调节功能影响及机制的研究进展

肠道微生态系统与人类生理病理密切相关,目前其作为研究疾病新治疗途径的切入点,尤其在与食欲紊乱相关疾病方面受到广泛关注。随着研究的深入,学者们发现,肠道微生态通过代谢、内分泌、神经、免疫等多条途径参与对食欲的调节。本文综述了肠道微生态系统通过上述途径对宿主食欲调节功能的影响及相关机制,阐述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对食欲和能量代谢的影响,以期对食欲相关疾病的微生物靶向疗法有所启发。     

基于脑-肠-微生物轴的肠易激综合征机制与治疗研究进展

肠易激综合征(irritablebowelsyndrome,IBS)是常见的功能性肠病之一,目前尚缺乏可用器质性疾病解释的临床特征,最新研究将其机制描述为脑-肠-微生物轴紊乱,强调了肠道微生物群在调节脑肠互动中的中介作用,而中医药对于脑肠稳态调节有着悠久广泛的治疗经验并取得了良好疗效,但两者关联性缺乏论述。因此,本文以脑肠轴为切入点,以肠道微生物作为介质,基于脑肠轴-中医药的良性互动,结合我们相关工作,综述了目前与脑-肠-微生物轴相关的IBS的中西医研究,为同行提供参考。     

肠道微生物调控宿主食欲的研究进展

肠道微生物与宿主代谢相互作用,可调节机体的生理功能。宿主机体中存在"微生物-肠道-大脑轴",肠道菌群可通过多种途径影响中枢神经系统,进而对宿主摄食等行为产生影响。食物中不易被宿主消化吸收的膳食纤维等营养物质,被肠道微生物发酵可产生多种代谢产物,这些代谢产物作为信号分子可通过不同途径介导中枢神经系统,进而调控宿主食欲。本文主要综述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对中枢神经系统与宿主食欲的影响及其可能的调控途径与机制,以加深肠道微生物在调控宿主食欲方面的新认识。     

肠道菌群与脑-肠轴相互作用关系研究进展

人体肠道内定植了大量的细菌,它们参与机体多种生理功能的维持。大脑与胃肠道之间通过脑-肠轴进行双向关联。近年研究发现肠道菌群与脑-肠轴可相互作用、相互影响。肠道菌群可影响机体神经内分泌系统及免疫系统的功能,脑-肠轴功能变化同样也会改变肠道的菌群结构。本研究就肠道菌群与脑-肠轴功能相互影响的研究进展作一综述,以期为深入了解肠道菌群对脑-肠轴功能的影响提供参考。     

The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives

Brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are intimately connected to form a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system. The communication between gut and brain, knows as the gut-brain axis, is so well established that the functional status of gut is always related to the condition of brain. The researches on the gut-brain axis were traditionally focused on the psychological status affecting the function of the GI tract. However, recent evidences showed that gut microbiota communicates with the brain via the gut-brain axis to modulate brain development and behavioral phenotypes. These recent fi ndings on the new role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis implicate that gut microbiota could associate with brain functions as well as neurological diseases via the gut-brain axis. To elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis, precise identification of the composition of microbes constituting gut microbiota is an essential step. However, identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota has been the main technological challenge currently due to massive amount of intestinal microbes and the diffi culties in culture of gut microbes. Current methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota are dependent on omics analysis methods by using advanced high tech equipment. Here, we review the association of gut microbiota with the gut-brain axis, including the pros and cons of the current high throughput methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota to elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis.     

动物宿主——肠道微生物代谢轴研究进展

肠道中栖息着数量庞大且复杂多样的微生物菌群,在维持宿主肠道微环境稳态中发挥重要作用。微生物菌群可以利用宿主肠道的营养素,发酵产生代谢产物,与宿主机体形成宿主—微生物代谢轴(host-microbe metabolic axis)。该代谢轴既能影响营养素吸收和能量代谢,又可调控宿主各项生理过程。本文主要阐述宿主-肠道微生物代谢轴的概念、肠-肝轴、肠-脑轴、肠道微生物与宿主肠道代谢轴的互作以及对机体健康的影响。     

An inter-organ neural circuit for appetite suppression

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TSPO: an emerging role in appetite for a therapeutically promising biomarker

There is accumulating evidence that an obesogenic Western diet causes neuroinflammatory damage to the brain, which then promotes further appetitive behaviour. Neuroinflammation has been extensively studied by analysing the translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO), a protein that is upregulated in the inflamed brain following a damaging stimulus. As a result, there is a rich supply of TSPO-specific agonists, antagonists and positron emission tomography ligands. One TSPO ligand, etifoxine, is also currently used clinically for the treatment of anxiety with a minimal side-effect profile. Despite the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity, and the translational potential of targeting TSPO, there is sparse literature characterizing the effect of TSPO on appetite. Therefore, in this review, the influence of TSPO on appetite is discussed. Three putative mechanisms for TSPO''s appetite-modulatory effect are then characterized: the TSPO–allopregnanolone–GABA_AR signalling axis, glucosensing in tanycytes and association with the synaptic protein RIM-BP1. We highlight that, in addition to its plethora of functions, TSPO is a regulator of appetite. This review ultimately suggests that the appetite-modulating function of TSPO should be further explored due to its potential therapeutic promise.     

Water deprivation induces appetite and alters metabolic strategy in Notomys alexis: unique mechanisms for water production in the desert

Like many desert animals, the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, can maintain water balance without drinking water. The role of the kidney in producing a small volume of highly concentrated urine has been well-documented, but little is known about the physiological mechanisms underpinning the metabolic production of water to offset obligatory water loss. In Notomys, we found that water deprivation (WD) induced a sustained high food intake that exceeded the pre-deprivation level, which was driven by parallel changes in plasma leptin and ghrelin and the expression of orexigenic and anorectic neuropeptide genes in the hypothalamus; these changed in a direction that would stimulate appetite. As the period of WD was prolonged, body fat disappeared but body mass increased gradually, which was attributed to hepatic glycogen storage. Switching metabolic strategy from lipids to carbohydrates would enhance metabolic water production per oxygen molecule, thus providing a mechanism to minimize respiratory water loss. The changes observed in appetite control and metabolic strategy in Notomys were absent or less prominent in laboratory mice. This study reveals novel mechanisms for appetite regulation and energy metabolism that could be essential for desert rodents to survive in xeric environments.     

微生物-肠-脑轴与神经系统疾病的研究进展

肠道微生物对神经系统疾病 (如帕金森病、抑郁症和阿尔兹海默症等) 的治疗具有辅助治疗的作用。其主要通过神经通路、免疫通路以及微生物代谢物等途径在肠-脑轴的作用下影响大脑功能和宿主行为。因此,文中结合国内外的研究进展,就微生物-肠-脑轴在神经系统疾病中的主要作用进行探讨,以期为神经退行性疾病的治疗提供新思路。     

High-fiber diet mitigates maternal obesity-induced cognitive and social dysfunction in the offspring via gut-brain axis

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