人脑及红细胞膜乙酰胆碱酯酶的芳基酰胺酶活性

采用联合亲和层析法从人小脑及红细胞膜中纯化了ＡＣｈＥ,纯化的人脑及红细胞ＡＣｈＥ在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上呈一主带,分子量约为６６０００。人脑ＡＣｈＥ制备酯酶与酰胺酶比活性分别为１２９９与１４３Ｕ／ｍｇ,人红细胞ＡＣｈＥ制备分别为４５８４与７４７？ｍｇ。人脑及红细胞ＡＣｈＥ制备的酯酶与酰胺酶活性最适ｐＨ较接近,在ｐＨ７．５＝８．０之间,酯酶活性底有抑制作用。ＩＣ５０１０．２×１０＾－３及３×１０＾－３ｍ     

人脑乙酰胆碱酯酶(hAChE)基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达与鉴定

研究了hAChE基因在毕赤酵母中的表达。设计并合成引物Pb1和P2,以18周龄引产胎儿大脑组织mRNA为模板,经AMV逆转录和高保真PCR,扩增出序列正确的hAChE成熟肽完整基因约1．8kb,经鉴定获得正确构建的分泌型酵母表达栽体pHIL-S1(hAChE),BglⅡ线性化后回收的酵母表达单位经电穿孔法转化入毕赤酵母GS115中,经MD／MM营养表型筛选、提取酵母基因组进行PCR鉴定和含3-酰基吲哚培养基进行表达产物的显色反应,初步筛选出分泌表达有hAChE活性的P．patstoris菌22株。依据hAChE酶活性与3-酰基吲哚显色深浅成正比,在平皿和微量反应板上快捷地筛选出高效表达菌pHIL-S1(AChE)(Ⅰ)-7株,SDS-PAGE分析和Western印迹试验表明,产物分子量约为65kDa,经甲醇诱导摇瓶培养,发酵上清原液rhAChE相对酶活性高达4．0mU／ml,表达量占分泌蛋白总量的23．6％。     

阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶的研究

用化学方法测定了乙酰胆碱脂酶（ＡｃｈＥ）活性,阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症（ＰＮＨ）红细胞远低于正常红细胞。为了进一步研究ＰＮＨ ＡｃｈＥ（一）的红细胞,采用Ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ Ａ Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ６ＭＢ结合ＡｃｈＥ单抗亲和层析法分离出ＰＮＨＡｃｈＥ（一）的红细胞。同间接免疫荧光流式细胞术检测,ＰＮＨ细胞ＡｃｈＥ低于正常,而ＰＮＨ ＡｃｈＥ（一）红细胞未能检出ＡｃｈＥ。＾３Ｈ－肌醇标记实验证明,正常     

寄主植物对斜纹夜蛾酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

利用生物测定与生物化学的方法,就取食不同寄主植物的2个斜纹夜蛾[Spodoptera litura(Fab.)]品系对丙溴磷和灭多威的敏感性及其体内的酯酶与乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性变化进行了研究。结果表明,取食不同寄主植物的斜纹夜蛾对丙溴磷和灭多威的敏感性不同。在敏感品系中,取食不同食料的斜纹夜蛾后代对灭多威的敏感性顺序为:烟草<棉花<大豆<人工饲料;对丙溴磷而言,敏感性顺序则为:棉花<烟草<大豆<人工饲料。而在田间抗性品系中,对丙溴磷的敏感性顺序为:棉花<烟草<人工饲料<大豆;对灭多威的敏感性顺序为:棉花<烟草<大豆<人工饲料。此外,在田间抗性和敏感品系中,取食不同食料的斜纹夜蛾体内的酯酶活性之间均存在显著差异,对其乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性也有程度不同的诱导效应,但并不会引起乙酰胆碱酯酶的质变。     

甲基毒死蜱对红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用及其与膜脂相互关系

以人红细胞膜为材料,研究了甲基毒死蜱与膜上乙酰胆碱酯酶的相互作用及其与膜脂的关系。结果显示,甲基毒死埤对人红细胞ＡＣｈＥ有明显的抑制作用,与膜温育３０ｍｉｎ,其半数抑制浓度约为０．１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。动力学分析表明,其抑制作用为非竞争性。０．２％Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ Ｘ－１００并不改变ＡＣｈＥ对甲基毒死蜱的敏感性,亦即ＡＣｈＥ上甲基毒死蜱的作用部位与其所处的脂质微环境无关。     

重组人脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的基因表达和生化毒理学性质

人脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的全长cDNA序列克隆到真核高效表达载体pcDNA3.1中 ,并将pcDNA AChE转染人胚肾细胞株 2 93细胞 ,进行rhAChE的暂时表达 .真核细胞表达的rhAChE的生化性质与天然人脑AChE十分相似 .rhAChE的Km 值约为 137μmol L ;有过量底物抑制现象 ;可被胆碱酯酶抑制剂huperzineA和eserine抑制 (IC50 分别为 2 5× 10 -8mol L和 1 0× 10 -7mol L) ;肟类化合物HI 6 (10 -4 mol L)可以有效地重活化被sarin(10 -6mol L及 10 -7mol L)抑制的rhAChE ,4h内重活化率分别达 86 %和 97% .rhAChE反复冻融 3次 ,酶活性没有损失 .     

昆虫乙酰胆碱酯酶基因研究进展

对昆虫乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase, AChE,EC 3.1.1.7）的基因结构和表达等方面的研究进展进行了综述。分析了昆虫乙酰胆碱酯酶基因的结构,包括10个外显子的特征。对已经报道的昆虫AChE基因进行了系统归纳,并基于已知全序列的昆虫AChE基因,进行了昆虫AChE基因的分子进化分析。对昆虫AChE基因的结构特点及其功能,以及昆虫AChE基因的活性位点、AChE的变构与昆虫抗药性的关系进行了探讨。最后对昆虫AChE基因研究中存在的问题和前景进行了分析和展望。     

家蝇中乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性与抗药性的关系

本文对几种抗药性和敏感性家蝇品系的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶及多功能氧化酶(MFO)进行了测定.结果表明:①抗药性品系和敏感性品系的AChE活力差异不大, 有机磷抗性品系的AChE对对氧磷的不敏感性比敏感性家蝇明显增大.②某些抗药性家蝇的羧酸酯酶活力比敏感性家蝇大.③抗药性家蝇的MFO活力(O-脱甲基和环氧化)比敏感性家蝇均有不同程度的增高.④二氯苯醚菊酯抗性家蝇对有机磷有负交互抗性.     

Different Glycosylation in Acetylcholinesterases from Mammalian Brain and Erythrocytes

Acetylcholinesterases (EC 3.1.1.7, AChE) have varying amounts of carbohydrates attached to the core protein. Sequence analysis of the known primary structures gives evidence for several asparagine-linked carbohydrates. From the differences in molecular mass determined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel before and after deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F (EC 3.2.2.18), it is seen that dimeric AChE from red cell membranes is more heavily glycosylated than the tetrameric brain enzyme. Furthermore, dimeric and tetrameric forms of bovine AChE are more heavily glycosylated than the corresponding human enzymes. Monoclonal antibodies 2E6, 1H11, and 2G8 raised against detergent-soluble AChE from electric organs of Torpedo nacline timilei as well as Elec-39 raised against AChE from Electrophorus electricus cross-reacted with AChE from bovine and human brain but not with AChE from erythrocytes. Treatment of the enzyme with N-glycosidase F abolished binding of monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that the epitope, or part of it, consists of N-linked carbohydrates. Analysis of N-acetylglucosamine sugars revealed the presence of N-acetylglucosamine in all forms of cholinesterases investigated, giving evidence for N-linked glycosylation. On the other hand, N-acetylgalactosamine was not found in AChE from human and bovine brain or in butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) from human serum, indicating that these forms of cholinesterase did not contain O-linked carbohydrates. Despite the notion that within one species, the different forms of AChE arise from one gene by different splicing, our present results show that dimeric erythrocyte and tetrameric brain AChE must undergo different postsynthetic modifications leading to differences in their glycosylation patterns.     

The aryl acylamidase activity is much more sensitive to Alzheimer drugs than the esterase activity of acetylcholinesterase in chicken embryonic brain

The appearance of cholinergic trait often precedes synaptogenesis, indicating the involvement of cholinesterase proteins in nervous system development, particularly so acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition to AChE's acclaimed esterase activity, its lesser known non-cholinergic functions have gained much attention, because of AChE protein expression in areas other than cholinergic innervations; one such function could be exerted by its associated aryl acylamidase (AAA) activity. In this study, an attempt has been made in profiling esterase and AAA activities of AChE at different developmental stages of the chick embryo, e.g. at embryonic day 6 (E6), E9, E12, E15 and E18. AAA activity showed a correlated expression with esterase activity at all stages, but the relative ratios of AAA to esterase activity were higher at younger stages. The inhibition of AAA activity was shown to be more sensitive towards Huperzine, Donepezil whereas inhibition of esterase activity was sensitive to Tacrine and DFP. Remarkably, the major Alzheimer drugs- Huperzine and Donepezil, much more strongly inhibited AAA activity of AChE at younger developmental stages whose IC50 values are 0.01 μM and 0.1 μM respectively. In the case of BW284c51, inhibition was more pronounced at older stages and IC50 value was 0.1 μM. Since in Alzheimer's disease (AD), embryonic forms of AChE have been reported to reappear, a possible role of AAA activity in the pathogenesis of AD should be considered.     

离子对反相HPLC测定人红细胞PRPP合成酶活性

红细胞PRPP合成酶是红细胞内核苷酸代谢的关键酶,它参与嘌呤核苷酸的从头合成与补救合成途径,催化ATP与5-磷酸核糖（R5P）反应生成PRPP与AMP,而PRPP则是嘌呤嘧啶核苷酸合成途径的一个关键性中间产物．Stocchi等[1]采用离子对反相高效液相色谱法（IPrHPLC）测定红细胞内ATP,ADP．AMP含量,曾获得满意的谱峰分离效果．Sakuma等[2]应用rHPLC法测定了正常人及痛风等患者红细胞的PRPP合成酶活性,我们将Sakuma等的测酶技术与IPrHPLC法相结合,改用单液等度洗脱,达到了操作简便和灵敏、准确的要求．1材料和方法1．1试剂…     

Effects of Melatonin on Carbonic Anhydrase from Human Erythrocytes In Vitro and from Rat Erythrocytes In Vivo

The in vitro effects of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on human carbonic anhydrase isozymes (HCA-I and HCA-II) from human erythrocytes and in vivo effects on rat erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes were purified by haemolysate preparation and Sepharose-4B-L tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. The HCA-I enzyme, having a specific activity of 7337.5?EU/mg protein, was purified 843-fold with a yield of 60% and the HCA-II enzyme, having a specific activity of 17067?EU/mg protein, was purified 1962-fold with a yield of 22.7%. For in vitro experiments, the enzyme activity was minimal at 2×10-4?M melatonin concentration and increased above this concentration. Ten mg?kg-1 melatonin was administered intraperitoneally and showed a stimulatory effect on the enzyme. Time-dependent in vivo studies were conducted for melatonin in Sprague–Dawley type rats. It was found that CA activity in the rat erythrocytes was decreased by the melatonin after 1 and 3 hours to 2500±500.0 and 1875±239.4 respectively which were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences to the control (2660±235.8). However, CA activity was restored to its normal level after 6?h (2666±235.7) (p>0.05) probably due to metabolism of the melatonin. The findings indicate that melatonin may be pharmacologically useful in some diseases.     

The level of aryl acylamidase activity displayed by human butyrylcholinesterase depends on its molecular distribution

Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) display both esterase and aryl acylamidase (AAA) activities. Their AAA activity can be measured using o-nitroacetanilide (ONA). In human samples depleted of acetylcholinesterase, we noticed that the ratio of amidase to esterase activities varied depending on the source, despite both activities being due to BuChE. Searching for an explanation, we compared the activities of BuChE molecular forms in samples of human colon, kidney and serum, and observed that BuChE monomers (G(1)) hydrolyzed o-nitroacetanilide much faster than tetramers (G(4)). This fact suggested that association might cause differences in the AAA site between single and polymerized subunits. This and other post-translational modifications in BuChE subunits probably determine their level of AAA activity. The higher amidase activity of monomers could justify the presence of single BuChE subunits in cells as a way to preserve the AAA activity of BuChE, which could be lost by oligomerization.     

鸭血超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的纯化及性质研究

超氧化物歧化酶(E、C、1.15.1.1)是催化超氧阴离子起歧化反应的金属酶类,血红细胞中的SOD属Cu Zn—SOD。本文详细报道了从鸭血分离纯化SOD的改进方法(同时用猪血作对比研究)。设计了热变性、(NH_4)_2SO_4分级监析、低浓乙醇—氯仿短时去除残留血红蛋白、凝胶层析四步纯化方案,获得高产率电泳纯SOD。用紫外扫描,PAGE电泳后考马斯亮蓝和SOD活性杂色,SDS—电泳,HPLC分离和各电泳带组分的N—端测定等技术检测纯度,并进行性质研究。证明所得SOD是均一的;N—端为Ala;分子量和亚分子量各为32,359和16,500dt;并与猪血SOD对比研究其某些性质;对HPLC出现的多个活力峰及PAGE电泳显现的多条活性带进行了讨论。     

小脑电刺激对家鸽乙酰胆碱酯酶活力的影响

选用成年健康家鸽,对小脑进行连续电刺激后,分别抽取家鸽外周血清及全脑测定乙酰胆碱酯酶活力变化,以探讨鸟类小脑刺激与乙酰胆碱酯酶活力变化之间的相关性.结果 表明:在刺激小脑皮层后,家鸽外周血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶活力显著上升(P＜0.05);而在刺激小脑皮层后,脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶活力显著降低(P＜0.05).推测电刺激引起外周组织乙酰胆碱释放,从而引起肌肉强直,血清中胆碱酯酶的活力升高.而电刺激小脑使抑制性神经元功能兴奋,脑中胆碱能神经元功能减弱,乙酰胆碱的释放减少,脑组织中胆碱酯酶的活力降低.     

Butyrylcholinesterase for protection from organophosphorus poisons: Catalytic complexities and hysteretic behavior

Butyrylcholinesterase is a promiscuous enzyme that displays complex kinetic behavior. It is toxicologically important because it detoxifies organophosphorus poisons (OP) by making a covalent bond with the OP. The OP and the butyrylcholinesterase are both inactivated in the process. Inactivation of butyrylcholinesterase has no adverse effects. However, inactivation of acetylcholinesterase in nerve synapses can be lethal. OP-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase can be reactivated with oximes provided the OP has not aged. Strategies for preventing the toxicity of OP include (a) treatment with an OP scavenger, (b) reaction of non-aged enzyme with oximes, (c) reactivation of aged enzyme, (d) slowing down aging with peripheral site ligands, and (e) design of mutants that rapidly hydrolyze OP. Option (a) has progressed through phase I clinical trials with human butyrylcholinesterase. Option (b) is in routine clinical use. The others are at the basic research level. Butyrylcholinesterase displays complex kinetic behavior including activation by positively charged esters, ability to hydrolyze amides, and a lag time (hysteresis) preceding hydrolysis of benzoylcholine and N-methylindoxyl acetate. Mass spectrometry has identified new OP binding motifs on tyrosine and lysine in proteins that have no active site serine. It is proposed, but not yet proven, that low dose exposure involves OP modification of proteins that have no active site serine.     

力学因素对人红细胞葡萄糖运输和阴离子交换的影响

机械应力在心血管系统的正常生理和病理中都起着重要的作用。实验中观察到当提高红细胞悬浮液的旋转速度时会导致葡萄糖跨膜输入的速率增加。改变溶液渗透压及用使细胞膜曲率变化的药物（氯丙嗪）是对红细胞作用的另二种力学因素。研究发现它们同样也能对葡萄糖和阴离子的运输有影响,根据运输速率的温度特性给出了这些力学因素作用下葡萄糖、阴离子运输时活化能的变化,活化能的减小和运输速率的增加有很好的对应关系;活化能减小使膜上运输蛋白在运输过程中的构象变化更为容易,对红细胞血影的内禀荧光淬灭测量量表明,机械应力是通过影响膜上葡萄糖运输蛋白（GLUT1）和阴离子交换蛋白（带3蛋白）物构象起作用的,当用抑制剂抑制了阴离子的运输后。观察到此时葡萄糖跨膜运输对机械应力的响应发生改变,这再次表明在红细胞膜上GLUT1和带3蛋白之间存在着信号连接。