调控性非编码RNA在周围神经病理性疼痛中的作用研究进展

调控性非编码RNA (ncRNA)主要包括长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)、微小RNA (miRNA)、环状RNA (circRNA)。近年来研究报道,ncRNA可通过调节离子通道、神经炎症和免疫平衡,参与轴突和髓鞘的损伤、修复与再生,调控神经元凋亡和自噬等多种途径,参与周围神经病理性疼痛的发生发展。因此,对调控性ncRNA在周围神经病理性疼痛中的作用靶点或生物标志物的研究进行总结十分重要。     

非编码RNA参与调控哮喘T细胞功能的研究进展

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是一种以气道炎性反应、高反应性及气道重塑为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,T细胞在其中发挥着至关重要的作用。非编码RNA (non-coding RNA, ncRNA)是转录组中不编码蛋白质的RNA分子,主要包括微小RNA (microRNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)、环状RNA (circular RNA, circRNA)等,广泛存在于真核生物基因组中,参与调控多种生物学过程。已有研究表明,ncRNA在哮喘T细胞的活化及转换等过程中起着重要作用,其具体作用机制及临床应用值得深入探讨。本文综合分析了近年来miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA在哮喘T细胞功能调控中的研究进展,为更好地理解哮喘发病机制和提高诊断水平提供新思路,同时也为利用ncRNA的调节潜能开发治疗策略提供理论依据。     

非编码RNA与动物发育

非编码RNA（non-coding RNA,ncRNA）是指不翻译产生蛋白质的RNA.近年来,对ncRNA在基因表达调控中的功能进行了广泛的研究,ncRNA在发育、代谢和疾病等生命活动中都起着重要的作用.本文总结了ncRNA在胚胎发育、干细胞维持和器官发生等动物发育过程中的作用.     

非编码RNA在细胞自噬中的研究进展 *

细胞自噬是细胞在应激条件下降解胞内受损成分的过程,涉及多信号分子参与。在疾病发生、发展过程中,细胞自噬既可抑制或延缓疾病发展,还可使病情恶化,故寻找在不同阶段调控细胞自噬作用的因子探究其有效作用靶点具有重要意义。非编码RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA)是从基因组中转录出来的不行使编码蛋白质作用的一类RNA的总称。进几年来,越来越多不同ncRNA被发现,并在动物机体生理和病理过程中发挥着重要的调控作用。已有研究表明,ncRNA在细胞自噬发生过程起到重要的调控作用。从微小RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(Long noncoding RNAs,lncRNA)、环状RNA(CircularRNA,circRNA)几方面综述了ncRNA在细胞自噬通路中的调节作用,为癌症等疾病治疗以及分子标记提供理论指导和新思路。     

非编码RNA在胞内病原菌免疫逃逸与致病中的作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNAs,ncRNAs)在细胞增殖、发育、分化、代谢、信号转导以及免疫调控中发挥重要调节作用。越来越多的研究证明,ncRNA在胞内病原菌的致病性和免疫逃逸中发挥重要调控作用。一方面ncRNA是细菌代谢、群体感应和毒力因子表达的调控因子,与胞内病原菌的致病性密切相关;另一方面ncRNA在调节宿主抗胞内病原菌免疫应答中发挥重要作用,深入研究ncRNA如何调节宿主免疫应答将有助于胞内菌免疫逃逸机制的研究。就非编码RNA在胞内病原菌免疫逃逸和致病中的作用作一综述。     

非编码RNA在肿瘤细胞糖代谢中的调控作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是一类不具有蛋白质编码潜能的RNA,可分为管家ncRNA和调控性ncRNA。微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是研究得比较清楚的一类调控性ncRNA,不仅可调控细胞分化、增殖和凋亡,还可通过调节糖酵解途径中的限速酶［如己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase, PFK)和丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)］来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)是另一类近年来引起重视的调控性ncRNA,它们可通过调节癌基因c Myc、葡糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter, GLUT)、HK和缺氧诱导因子等来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。深入了解miRNA和lncRNA等调控性ncRNA调控肿瘤细胞糖代谢的机制不仅可以使我们更加深入地了解肿瘤的发生机制,而且可能为肿瘤的预防、诊断和治疗提供新方向。     

植物非编码RNA的研究进展

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA, ncRNA)是一类广泛存在于多种生物体中,缺乏明确的开放阅读框,不编码蛋白质的RNA分子.目前已从部分植物中分离到一些ncRNA,它们直接以RNA分子的形式在植物体内发挥重要的调节功能,影响细胞分化和个体发育、基因转录调控、mRNA稳定性、RNA加工与修饰、信号传导、以及环境适应调节等.植物ncRNA的研究为深入了解植物的生长发育及系统进化提供了重要信息.     

长非编码RNA在基因调控和肿瘤形成中的作用

哺乳动物中,只有小部分基因转录成为编码蛋白质的RNA,大量的基因则转录为不能编码蛋白质的RNA,即ncRNA。长非 编码RNA(lncRNAs)是分子长度在200-100000 nt 之间的一类ncRNA。lncRNAs 的数量超过蛋白质编码基因的数量。目前,对长非 编码RNA(lncRNAs)的生物学特性,转录调控以及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用机制的研究任然是RNA研究的热点。lncRNAs 通 过控制染色质重塑,转录调控和录转录后调控而在基因的转录调节中发挥了重要作用。lncRNAs 与多种肿瘤相关,并且在抑制因 素和促进因素中都具有重要的作用。众多文献报道的结果表明lncRNAs 参与调控基因表达,在正常细胞与肿瘤细胞的转换中起 到至关重要的作用。     

非编码RNA调控肿瘤干细胞的研究进展

肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)是肿瘤内一群特殊的细胞群体,具有自我更新和分化的能力,与肿瘤的发生、发展、复发、转移以及治疗抵抗相关。非编码RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA)是一组不具备编码功能的RNA,在肿瘤发生、发展和预后调控中发挥重要作用。近年来,针对ncRNA如何调控CSCs生物学行为进行了大量的研究,取得了重要进展。现从DNA、RNA和蛋白质三个水平,综述目前ncRNA调控CSCs的分子机制,展望这一领域的后续研究,以期推动肿瘤发生和治疗相关机制的研究。     

非编码RNA在调控外源化学物致肾损伤中的作用

外源性化学物质所引起的肾脏损害称为中毒性肾病或化学性肾损伤,其发病机制十分复杂,目前为止尚未完全阐明。现有的研究表明,其可能主要与氧化应激、炎症反应、凋亡或坏死、上皮间质化等过程相关。非编码RNA(non-coding RNAs,ncRNAs)是指不能翻译成蛋白质的一大类功能性RNA分子。近年来,以微小RNA(micro RNA,miRNA)和长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)为代表的ncRNA研究发现,其对基因表达和信号通路的转导具有非常重要的调控作用,并具有调节外源化合物代谢,影响外源性化合物的肝肾毒性等功能。现主要围绕近几年非编码RNA在外源化学物致肾脏损伤相关研究中的研究成果,探讨药物、重金属、化学毒物致肾脏损伤过程中ncRNAs的表达差异,及ncRNA在调控化学性肾损伤相关信号通路中的作用机制,并且讨论它们在诊断和治疗过程中作为潜在标志物的前景。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.