对脑电相关维数计算中有关参数的探讨

应用Ｇｒａｓｓｂｅｒｇｅｒ－Ｐｒｏｃａｃｉａ ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ算法,通过点列长度、时间延迟、嵌入维数等参数的变化,对人的８导脑电时间序列的相关维数值的影响进行了研究。结果表明不仅参数的选用是否合理对计算值影响很大,而且脑电信号不像是一个稳定的混沌吸引子,因此拟用相关维数作用一项客观指标来准确地表示大脑的不同功能状态,几乎是不可能的。     

山西七里峪油松种群空间格局的分形特征

油松(Pinus tabuliformis)耐低温、干旱和瘠薄,是我国温性针叶林中分布最广的树种,也是我国北方广大地区最主要的造林树种之一。2013年7月,在七里峪林场设置一块100 m×100 m的油松天然林样地,逐一测量并记录了每株油松的胸径、树高和冠幅,并确定它们的坐标位置。应用分形理论中的计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数研究了样地内油松种群空间格局的分形特征。结果表明,油松种群格局具有自相似性,其有较高的计盒维数(1.785)和关联维数(1.826),个体空间相关程度较高,种内竞争激烈,对空间有较强的占据能力。油松种群格局的信息维数较低(0.262),其格局强度尺度变化程度较低,个体分布比较均匀。3个分形维数相辅相承、相互影响,研究结果对全面准确地解释油松种群的空间格局特征具有重要意义。     

基于盒维数的心音信号分形特征研究

在传统盒维数的基础上,从尺度变化的角度,提出一种计算心音信号时域波形分形维数的新的二进盒维数算法,并给出了算法思想和估算方法;然后用该方法对正常心音和几种典型的病态心音的分形维数进行计算,并对其分形特征进行了研究．研究结果表明：心音信号具有明显的分形特征,分形维数能够反映心音信号的复杂程度,并且能够明显地区分正常心音和病态心音．     

山西太岳山兴唐寺红柄白鹃梅群落优势种的空间格局分析

使用点格局分析和分形分析(计盒维数、信息维数、关联维数)方法, 对山西太岳山兴唐寺红柄白鹃梅(Exochorda giraldii)群落进行了空间格局分析。结果表明: 1)红柄白鹃梅群落优势种在较小的尺度上呈现聚集分布的特点, 其中, 杠柳(Periploca sepium)和绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia)在所有尺度上呈现聚集分布, 红柄白鹃梅和连翘(Forsythia suspensa)随着尺度的增加, 呈现聚集分布—随机分布—均匀分布的规律; 2)红柄白鹃梅群落优势种在不同尺度上表现出聚集分布的特点; 3)红柄白鹃梅群落优势种占据空间能力的大小为: 红柄白鹃梅>连翘>绣线菊>杠柳; 4)红柄白鹃梅群落优势种格局强度的尺度变化程度为: 杠柳>绣线菊>红柄白鹃梅>连翘; 5)红柄白鹃梅群落优势种个体空间相关程度为: 杠柳>红柄白鹃梅>连翘>绣线菊。点格局分析与分形分析结果一致, 揭示了暖温带落叶阔叶林遭到破坏后形成的次生灌丛的空间分布格局。     

科尔沁沙地农田沙漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征

研究了科尔沁沙地农田沙漠化过程中土壤的粗粒化和养分的贫瘠化特征 ,土壤颗粒分形维数的变化特征 ,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系。结果表明 :土壤沙粒含量越高 ,土壤分形维数越低 ,表征农田沙漠化程度越高 ;土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机 C、全 N、粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的线性关系。说明分形维数能很好地表征农田沙漠化演变中土壤结构和养分状况以及沙漠化的程度 ,可作为评价土壤沙漠化演变的一项综合性定量指标。     

天然黄山松种群格局的分形特征——计盒维数与信息维数

采用计盒维数和信息维数对屏南和寿宁不同群落的天然黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)种群格局的分形特征进行比较分析.结果表明,天然黄山松种群格局具有分形特征,其计盒维数值在1.299 8～1.862 6之间,不同群落的大小次序为Q3>Q1>Q2>Q4>Q7>Q8>Q5>Q6;信息维数值在1.205 7～1.863 7之间,大小次序是Q3>Q1>Q2>Q4>Q8>Q7>Q5>Q6,屏南天然黄山松近纯林黄山松种群的计盒维数和信息维数均高于寿宁混交林,计盒维数定量描述种群占据水平空间的能力和程度,信息维数揭示种群格局强度的尺度变化及个体分布的非均匀程度,分形维数值的高低与群落环境、种群密度、种群在群落中的优势地位、个体的聚集程度及幼树个体数量等相关.黄山松种群格局分形维数随海拔呈现上下波动变化,1 250～1 270 m是更适生的海拔范围.此外,黄山松种群格局的分形特征存在一定的尺度范围,其拐点尺度是分形范围的下限尺度.     

小叶章种群分布格局的分形特征Ⅱ信息维数与关联维数

应用分形理论中的信息维数（Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｏｉｎ）和关联维数（Ｃａｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｏｉｎ）研究了三江平原小叶章（Ｄｅｙｅｕｘｉａ ａｎｇｕｓｔｉｆｌｏｉａ）种群分布格局特征。结果表明,信息维数在５～９月分别为１．４９４、１．７０９、１．６４２、１．５５３、１．６２５,表明其结构较复杂,格局强度较高。关联维数则为１．６６２、１．８６１、１．７６６、１．７５０、１．     

桂花叶片的分形特征

提供了一种叶片分形维数的测定方法,并用其测定了桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour)的叶片分形维数。通过分析发现：(1)桂花叶片具有典型的分形特征并且这种分形特征可以用分形理论的一般方法加以研究;(2)同一株桂花树的成熟叶片在统计意义上具有相同的分形维数;(3)对于桂花这个物种的成熟叶片在统计意义上具有相同的分形维数。由此推测同一种植物的成熟叶片(或者其他构件)具有相同分形维数。最后提出创建植物分形分类学的设想。     

睡眠脑电的分形维数分析

为了研究是否用维数来描述脑功能的复杂程序,我们计算了５例正常人整夜睡眠时不同阶段的ＥＥＧ资料维数。结果显示,随着睡眠深度的增加而维数降低。这一事实和生理概念及其他作者所报道的结果相一致,故我们考虑维数分析在表示脑功能状态上有一定的理论意义。如果我们用简化法来计算维数,此法就有可能实时地应用于临床诊断。     

哀牢山区哈尼梯田的分形特征

以哀牢山区元阳县哈尼梯田为研究对象,以快鸟影像为原始数据,经矢量化得到小流域梯田田块分布图,运用Arcview计算得到梯田边缘的计盒维数和信息维数。结果表明:(1)各地貌单元尺度上的盒子边长ε与其对应的非空盒子数N(ε)在双对数坐标下呈显著线性相关,体现出标度不变性的特征,证明梯田边缘是分形体;(2)梯田形状具有多重自相似结构,且不同尺度梯田形状的自相似程度受下覆地形限制,其自相似结构单元是田块;(3)在研究范围最大的小流域尺度,信息维数最大,梯田边缘的复杂性最高,而在面积较小的坡面尺度上,信息维数值较小,梯田边缘则较简单、结构较清晰。另外,作为刻画格局与过程独立于尺度的分形维数,其应用还存在诸多难题。     

Simultaneous extraction and separation of liquiritin,glycyrrhizic acid,and glabridin from licorice root with analytical and preparative chromatography

Simultaneous extraction and separation of liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, and glabridin from licorice were developed by liquidliquid extraction with liquid chromatography separation. By utilizing different extraction solvents, procedures, and times, the optimum extraction conditions were established. The extracts of licorice were separated and determined using a C₁₈ column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (containing 1.0% acetic acid) with a gradient elution of 0∼10 min from 20:80 to 60:40 (v/v). Preparative columns with different packing sizes were investigated to isolate the three compounds from the extracts of licorice. The 12 μm chromatographic column showed better separation for the three compounds from licorice. 0.29 mg/g for liquiritin, 1.43 mg/g for glycyrrhizic acid, and 0.07 mg/g for glabridin were obtained and the recoveries were 80.8, 89.7, and 72.5%, respectively.     

Analysis of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in liquorice root with microwave-assisted micellar extraction and pre-concentration

The feasibility of employing a non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) as an alternative and effective solvent for the microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin from liquorice root has been demonstrated. When compared with commonly used solvents, 5% Triton X-100 yielded higher extraction efficiency than aqueous solutions of ethanol or methanol. Under optimal conditions, i.e. 5% Triton X-100 (v/v) and microwave-assisted extraction for 3-5 min at 100 degrees C, the percentage extraction of active ingredients reached the highest value. The pre-concentration factor for the glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin was about 13, and the cloud-point extraction recoveries for the two ingredients were 98.4 and 96.1%, respectively. The results showed that the coupling of microwave-assisted extraction and cloud-point extraction could be employed as a new and effective approach for the rapid extraction and pre-concentration of pharmacologically active ingredients from liquorice root without disturbing the subsequent chromatographic analysis.     

吸附树脂AB—8对甘草酸的吸附性能及其在提取纯化中的应用

考察了大孔吸附树脂AB-8对甘草酸的吸附性能和原液浓度pH值、流速、洗脱剂的种类对树脂吸附性能的影响。结果表明,AB-8树脂对甘草酸吸附量高,易于洗脱,分离效果较好,回收率较一般方法高,达70％～80％,纯度达90％以上。     

同时提取光果甘草中光甘草定和甘草酸的工艺研究

本文主要对光果甘草中光甘草定、甘草酸两种重要活性成分的同时提取工艺进行了研究。通过单因素试验确定了影响提取的主要因素及适宜水平范围,通过正交试验确定了其最佳提取条件为:用含0.6%氨水的60%乙醇溶液作为提取剂,料液比为1∶20(w:v),在75℃条件下提取2 h。最佳提取条件下光甘草定的得率为0.238%±0.002%,甘草酸的得率为5.08%±0.03%。该工艺操作简单,投入一批原料,即可同时提取其中的光甘草定和甘草酸,为实现甘草资源高附加值的综合加工利用奠定了基础。     

人为扰动对乌拉尔甘草不同部位甘草酸与总黄酮含量的影响

人为扰动对甘草不同部位甘草酸含量和总黄酮含量均有较大的影响。即使是轻度的人为扰动 (土壤翻松 1次 )也会导致野生甘草的甘草酸含量明显下降 ,尤其对地下根茎 (兼有运输和储存功能 )中的甘草酸的积累影响最大。重度扰动栽培甘草各部位的甘草酸含量均较低 ,相对而言黄酮类物质的积累速率高于甘草酸 ,表明土壤扰动因素对甘草酸的形成与积累的影响大于总黄酮的形成与积累。无扰动野生甘草和轻度扰动野生甘草总黄酮含量从地上到地下呈下降趋势 ,而重度扰动栽培甘草的叶和不定根各有一个含量较高的部位 ,据此推断叶和不定根 (含毛状根 )是黄酮类物质的主要产生部位 ;具有输导功能的地上茎、复叶柄中总黄酮含量较低且波动较大。人为扰动对不同土壤深度甘草主根中甘草酸含量和甘草总黄酮含量的变化规律影响较小。无扰动野生甘草和轻度扰动野生甘草主根在 1.0～ 2 .0 m深度甘草酸含量分布较高是对该生境不同土壤深度长期适应的结果 ,而重度扰动栽培甘草主根可能尚未达到相应的土壤深度 ,因而表现为 1.0 m以下深层土壤中甘草酸含量较高。总之 ,旨在改善甘草生长条件的人为扰动对甘草酸和总黄酮的积累具有消极影响 ,适当的胁迫环境条件对提高药用植物的品质有益     

甘草根中甘草酸的免疫组织化学定位研究

应用免疫组织化学定位和HPLC分析方法,对人工种植乌拉尔甘草根中的甘草酸分布和积累变化规律进行分析,以阐明药用甘草根在发育过程中甘草酸的积累变化规律,探讨甘草药材质量形成的内在机制。结果表明:(1)甘草酸主要分布在根的次生韧皮部薄壁细胞和维管射线细胞中,且主要积累在这些细胞的细胞壁上。(2)HPLC分析显示,主根的韧皮部中甘草酸含量最高,其次是木质部,根皮中含量最少。(3)甘草酸在主根中的含量随着生长年限的增加而提高,2、3年生甘草根中甘草酸含量上升较快,3年后甘草酸的含量达到3.66%,超过了国家药典规定的甘草酸含量标准。     

Microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root

In the present study, a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique has been developed for the extraction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice root. Various experimental conditions, such as extraction time, different ethanol and ammonia concentration, liquid/solid ratios, pre-leaching time before MAE and material size for the MAE procedure were investigated to optimize the efficiency of the extraction. Under appropriate MAE conditions, such as extraction times of 4-5min, ethanol concentrations of 50-60% (v/v), ammonia concentrations of 1-2% (v/v) and liquid/solid ratios of 10:1(ml/g), the recovery of GA from licorice root with MAE was equivalent with conventional extraction methods. Those methods include extraction at room temperature (ERT), the traditional Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction and ultrasonic extraction. Due to the considerable savings in time and solvent, MAE was more effective than the conventional methods. This novel method is suitable for fast extraction of GA from licorice root.     

Transformation of glycyrrhizinic acid. XV. Synthesis of triterpene saponins with monosaccharide residues, attached through complex ester bonds

Triterpene saponins, glycoside analogues of glycyrrhizic acid with a modified carbohydrate chain containing monosaccharide residues attached through ester bonds, were synthesized. To this end, peracetylated glycyrrhizic acid or its 30-methyl ester were glycosylated by 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-gluco-or-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide in dichloroethane in the presence of Ag2CO3. Glycerrhetinic acid saponin with D-Galp residues exhibited a higher antiulcer activity than glycyrrhizic acid in rats at a dose of 25 mg/kg. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2003, vol. 29, no. 6; see also http://www.maik.ru.     

Copy number variations of functional genes influence contents of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a widely used Chinese herb and glycyrrhizic acid is believed to be its marker compound. Three key enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), squalene synthase (SQS) and beta-amyrin synthase (β-AS), are involved in the glycyrrhizic acid biosynthetic pathway. In this paper, the relationship between copy number variations (CNVs) of HMGR, SQS and β-AS genes and the content levels of glycyrrhizic acid in G. uralensis were investigated. CNVs of the 62 G. uralensis samples from different origins were determined by real-time PCR and their glycyrrhizic acid contents were analyzed by HPLC. The real-time PCR results showed that the copy numbers of HMGR, SQS1 and β-AS in the 62 G. uralensis samples were either one copy or two copies. According to the copy number patterns of HMGR, SQS1 and β-AS, the 62 G. uralensis samples can be divided into six groups. Among the six groups, group B with two copies of HMGR, one copy of SQS1 and β-AS contained relatively higher contents of glycyrrhizic acid. The accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid was lower in the group C with two copies of β-AS, one copy of SQS1 and HMGR. The results of this work may provide a basis for enhancing the accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid in cultivars of G. uralensis.