Availability of hollow‐bearing trees and their utilization by small animals in Cawston ranch,Zimbabwe

The objective of this study was to characterize hollows found in selected tree species (in Cawston Ranch in Zimbabwe) as a potential habitat for small mammals because cavities are important as resources for wildlife: for foraging, shelter, roosting and nesting purposes. Four vegetation types were chosen for analysis: Baikiaea plurijuga, Colophospermum mopane, Combretum molle and Commiphora mollis according to abundance and dominance in the plots they occurred. Transect sampling was done to collect vegetation data. The total number of living trees and stags were recorded in each plot. Trees in a plot were thoroughly inspected for hollows. The following dimensions were measured on cavity trees: hollow size (diameter), hollow location and diameter at breast height. The results indicate that the rate of hollow formation and utilization is significantly dependent on tree species. There was a significant difference in the provision of hollows in stem and crown of a tree in each of the vegetation classes analysed. B. plurijuga hollows had the highest utilization whilst C. molle had the least utilization. Hollows are utilized irrespective of their location as long as the animal finds a niche, and stags at advanced stages of decay are not important in providing habitats for animals.     

Crocodile farming and conservation,the example of Zimbabwe

Crocodile farming is an important and lucrative activity in Zimbabwe which provides meat for human consumption and skins for the luxury leather industry. Because it gives an economic value to this otherwise unfriendly animal, farming crocodiles has a positive side effect on the conservation of this species in the wild. This paper gives an overview of the crocodile industry in Zimbabwe.     

中国野生稻遗传资源的保护及其在育种中的利用

我国有三种野生稻,即普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)、药用野生稻(O.officinalis)和瘤粒野生稻(O.meyeriana)。这三种野生稻均被列为国家二级保护植物(渐危种)。调查结果表明,野生稻由于其自然群落大量丧失而濒危,濒危程度为普通野生稻>药用野生稻>瘤粒野生稻。造成濒危的主要原因是人为的破坏活动。人类的经济活动导致了野生稻生境丧失、生境质量不断恶化、栖息地越来越少;人类的活动也导致了外来种的入侵。目前,对野生稻的保护措施主要有就地保护(原地保护或原位保护)和迁地保护(易地保护或异位保护)。易地保护包括以种子保存的种质厍、以种茎保存的种质圃和以器官培养物作为材料的超低温保存。野生稻具有许多优良特性,如特强的耐寒性、高的抗病虫性、优质蛋白质含量高、功能叶片耐衰老的特异性、特强的再生性、良好的繁茂性及生长优势等等,这些优良特性已被广泛用于水稻常规育种和杂交育种中,并取得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。有关野生稻生物技术方面的研究,如花药培养、原生质培养、体细胞杂交和基因工程等方面已取得了较大的进展。野生稻将在水稻育种中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Influence of tree hollow characteristics and forest structure on saproxylic beetle diversity in tree hollows in managed forests in a regional comparison

Tree hollows are among the rarest habitats in today''s Central European managed forests but are considered key structures for high biodiversity in forests. To analyze and compare the effects of tree hollow characteristics and forest structure on diversity of saproxylic beetles in tree hollows in differently structured managed forests, we examined between 41 and 50 tree hollows in beech trees in each of three state forest management districts in Germany. During the two‐year study, we collected 283 saproxylic beetle species (5880 individuals; 22% threatened species), using emergence traps. At small spatial scales, the size of hollow entrance and the number of surrounding microhabitat structures positively influenced beetle diversity, while the stage of wood mould decomposition had a negative influence, across all three forest districts. We utilized forest inventory data to analyze the effects of forest structure in radii of 50–500 m around tree hollows on saproxylic beetle diversity in the hollows. At these larger spatial scales, the three forest management districts differed remarkably regarding the parameters that influenced saproxylic beetle diversity in tree hollows. In Ebrach, characterized by mostly deciduous trees, the amount of dead wood positively influenced beetle diversity. In the mostly coniferous Fichtelberg forest district, with highly isolated tree hollows, in contrast, only the proportion of beech trees around the focal tree hollows showed a positive influence on beetle diversity. In Kelheim, characterized by mixed forest stands, there were no significant relationships between forest structure and beetle diversity in tree hollows. In this study, the same local tree hollow parameters influenced saproxylic beetle diversity in all three study regions, while parameters of forest structure at larger spatial scales differed in their importance, depending on tree‐species composition.     

生物多样性资源：利用、保护与管理

生物多样性在本质上是一种具有多重价值,高度综合的资源形式,是人类社会生存与发展的物质基础,在人类社会发展过程中,生物多样性资源利用与保护之间日益表现为彼此冲突的特征,但并非不可调和。本文认为,协调二者关系,实现生物多样性资源可持续利用和区域社会经济可持续发展的根本途径是生物多样性资源管理,它由主体层,客体层和目标层构成,应该具备主体多元化,参与的广泛性,过程的动态性与持续性,尺度性与地域性和公平性等基本特征,主体层是由以人为核心的各种组织形式构成的,是从社会经济系统中分化出来的一个职能层次;客体层也就是管理的对象层,是生物多样性资源系统和社会经济系统的耦合体,目标层包括生物多样性资源的可持续利用,生态文明的构建与发展和区域社会经济的可持续发展,生态文明是生物多样性资源可持续利用和区域社会可持续发展的根本保障,其中,主体层和客体层构成了生物多样性资源管理的实体部分,而目标层则是生物多样性资源管理的参照体系,生物多样性资源管理包括管理范围界定,问题辨识,目标确定,政策制定与方案运筹,实施,监测与评价,适应性调整6个基本步骤,是一个复杂的多层次动态反馈过程,这一过程中,科学研究发挥着非常重要的作用,因此应该在加强生物多样性科学研究的同时融合科学与管理的关系,使科学成果真正转化成效的管理行为。     

Patterns of habitat utilization of small rodents in an area of Araucaria forest in Southern Brazil

Abstract We investigated patterns of spatial distribution and microhabitat selection of rodents in a patch (26 ha) of mixed ombrophilous forest (or Araucaria forest), dominated by the Araucaria ‘pine’Araucaria angustifolia, in the National Park of Aparados da Serra, RS, in southern Brazil. We conducted monthly trapping sessions lasting 6 days (from June 2000 to June 2001) using a square grid of 121 trap stations, separated by 15 m (2.25 ha). We measured 10 microhabitat variables that could influence species distribution. These variables were related to the occurrence of mammals by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and stepwise multiple regression. The distribution patterns of the three most common rodents differed significantly (χ² = 38.6; P < 0.002), with Delomys dorsalis being more clumped than the other two species. Both CCA and multiple regression analysis showed a significant effect of microhabitat variables on species occurrence. The multiple regression parameters for Oligoryzomys nigripes were R² = 0.142, P < 0.05, for Akodon montensis were R² = 0.222, P < 0.01, and for D. dorsalis R² = 0.323, P < 0.001. Variables that significantly influenced species distribution were vegetation density at 1 m height and length of fallen logs for O. nigripes, canopy cover for A. montensis, and vegetation density at 2 m height, quantity of leaves of Araucaria trees (negative relationship), tree density (except Araucaria trees), and number of potential shelters, for D. dorsalis. The results indicated that D. dorsalis is the most habitat specialist among the rodent species and that there are no apparent competitive interactions.     

论我国昆虫多样性的保护与利用

本文论述了保护昆虫多样性的意义、我国昆虫多样性的基本特点及面临的问题、昆虫多样性的保护战略和利用对策。文中强调指出,昆虫是生物界的一个主要类群,在我国,需要防治的害虫大约只占全部昆虫种类数的1%,其余种类对人类都是有益或者是中性的,它们不仅可以作为显花植物的传粉者、为人类提供食物和各种工业原料,而且可以作为许多害虫或杂草的天敌,以及用于环境净化和科学研究。我国由于地域辽阔,生境复杂,因此,昆虫种类极为丰富,珍稀物种及有益昆虫较多。然而,由于受到人类活动的干扰,我国昆虫多样性面临着生境遭到破坏,物种濒于灭绝,天敌大量减少等问题。为了有效地保护和利用我国的昆虫资源,作者提出了一些战略和对策。     

作物野生近缘种的保护与利用

作物野生近缘种将是保证下一世纪粮食充足的重要因素。近30余年来国际国内非常重视作物野生种质资源的搜集、保存、鉴定、评价和利用的研究。我国作物野生近缘种特别丰富,同时受威胁非常严重。因此,加大力度开展作物及其野生近缘种种质资源的遗传多样性、保存技术、种质创新和利用的研究是刻不容缓的。     

Lipid metabolism, adipocyte depot physiology and utilization of meat animals as experimental models for metabolic research

Meat animals are unique as experimental models for both lipid metabolism and adipocyte studies because of their direct economic value for animal production. This paper discusses the principles that regulate adipogenesis in major meat animals (beef cattle, dairy cattle, and pigs), the definition of adipose depot-specific regulation of lipid metabolism or adipogenesis, and introduces the potential value of these animals as models for metabolic research including mammary biology and the ontogeny of fatty livers.     

胶蚧属昆虫资源保护及利用

紫胶虫具有重大的经济价值,我国紫胶虫物种和遗传资源丰富,气候类型和生态环境多样,为发展紫胶生产提供了良好的条件。本文简述了我国紫胶虫的物种资源、遗传多样性和生境,并根据紫胶虫资源状况提出了发展紫胶生产的模式。     

养殖动物及其相关环境耐药组的研究进展

畜牧养殖业中大量抗生素的使用,导致养殖动物及其相关环境中存在大量的耐药基因/耐药细菌。这些耐药基因可以借助基因水平转移等方式在环境中进一步扩散,甚至进入食品动物随食物链传播,对生态环境、食品安全和人类健康造成极大的威胁。随着基因组学研究手段的不断进步,养殖动物及其相关环境中耐药基因的多样性和生态学分布规律被广泛揭示。文中综述了相关领域耐药基因的研究进展,探讨了其对人体健康的潜在影响,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

中国、老挝野生动植物边境贸易现状及加强管理的建议

通过对中国、老挝边境地区野生动植物贸易的资料收集和调查研究,结果表明,中老野生动植物年贸易额超过1000万美元,合法贸易额约500万美元,其中有380.63万美元是经过西双版纳州边贸局或勐腊海关登记的。常见的野生植物种类有51种,其中有35.3%野生植物是老挝禁止出口种类,43.14%的种类是属限量贸易种类;常见的野生动物种类134种,其中哺乳类56种,鸟类45种,爬行类31种,鱼类和两栖类各1种。交易的动物种类中,有71种动物是国际上禁止贸易种类, 属于〖WTBZ〗CITES规定的一级保护种类有19种,二级保护种类有32种。在野生动植物合法贸易中,从采集者到老挝集镇的一级商贩,价格提高20%～70%,到达中国云南省勐腊,价格一般为原价的2.7倍,到达云南省以外市场,价格增加到原价的约3.6倍,非法贸易的价格变化幅度是同级合法贸易的2.7～4.5倍。动植物贸易的主要获利者是中间商贩,采集者的获利相对较小,但采集的劳动日收益仍达0.6～2.8美元/天,比当地种水稻和旱稻收益高。文章针对该地区野生动植物贸易的有效管理提出若干建议。     

滇西北香格里拉县大型真菌资源及其利用现状

香格里拉县（中旬县）位于云南省西北部,该区域内地形地貌复杂,海拔高差悬殊,兼有温带和寒温带高山气候类型。该区具有典型的温性、寒温性针叶林和寒温性常绿阔叶林以及针阔混交林,其中有不少是能与大型真菌形成共生关系的树种,如云南松（Pinus yunnanensis Franch．）、高山松（P．densata Mast．）、川滇高山栎（Quercus aquifolioides Rehd．etWils．）、灰背栎（Q．senescens Hand．-Mazz．）以及高山桦（Betula delavayi Franch．）和白桦（B．platyphylla Suk．）等。     

Phosphorus,nitrogen, and carbon cycling by fish populations in two small lowland rivers in Poland

Amounts of C, P, and N consumed by all fish populations were estimated at 9 sites in two small lowland rivers. They mainly depended on fish density and were: 151.8 (27.9–453.3) kgC ha^–1a^–1, 3.1(0.5–8.8) kgP ha^–1 a^–1, and 30.3 (5.3–89.9) kg N ha^–1 a^–1. To build one kg of each of these elements into their body the fish consumed 7.9 ± 1.7 (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabeiEayaara% aaaa!3912!\[{\text{\bar x}}\] ± S.D.) kg of C, 3.1 ± 0.8 kg of P, and 6.6 ± 1.3 kg of N. Thus, phosphorus was assimilated twice more efficiently than carbon and nitrogen. Pools of the three elements, calculated as mean biomass, are: 12.7 (1.2–42.1) kg C ha^–1, 0.7(0.1–2.2) kgP ha^–1, and 3.0 (0.3–9.7) kgN ha^–1 The elements were assimilated especially effectively by young stages of fish.     

Introduced animals and their parasites: The cane toad,Bufo marinus,in Australia

Abstract The impact of introducing animals into an established ecosystem can be directly observed through predator-prey and competition interactions. The impact of animals via more obscure relationships, such as the host-parasite relationship, are generally not considered. The cane toad Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) was introduced to Australia in 1935. Despite intensive research into many aspects of the biology of the toad, there has been no systematic survey of the parasite fauna of B. marinus in Australia. It is unknown exactly what parasites the toad may have introduced to Australia and also the range of parasites that may have adapted to the toad from native fauna since its introduction. The provisional conclusion from this review is that all the helminth parasites so far recorded from B. marmus in Australia have been acquired from local hosts. The interaction of toads and nativa fauna via their parasites remains unknown.     

北京中华蜜蜂的保护与利用

阐述目前中华蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius的分布及其生态影响,并针对北京地区中蜂现状,提出从中蜂饲养技术培训、饲养繁育示范、多元开发利用、建立专业养殖乡及发挥中蜂优势、发展山区养蜂事业等5个方面入手,保护与利用中华蜜蜂,逐步恢复中蜂的数量。     

Further role of zoos in conservation: Monitoring wildlife use and the dilemma of receiving donated and confiscated animals

The role of zoos in conservation has evolved. Additional roles that zoos can play in conservation include monitoring live wildlife use (one of the main threats for many species). Zoos in many parts of the world are offered animals by the public and are required to receive animals confiscated by the authorities. By quantifying these animals, zoos can monitor live wildlife use rates and trends and obtain relevant information on the environment of a region which can assist in situ conservation management. Zoos are sometimes forced to receive unwanted animals from the public or the authorities. Receiving these animals is a burden for zoos. Agreements between zoos and governments are important to take care of these animals and to optimize the use of conservation resources. It is not possible or desirable to maintain all donated and seized animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources provides useful guidelines on what to do with them. In all cases, species conservation should take precedence over individual animal welfare. These issues are illustrated with data collected at Zoológico Regional Miguel Alvarez del Toro (ZOOMAT) in Chiapas, southern Mexico. Zoo Biol 24:115–124, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

河南新郑望京楼遗址出土的动物骨骼及其反映的家养动物的差异化

聚落考古研究表明,二里头文化时期（1750~1530 BC）中原腹地出现了都邑和大、中、小型四级聚落系统,东亚地区由此进入了早期广域王权国家时代。二里头文化时期的生业经济研究对于理解中华文明形成与早期发展过程中的关键时期的社会变革与文化演进的骤然提速具有重要意义。家养动物及其副产品的开发和利用、管理和分配是生业经济研究和社会复杂化发展的重要内容。在以往研究中,尽管学界已对二里头文化时期的核心都邑二里头遗址和若干中小型聚落遗址开展了多项动物考古学研究,但是针对大型聚落的系统分析较少。鉴于此,本文以河南省新郑市望京楼遗址发掘出土的动物骨骼为研究对象,通过种属鉴定、数量统计、测量数据分析、死亡年龄推算等方法,尝试探讨居于大型聚落的先民对动物资源的消费和利用。结果显示,该遗址的家养动物有猪、黄牛、绵羊、山羊和狗,家养动物数量占多数。遗址的猪多数为未成年个体,说明肉食消费是遗址先民养猪的主要目的;绵羊多数为成年个体,说明获取羊毛是遗址先民养羊的主要目的。通过与二里头、南洼、煤山和皂角树等其他等级聚落遗址的比较可知,早期国家的都邑和大中型聚落的家养动物的种类更丰富,绵羊的数量比例随聚落等级的降低而减少,绵羊的身体尺寸随聚落等级的降低而变小,以获取羊毛为主要目的养羊业更容易在高等级聚落中出现。这一研究揭示了早期国家大型聚落和国家内部不同等级聚落开发利用动物资源的特点和差异,为从动物考古的角度探讨早期社会复杂化提供了可能性。     

Plain tales from the grasslands: extraction, value and utilization of biomass in Royal BardiaNational Park, Nepal

Royal Bardia National Park in Southern Nepal contains a number of internationally endangered wildlife species, and a mix of habitats, including areas of grassland known as phantas. The conservation and current use of these areas is briefly described, including the extraction of grass from inside the National Park by local people living in adjacent villages. The products collected fulfil a range of human needs, both practical and ceremonial. The study attempts to quantify the annual offtake in both material and monetary terms, and comments on the sustainability of the practice. Alternative sources of roofing materials are apparently outside the scope of poorer households. The use of these materials has particular significance given the initiation of a Parks and People Project to implement a Buffer Zone around the National Park and effectively to link conservation and development needs.     

Foraging on buds and bark of mulberry trees by Japanese monkeys and their range utilization

The Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) winter range utilization and the effects of foraging on mulberry trees (Morus bombycis) were studied in the Shimokita Peninsula during four winter seasons. The monkeys ate mainly winter dormancy buds when they visited the mulberry tree clumps for the first time within the winter, but they ate mainly bark when they visited for the second or third times. In the areas utilized by the monkeys over the recent three years, the mulberry trees compensated for the decrease in their number of shoots by producing longer shoots with more buds against the monkey foraging. In the areas used every year for more than four years, however, the mulberry trees were unable to compensate for the foraging pressure. Thus, although the monkeys had apparently operated prudent herbivory within three years, they did not do so on a longer time-scale. They shifted their utilization ranges after having over-exploited the mulberry trees.