Strategies to Combat Coccidioidomycosis: Are We Making Any Progress?

Coccidioidomycosis is caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. One of the endemic mycoses, this organism has been found solely in the semiarid to arid life zones of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America and South America. Clinical manifestations of disease vary greatly between patients and are largely dependent upon both the extent of exposure and the immune status of the host. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to rise within the United States. Primary coccidioidal pneumonia accounts for close to 25% of all community-acquired pneumonia within endemic regions, reflecting the substantial burden of disease and health care costs associated with this infection. Although most patients with coccidioidomycosis resolve their initial infection without long-term complications, a minority of patients develop complications of disease ranging from asymptomatic pulmonary nodules to life-threatening disease such as meningitis. This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, spectrum of disease, and treatment options currently available for coccidioidomycosis.     

Animal behaviour: emotion in invertebrates?

Bees exposed to vigorous shaking designed to simulate a dangerous event judge ambiguous stimuli as predicting a negative outcome - a 'pessimistic' cognitive bias that is characteristic of anxious or depressed humans and other vertebrates in putative negative emotional states.     

Ethics in Indigenous Research – Connecting with Community

The challenge for those responsible for funding, brokering and assessing the merit of proposed Indigenous research is to identify and then work co-operatively with appropriate representatives of Indigenous interests in order to increase the flow of benefits from research to Indigenous peoples. Experience in Australia has shown that this is not a straightforward process. In this paper we indicate some reasons why it is important for the research community to broker research with representative Indigenous organisations and to involve Indigenous peoples in the ethical assessment and conduct of research. We then identify some barriers to the achievement of these objectives and outline recently developed interventions from the field of health research that aim to promote a more effective working relationship between Indigenous peoples and members of the research community.

Ebola Outbreak in West Africa; Is Selenium Involved?

One of the current international public health emergencies is the outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), requiring extraordinary response. The current outbreak in West Africa is the most dangerous since Ebola was first discovered on 26 August 1976. Till January 6th 2015, It resulted in 13,387 laboratory confirmed human cases and 8274 deaths. Ebola virus has 5 strains, 4 are pathogenic in humans while the 5th strain Ebola reston strain is not. The current outbreak is caused by Ebola most pathogenic strain, Ebola Zaire strain whose genome differs from that of Reston Ebola virus strain, by the existence of several open reading frames containing large numbers of UGA codons. These codons act as stop codons and in addition they may encode for Selenocysteine, the 21st aminoacid, which is essential for the formation of Selenoproteins. Selenoproteins are integral to the metabolism and have been linked to the progression of certain viral diseases. In this review, we discuss the relation between Selenium and the progression of the current EVD in Africa supported by geographical distribution of Se and genetic evidence.     

Biomedical Scientists' Perceptions of Ethical and Social Implications: Is There a Role for Research Ethics Consultation?

Background

Research ethics consultation programs are being established with a goal of addressing the ethical, societal, and policy considerations associated with biomedical research. A number of these programs are modelled after clinical ethics consultation services that began to be institutionalized in the 1980s. Our objective was to determine biomedical science researchers'' perceived need for and utility of research ethics consultation, through examination of their perceptions of whether they and their institutions faced ethical, social or policy issues (outside those mandated by regulation) and examination of willingness to seek advice in addressing these issues. We conducted telephone interviews and focus groups in 2006 with researchers from Stanford University and a mailed survey in December 2006 to 7 research universities in the U.S.

Findings

A total of 16 researchers were interviewed (75% response rate), 29 participated in focus groups, and 856 responded to the survey (50% response rate). Approximately half of researchers surveyed (51%) reported that they would find a research ethics consultation service at their institution moderately, very or extremely useful, while over a third (36%) reported that such a service would be useful to them personally. Respondents conducting human subjects research were more likely to find such a service very to extremely useful to them personally than respondents not conducting human subjects research (20% vs 10%; chi² p<0.001).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that biomedical researchers do encounter and anticipate encountering ethical and societal questions and concerns and a substantial proportion, especially clinical researchers, would likely use a consultation service if they were aware of it. These findings provide data to inform the development of such consultation programs in general.     

Recent Progress in Arabidopsis Research in China： A Preface

In 2002, a workshop on Arabidopsis research in China was held in Shanghai, when a small group of Chinese plant scientists was working on this model species. Since then, we have witnessed the rapid growth of Arabidopsis research in China. This special issue of Journal of Integrative Plant Biology is dedicated exclusively to the Fourth Workshop on Arabidopsis Research in China, scheduled on November 30, 2005, in Beijing. In addition to reports collected in this special issue, the Chinese Arabidopsis community has been able to make significant contributions to many research fields. Here, I briefly summarize recent advances in Arabidopsis research in China.     

Research Progress of Microbial Diversity in Recent Three Years

The general situation and latest research trends in the research field of microbial diversity were summarized in this article, including the number of articles in different years, in different databases, in and different research objects which the researchers prefer to select. The papers are categorized into different research emphasis and detailed the corresponding research content in recent 3 years. This review provides us insights into the broader framework of microbial diversity in recent years and represents the research emphasis in this field. The purpose of this article is to provide a research basis for scholars to choose research direction and determine their research content.     

The Potential of Medical Abortion to Reduce Maternal Mortality in Africa: What Benefits for Tanzania and Ethiopia?

Background

Unsafe abortion is estimated to account for 13% of maternal mortality globally. Medical abortion is a safe alternative.

Methods

By estimating mortality risks for unsafe and medical abortion and childbirth for Tanzania and Ethiopia, we modelled changes in maternal mortality that are achievable if unsafe abortion were replaced by medical abortion. We selected Ethiopia and Tanzania because of their high maternal mortality ratios (MMRatios) and contrasting situations regarding health care provision and abortion legislation. We focused on misoprostol-only regimens due to the drug''s low cost and accessibility. We included the impact of medical abortion on women who would otherwise choose unsafe abortion and on women with unwanted/mistimed pregnancies who would otherwise carry to term.

Results

Thousands of lives could be saved each year in each country by implementing medical abortion using misoprostol (2122 in Tanzania and 2551 in Ethiopia assuming coverage equals family planning services levels: 56% for Tanzania, 31% for Ethiopia). Changes in MMRatios would be less pronounced because the intervention would also affect national birth rates.

Conclusions

This is the first analysis of impact of medical abortion provision which takes into account additional potential users other than those currently using unsafe abortion. Thousands of women''s lives could be saved, but this may not be reflected in as substantial changes in MMRatios because of medical abortion''s demographic impact. Therefore policy makers must be aware of the inability of some traditional measures of maternal mortality to detect the real benefits offered by such an intervention.     

Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is There a Lesson to Be Learned?

Many of the conditions in which poultry live and the procedures to which they are subjected compromise their welfare. This article describes these welfare problems in the hope that they may serve as warnings to the rest of animal agriculture, which then might take steps to avoid the same pitfalls. The article discusses poultry welfare problems under the headings of battery cages for laying hens, forced molting, disposal of spent laying hens, fast growth problems in meat poultry, catching and transportation, food restriction of broiler breeders, hyperaggressiveness in broiler breeder males, elective surgeries, and water-bath stunning.     

Plasmodium vivax in Africa: hidden in plain sight?

People who live in tropical Africa, south of the Sahara, are predominantly negative for the Duffy blood-group antigen, which mediates invasion of reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax. Recent reports of a parasite that was molecularly diagnosed as P. vivax from populations who are suspected, or known, to be Duffy negative confound a large body of evidence that states that invasion of P. vivax requires the Duffy antigen. If confirmed, one of several possible explanations is that P. vivax, which originated in Asia, is now evolving to exploit alternate invasion receptors in Africa.     

Animal or Plant: Which Is the Better Fog Water Collector?

Occasional fog is a critical water source utilised by plants and animals in the Namib Desert. Fog basking beetles (Onymacris unguicularis, Tenebrionidae) and Namib dune bushman grass (Stipagrostris sabulicola, Poaceae) collect water directly from the fog. While the beetles position themselves optimally for fog water collection on dune ridges, the grass occurs predominantly at the dune base where less fog water is available. Differences in the fog-water collecting abilities in animals and plants have never been addressed. Here we place beetles and grass side-by-side in a fog chamber and measure the amount of water they collect over time. Based on the accumulated amount of water over a two hour period, grass is the better fog collector. However, in contrast to the episodic cascading water run-off from the grass, the beetles obtain water in a steady flow from their elytra. This steady trickle from the beetles' elytra to their mouth could ensure that even short periods of fog basking--while exposed to predators--will yield water. Up to now there is no indication of specialised surface properties on the grass leafs, but the steady run-off from the beetles could point to specific property adaptations of their elytra surface.     

Animal babesiosis: an emerging zoonosis also in Italy?

In Italy, babesiosis is widespread in several Central and Southern Regions, but few data are available on its presence in most Italian areas. In 2004 a project was financed by the MIUR to investigate on the babesiosis epidemiology in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, and on the transmission risk for humans in Central and Northern Regions of the country. Microscopy and/or molecular tools were applied to blood samples of wild animals, livestock and pets, and to 1,677 ticks collected on animals or in the environment, with the aim of detect babesial parasites. Moreover, serological tests were used to evaluate the circulation of these protozoa among animals and people at risk. Microscopy identified as positive 5.0% of the animals, mostly living in Central Regions, but also in Northern areas considered Babesia-free. Serology evidenced the same general trend. PCR detected "piroplasm" DNA in 13.8% of the animals, and sequencing identified babesial parasites in 101/233 samples. The ticks were identified as belonging to 12 species, mostly represented by Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus. Molecular analyses evidenced babesial parasites in 3.8% of them; in Rh. sanguineus was also demonstrated the vertical transmission of Babesia canis canis. To date 30 human sera have been analysed: 3 showed antibodies to B. microti. Animal babesiosis is largely present among pets, wild and farm animals, whereas goats seem refractory to the infection. In wild ungulates have been found the B. divergens-like, and the Babesia EU1 strains (reported in Italy in humans). Our findings evidenced the low reliability of microscopy in epidemiological studies, and the need of new/improved immunological tests to face diagnostic problems. The monitoring of infected areas and infection rates, joined to appropriate control programs, seems necessary to avoid the transmission of babesiosis to humans.     

Animal culture: chimpanzee conformity?

Culture-like phenomena in wild animals have received much attention, but how good is the evidence and how similar are they to human culture? New data on chimpanzees suggest their culture may even have an element of conformity.