福建中亚热带常绿阔叶林(米槠林)最小面积的确定

通过“种-面积曲线”,“群落系数-面积曲线”以及“重要值-面积曲线”3种方法对福建中亚热带常绿阔叶林（米储林）的最小面积进行研究。结果表明,用3种方法确定的群落最小面积基本下相同。对所研究的植被类型。样地面积为400m^2时,可包括整个群落60%的物种数目;样地面积为1000m^2时,则可包括整个群落90%的物种数目,确定最小面积时应比计算出的理论面积稍大一些为宜,即样地面积大小为1200m^2。     

白龙江干旱河谷不同坡向主要灌丛群落随海拔梯度变化的物种多样性研究

采用样方调查法,研究了白龙江干旱河谷不同坡向主要灌丛群落沿着海拔梯度的结构特征、物种多样性的变化规律,旨在了解白龙江干旱河谷不同海拔梯度植被特征和物种多样性变化,为白龙江干旱河谷区域不同海拔植被恢复提供理论依据。研究结果表明：（1）不同海拔梯度同一坡向物种数不同,同一海拔不同坡向物种数也不同,随着海拔的升高不同坡向物种数表现为先增加后减少的趋势,同一海拔梯度内不同坡向主要植被类型也不同。（2）主要灌木群落α多样性在不同坡向随着海拔梯度的升高,表现出先升高后减小的趋势。不同坡向草本群落α多样性随着海拔的升高,也表现出先升高后减小的趋势。对主要灌丛α多样性指数进行相关性分析得物种丰富度指数对物种多样性贡献率最大,表现为丰富度指数（D₁、D₂）> 生态优势度指数（SN）> 种间机遇指数（H）> 群落均匀度指数（R）。（3）不同坡向主要灌丛群落β多样性Whittaker指数沿着不同海拔梯度变化不大,最大值出现在海拔1250~1650m;Routledge和Codyβ多样性指数在海拔1450~1650m出现最大值,但是大体呈现出波形变化。草本β多样性随着海拔的升高变化较大,阳坡植物的β多样性指数在海拔1050~1250m达到最大,阴坡和半阴半阳坡在海拔区间1250~1450m达到最大,半阴半阳坡的β多样性指数均大于阳坡。白龙江干旱河谷不同坡向、不同海拔梯度物种α多样性和β多样性都不同,且不同坡向随着海拔梯度的变化物种α多样性和β多样性呈一定的相关性,说明海拔和坡向是影响生物多样性主要因子之一。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林木本植物种-面积关系

种-面积关系研究是了解植物群落结构的重要途径,是群落生态学的基本问题。不同的研究方法对种-面积关系影响很大。利用黑龙江省小兴安岭两个10.4 hm2样地和5个1.0 hm2样地的调查数据,采用移动窗口法确定各样地的最小取样面积,避免了巢式取样法及随机样方法的不足。并采用4种种-面积关系模型进行拟合,评价各关系模型的适合度。在此基础上,基于最小面积进行模拟随机取样,探讨取样大小对物种数估计精度的影响。研究结果表明:由于拟合曲线模型的适用性及曲线外推可靠性问题的存在,采用拟合曲线的方法所估计的最小面积与实际值偏差较大。实际调查得到的各样地最小面积40 m×40 m—45 m×45 m,说明小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林群落所需的最小面积基本一致,但各样地群落结构的差异却在对取样数量的要求上体现出来。其中丰林与大亮子河样地物种数分布相对均匀,所需最小样方数量较少;而方正与胜山样地物种数分布异质性较大,差异的机理还有待于进一步研究。     

岷江干旱河谷灌丛α多样性分析

通过对岷江干旱河谷植被及其环境因子的系统取样调查 ,研究了该地区植物群落的α多样性及其与环境因子的关系。土壤、植被、地形三者之间的典范相关分析结果表明 ,三者两两之间均存在着较高的相关性。土壤因子与地形因子之间 ,海拔和坡向起较大的作用 ,主要影响土壤中的全氮、有机质和土壤含水量 ;地形因子和植被之间 ,海拔和坡向影响灌木层的多样性和盖度 ;植被和土壤因子之间 ,土壤中的全氮量、有机质和土壤含水量影响灌木层的盖度和多样性。随着海拔的增加 ,草本和灌木群落的多样性都呈现出先增加后减小而后又增加的趋势 ,草本层的α多样性明显高于灌木层的α多样性 ,草本层和灌木层均在14 0 0～ 16 0 0 m和 2 0 0 0～ 2 2 0 0 m两个海拔段有较高的α多样性 ;华帚菊 -小黄素馨灌丛、金花小檗 -忍冬灌丛、绣线菊灌丛有着较高的多样性 ,西南野丁香灌丛、莸灌丛、小马鞍羊蹄甲 -白刺花灌丛的群落多样性较低 ;样带的多样性 ,灌木层 :样带 3>样带 1>样带 2 ,草本层 :样带 1>样带 3>样带 2 ;不同坡向的多样性 ,灌木层 :阴坡 >半阴半阳坡 >阳坡 ,草本层 :半阴半阳坡 >阴坡 >阳坡 ;不同坡形上的多样性 ,无论是灌木层还是草本层 ,多样性大小为凹坡 >平坡 >凸坡 ;灌木层和草本层在不同坡位上的多样性大小均为上     

岷江干旱河谷植物群落物种周转速率与环境因子的关系

通过对岷江干旱河谷植被及其环境因子的系统取样调查 ,采用β多样性指数 - Cody指数 ,从海拔、样带、群系、地形以及土壤养分、水分梯度上研究了该地区植物群落的物种周转速率。结果表明 :随海拔的升高 ,物种周转速率表现出“高 -低 -高”的变化规律。在海拔 130 0～ 16 0 0 m和 190 0～ 2 2 0 0 m这两个海拔段 ,物种平均替代速率均较高 ;而在 16 0 0～ 190 0 m海拔段 ,物种平均替代速率较低。β多样性在样带梯度上的变化表现为干旱河谷核心区的样带较南部和北部过渡区的样带有较高的物种周转速率 ,这与样带所处的环境条件有关。群系之间的β多样性表现为 :华帚菊 -小黄素馨灌丛、金花小檗 -忍冬灌丛、黄花亚菊灌丛、子栎灌丛、小花滇紫草灌丛、莸灌丛、绣线菊灌丛与其它灌丛之间有着较高的物种周转速率。坡面不同地形上的物种周转速率 :不同坡向 ,阴坡 >半阴半阳坡 >阳坡 ;不同坡形 ,凹坡 >平坡 >凸坡 ;不同坡位 ,下坡位 >上坡位 >中坡位。β多样性在土壤水分和养分梯度上的变化表现为与土壤水解 N、速效 K、全 N含量、全 P含量以及土壤含水量成显著的二次曲线关系 ,与土壤有机质和全 K含量也呈现出二次曲线关系 ,但关系不显著 ,与 p H值和速效 P之间没有明显的规律     

塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落最小取样面积

选择塔里木河下游退化程度不同的3个典型断面,采用相邻样方格子法,调查荒漠河岸林群落的种-面积关系,利用种-面积饱和曲线方程拟合的方法对群落的最小取样面积进行研究。结果表明,3个断面的群落最小面积分别设为1500、2000和2500 m²可以满足精度为60%～80%的研究要求,满足精度为90%研究要求的群落最小面积分别为2500、3600和4500 m²;群落最小面积呈现随植被退化程度加重而逐渐增大的趋势,而地下水埋深对群落最小面积的影响并不明显;种-面积饱和曲线针对塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落最小面积拟合的效果较好。     

西藏色季拉山林线薄毛海绵杜鹃种群分布

薄毛海绵杜鹃是西藏东南部地区高山林线灌丛的优势种,在色季拉山分布在海拔4300 ～4500 m.通过样地调查和基径结构分析,研究了色季拉山林线薄毛海绵杜鹃种群分布.结果表明:随着海拔升高,薄毛海绵杜鹃种群密度增加而高度降低;在同一海拔,阴坡的种群密度和高度大于阳坡,而基径较小.在阴坡和阳坡,薄毛海绵杜鹃种群年龄结构的峰值均呈“n”型曲线,中龄级个体较多,幼苗、幼树相对不足.薄毛海绵杜鹃种群的种内竞争呈波浪式发展,强度为阴坡高于阳坡,且存在自疏现象.     

海南石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积与物种多样性研究

石梅湾海岸青皮(Vatica hainanensis)林是海南独特的雨林群落之一。本文选用8种“种-面积渐近线”对该群落的最小取样面积进行了拟合研究。结果表明,其中5条曲线的R^2大于0．97,拟合状况很好,但所得出的最小取样面积各不相同。进一步经过“重要值-面积曲线”的群落特征分析,确认群落的最小取样面积只有800m^2。石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积比海南其他类型雨林、滇南热带雨林、东南亚热带雨林以及非洲雨林都要小。通过对1000m^2样地的物种多样性分析,结果表明：在垂直结构上,石梅湾青皮林B层乔木的Gleason指数大于A层乔木,和海南山地雨林的情况不同。海岸青皮林为物种多样性不高的单优林,群落的物种多样性、均匀度远小于海南其他类型的山地雨林与混合青皮林;在海岸青皮林群落内,青皮的相对密度、相对优势度、重要值大大高于其他物种。此研究表明：海南热带雨林同样存在物种多样性不高、单优特征显著的顶极群落;海南海岸青皮林是迄今为止热带雨林取样面积最小的森林类型。     

山西霍山植物群落种-面积曲线与物种多样性的关系

采用标准样方调查法,对霍山植物群落的物种数、面积和物种多样性之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:种(对数)-面积(对数)曲线在各海拔处的R2值较种-面积曲线和种-面积(对数)曲线大,中海拔处的平均物种数最多,群落Margalef丰富度指数(R)和Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数(H')也最大,而Jaccard系数(J)最小.各海拔样地物种数的观察值与种-面积曲线和种-面积(对数)曲线在各海拔样地物种数的预测值接近.     

塔里木荒漠河岸林灰胡杨群落最小面积确定与研究方法比较

荒漠河岸林是塔里木极端干旱区唯一的森林群落类型,群落结构组成简单。我们采用种-面积曲线、群落系数-面积曲线与重要值-面积曲线3种方法对塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林灰胡杨（Populus pruinosa Schrenk）群落最小面积进行研究。结果显示,4种饱和种-面积曲线的拟合效果差异明显,S=aA/（1+bA）和S=a（1-e^-bA）模型拟合的相关系数较高（P < 0.01）,拟合效果优于其它2种模型。当取样面积为100 m²时,可包括群落60%~80%的物种数,取样面积为200 m²时,则可包括群落90%的物种数。群落系数-面积曲线与重要值-面积曲线2种方法确定的群落最小面积均为400 m²,二者克服了种-面积曲线仅关注物种出现与否和饱和种的估算问题,拟合结果更符合实际情况,更适用于塔里木荒漠河岸林最小取样面积的确定。本研究结果表明荒漠河岸林包括60%、80%、90%群落物种的临界抽样面积分别为100 m²、200 m²和400 m ²,可以满足不同研究精度的要求;塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林灰胡杨群落学调查的最适取样面积是400 m²。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Psychological Attributes of the Culture of the Ukrainians in the Modern Stage of the Development of Society and Trends in Changes in These Attributes in the Post-Soviet Period

The authors of the article focus on the transition of the former Soviet state of Ukraine to a market economy. One aspect of the analysis is the cultural values and attitudes of the citizens in a new situation. Market economy and entrepreneurship demand new types of motivation and individual values from people. A challenge for social psychology in the country is the further elaboration of methodological basis of research.     

Immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the Galloanserae monophyly

The presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (MF) and intermediate filament (IF) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (Japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between species. Variable heterogeneous co-expression of filament systems was also found in the various duct epithelia and periductal tissue types: co-expression of filament systems was the rule rather than the exception. In the duck, neither vimentin nor cytokeratin was present in any of the tissues, whereas actin and desmin (absent in the rete testis) were co-expressed in the efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit (comprising the ductus conjugens, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens). Actin, desmin and vimentin were generally co-expressed in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the quail, domestic fowl and turkey, with vimentin being more strongly immunoreactive than actin and desmin in the epididymal duct unit, but more weakly immunoexpressed in the efferent ducts. Cytokeratin was present and co-expressed with actin, desmin and vimentin in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the domestic fowl and turkey, but not in the quail and duck. The periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal tissue co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin variably in all birds. Luminal spermatozoa of both the turkey and duck were immunonegative for all protein systems, whereas those of the quail and domestic fowl co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin moderately or strongly. The tissues of the reproductive tract of male birds thus contain cytoskeletal protein systems that are variably but mostly co-expressed and whose contractile ability appears necessary and sufficient for transportation through the various excurrent ducts of the voluminous testicular fluid and its high sperm content, characteristic features of male avian reproduction.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.