13C NMR and CD of some 3,8″-biflavanoids from Garcinia species and of related flavanones

The ¹³C NMR signals for most of the carbon atoms of some 3,8″-biflavanoids could be assigned with the help of the spectra of the corresponding monomers. The CD spectra of such compounds containing one flavanone and one chalcone chromophore can be used to determine the absolute configuration.     

亚热带人工林松树13C/12C比率和水分利用效率

The ¹³C/¹²Cratio, photosynthetic rate and stomatie conductivity of leaves of Pinus massoniana, Schima superba,Psychotria rubra, Evodia lepta and Rhodomyrtus tomentasa are measured. No significant deviation (at 5% level) is observed between water use efficiencies calculated by these items. The¹³C/¹²Cis 25.41±0.61‰. In average for treerings of Pinus massoniana from 1971 to 1983(n=6), with the maximum in1977 when the lowest precipitation was recorded. The average water use efficiency of Pinus massoniana is 8.28±0.38 in1977—1983, which is higher than that of trees in natural site and might be caused by the changes of solar radiation and water condition. ¹³C/¹²Cratio ana lysis could provide usefull informations for studying water use efficiency of artificial forest.     

鼎湖山地区人类活动对马尾松年轮13C/12C的影响

南亚热带鼎湖山保护区的非核心地带的旅游活动和附近工厂区污染气体的排放,影响了 年轮中的δ＾１３Ｃ值和窃据的δα值。旅游点年轮的δ＾１３Ｃ值自１９６５－１９９２年以年均－０．０２６‰速率下降,１９８０－１９９２年年均下降速率增至－０．０４４‰。工厂点的年轮δ＾１３Ｃ则随时间而递增,气体污染改变了δ＾１３Ｃ值的年际变化图式。１９８０－１９９２年,对照点、旅游点和工厂点空气ＣＯ２浓度年均增高速率分别为０     

13CMFA过程中GC-MS分析菌体蛋白氨基酸的13C标记丰度

基于13C标记的代谢通量分析(13CMFA)由于具有准确性和应用性已成为国际上代谢工程研究的热点,其中一个至关重要的问题就是分析菌体蛋白氨基酸的13C标记丰度信息。用含20%全标记葡萄糖（［U-13C］）和80%天然葡萄糖的合成培养基喂养维生素B12生产菌Pseudomonas denitrifican,然后在稳态条件下取20mg带13C标记菌体用1ml 6mol/L盐酸95℃水解24h得到带13C标记的菌体蛋白氨基酸;氨基酸经分离、浓缩、真空干燥、MBDSTFA衍生化后得到的TBDMS衍生物可以用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)进行分析,最后分析质谱图得到15种菌体蛋白氨基酸的13C标记丰度信息。成功获得菌体蛋白氨基酸13C标记丰度信息的实验方法和样品处理技术,为13CMFA在国内进一步发展提供了参考意义。     

Biosynthesis of α-spinasterol from (2- 14C (4R)-4-3H1) mevalonic acid by Spinacea oleracea and Medicago sativa

Leaves of Spinacea oleracea and Medicago sativa were incubated with (2-¹⁴C, (4R)-4³H₁ mevalonic acid and the sterols isolated. Cycloartenol had a ³H: ¹⁴C atomic ratio of 6:6 whilst oxidation to cycloartenone resulted in a ratio of 5:6 showing that tritium was present in the 3α-position and that the cycloartenol was symmetrically labelled. Separation of the 4-demethyl sterols gave α-spinasterol and a mixture of stigmast-7-enol and 24-methylcholest-7-enol, which had ³H: ¹⁴C atomic ratios of 3:5. Ozonolysis of α-spinastery] acetate gave the terminal side chain fragment as 2-ethyl-3-methyl butanoic acid. The acid contained ¹⁴C but no tritium thus showing that the C-24 hydrogen of cycloartenol is lost during the alkylation reactions leading to the C-24 ethyl group of α-spinasterol.     

中国暖温带落叶阔叶林中某些树种的13C自然丰度:δ13C值及其生态学意义

利用质谱分析仪对暖温带地区落叶阔叶林优势种稳定碳同位素的分析发现不同树种叶片的稳定碳同位素比率差别较大 ,大多数优势种叶片δ13C值在 -2 4.75 1‰± 0 .85 4‰～ -2 8.1 1 3‰± 1 .5 1 9‰之间。叶片的δ13C值可以分为 3个等级 , 级 ,叶片的 δ13C≥ -2 5 .5‰ , 级 ,叶片的 δ13C值在 -2 5 .5‰～ -2 7.5‰之间 , 级 ,叶片的 δ13C≤ -2 7.5‰ ,由于δ13C值在一定程度上能够反映植物的生理生态特性 ,这表明所研究的植物在生理生态特性方面也可以分为 3个类型。同时 ,由于植物的不同器官具有不同的生理生态特性 ,导致器官对 13C具有不同的分馏特性 ,也导致器官之间的δ13C值产生差异 ,分析结果显示树干、根和小枝的δ13C值一般要较叶片的δ13C值高 ,但不同树种又各具特点。生境的差异是影响稳定碳同位素比率的另一个重要原因 ,良好生境条件下生长的植物的δ13C值一般较生长在干旱瘠薄生境下的低。     

亚热带季风常绿阔叶林树木年轮的13C/12C和空气CO2浓度变化

测定了亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的几种树木年轮的¹³C/¹²C比率(δ¹³C)。云南银柴的1962-1983年年轮δ¹³C平均为-28.53±0.84（n=5）,华润楠的1951-1984年年轮的δ¹³C为-28.46±0.53（n=6）。黄果厚壳桂的1951-1984年年轮的δ¹³C为-29.19±0.80（n=6）,木荷的1975-1984年年轮δ¹³C为-28.42±0.41（n=4）,δ¹³C数值偏离平均值逐年增大。计算空气CO₂浓度每年递增1.21μ1/L。     

δ13C在植物生态学研究中的应用

稳定碳同位素技术已成为研究植物与环境之间关系最有效的方法之一。由于植物羧化效率的不同、12 C和13 C在植物体内迁移速率以及外界环境的不同,不同植物体内稳定性碳同位素比率(δ13 C值)有一定的差异。该文概述了稳定碳同位素的基本理论,并从气孔导度、叶肉细胞导度、叶片羧化效率分析了δ13 C变化的生物学机理;对近年来国内外有关不同环境因子对植物δ13 C值的影响、δ13 C值在群落及生态系统水平(以功能群、群落冠层及树轮为重点)、以及δ13 C值在碳循环中的应用研究进展进行综述,为以后稳定碳同位素研究提供参考。     

n-Alkanes and ω-hydroxyalkanoic acids from the needles of twenty-eight Picea species

The needle wax of twenty-eight species of Picea has been investigated. The quantitative patterns of the n-alkanes and ω-hydroxyalkanoic acids isolated from these waxes support the view that the genus should not be divided into sections.     

新疆阿勒泰地区近440年来大气δ13C变化

化石燃料的大量使用和森林的过度砍伐,引起大气中CO₂浓度的大幅度增加,同时由于Suess效应,大气CO₂中的δ¹³C在不断地下降。植物中δ¹³C的变化是大气CO₂浓度和同位素比值变化的敏感指示器。文中利用树木年轮δ¹³C序列和植物碳同位素分馏模型,尝试恢复了新疆阿勒泰地区近440年来大气δ¹³C的变化。结果表明,1850年之前,从树木年轮δ¹³C序列恢复的大气δ¹³C相对恒定在-6.60‰(R²=0.052),而1850年之后,该大气δ¹³C明显降低(R²=0.65),平均约为-7.04‰,平均年降低0.0084‰。这一结果高于从冰芯气泡所恢复的大气δ¹³C,1850年～1981年冰芯大气δ¹³C平均年降低约0.00657‰这可能与从树木年轮δ¹³C序列恢复的大气δ¹³C有更高的分辨率及树木生长点大气δ¹³C不同于全球大气δ¹³C值有关。     

高山植物叶片δ13C的海拔响应及其机理

植物 1 3C的分辨研究已成为植物生态学和全球碳循环研究的核心问题之一。植物 1 3C的分辨是环境和生物因子共同作用的综合结果 ,海拔梯度变化不仅可以造成植物生存环境的变化 ,而且还可以造成植物形态和生理特征的变化 ,因此 ,高山植物 1 3C分辨随海拔的变化为深入揭示植物 1 3C分辨的环境和生物因子的作用机理提供了非常理想的研究条件。在简单介绍植物 1 3C分辨基本理论的基础上 ,对目前国际上高山植物 1 3C分辨的海拔响应研究进行了述评。重点介绍了随海拔变化的大气 1 3C组成、温度、气压、水分等环境因子和植物叶片的气孔导度、羧化效率、氮含量和叶肉细胞导度等生物因子对高山 C3植物 1 3C分辨的影响 ,指出高山植物 1 3C分辨的海拔响应机理仍存在一些不确定性 ,为国内相关研究的开展提供了一定参考     

高山植物叶片δ 13C的海拔响应及其机理

植物13C的分辨研究已成为植物生态学和全球碳循环研究的核心问题之一.植物13C的分辨是环境和生物因子共同作用的综合结果,海拔梯度变化不仅可以造成植物生存环境的变化,而且还可以造成植物形态和生理特征的变化,因此,高山植物13C分辨随海拔的变化为深入揭示植物13C分辨的环境和生物因子的作用机理提供了非常理想的研究条件.在简单介绍植物13C分辨基本理论的基础上,对目前国际上高山植物13C分辨的海拔响应研究进行了述评.重点介绍了随海拔变化的大气13C组成、温度、气压、水分等环境因子和植物叶片的气孔导度、羧化效率、氮含量和叶肉细胞导度等生物因子对高山C3植物13C分辨的影响,指出高山植物13C分辨的海拔响应机理仍存在一些不确定性,为国内相关研究的开展提供了一定参考.     

Phylogenetic analysis and substrate specificity of GH2 β-mannosidases from Aspergillus species

Phylogenetic analysis of glycoside hydrolase family 2 including Aspergillus sequences and characterised β-mannosidases from other organisms, clusters putative Aspergillus β-mannosidases in two distinct clades (A and B). Aspergillus species have at least one paralog in each of the two clades. It appears that clade A members are extracellular and clade B members intracellular. Substrate specificity analysis of MndA of Aspergillus niger (clade A) and MndB of Aspergillus nidulans (clade B) show that MndB, in contrast to MndA, does not hydrolyse polymeric mannan and has probably evolved to hydrolyse small unbranched β-mannosides like mannobiose. A 3D-model of MndB provides further insight.     

A 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and AFM study of the structure of Glucagel™, a gelling β-glucan from barley

The structure of Glucagel™, a mixed-linked (1→3), (1→4)-β-d-glucan extracted from barley, was examined using ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results from ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy showed that Glucagel™ contained regions with two distinct conformations. In some of the regions the β-glucan chains associated to form a unique conformation, the A-conformation, while in the other regions the β-glucan chains were in an amorphous conformation. Dilute solutions of Glucagel™ were prepared for imaging by dissolving Glucagel™ in water at 90 °C. If the dilute solution was immediately deposited onto mica and the surface dried, then no fine detail was seen in the AFM image. However, when dilute solutions of Glucagel™ were left for several days before being deposited onto the mica surface, individual fibres could be clearly imaged. These results suggested that in gels formed from Glucagel™, junction zones occur because of the interaction of two β-glucan chains in the A-conformation.     

α-Onocerin and sterol content of twelve species of Ononis

The sterols and triterpenoids of 12 species of the genus Ononis were analysed by GLC. α-Onocerin was found in all but one of these species, although in some others its concentration was low. In all species examined, sitosterol was the major sterol; stigmasterol, campesterol, cholesterol and the triterpenoids cycloartenol and 24-methylene cycloartanol also occurred. The patterns of α-onocerin and sterols found seem to be consistent with the accepted classification of species within the genus.     

树木年轮δ13C含量幼龄效应的定量化探讨

从实验测得的林内外Ci/Ca差值出发,据已有定量方程,对树木年轮δ^13C含量的幼龄效应进行了定量化探讨,得出林内外植物Ci/Ca的差别将平均造成林内植物δ^13C低于林外植物δ^13C约5.2‰,并由此指出林外比林内植物光合羧化酶RuP2对CO2中^13C和^12C的分部效应b必然要高2‰-4‰,才能补偿由Ci/Ca和δa的差别所造成的林内外树木δ^13C的差值,因此在研究中不应简单地将b作为常数对待。这一结论对于定量地研究和应用树木年轮δ^13C进行环境CO2和δa重建具有重要意义。     

Biosynthesis of Δ5.23 sterols in etiolated coleoptiles from Zea mays

In addition to the previously found ergosta-5, E-23-dien-3β-ol and 5α-ergosta-7, E-23-dien-3β-ol, the following Δ23 sterols have been identified in etiolated maize coleoptiles: cyclosadol, 4α, 14α-dimethyl-5α-ergosta-8, E-23-dien-3β-ol, 4α, 14α-dimethyl-9β, 19-cyclo-5α-ergosta-8, E-23-dien-3β-ol and 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-7, E-23-dien-3β-ol. The incubation of maize coleoptile microsomes in the presence of cycloartenol and of [¹⁴C-methyl]S-adenosyl methionine gave a mixture of labelled 24-methylene cycloartanol and cyclosadol. No trace of cyclolaudenol could be detected in these conditions. It is suggested that Δ²³ sterols are products of the C-24 methyltransferase reaction and they probably do not arise from a Δ²⁴ → Δ²³ isomerization occurring at a later stage of the biosynthesis. The Δ¹³-sterols may play an intermediary role in the biosynthesis of 24-methyl sterols in this plant material.     

树木年轮δ13C含量幼龄效应的定量化探讨

从实验测得的林内外Ci/Ca差值出发,根据已有定量方程,对树木年轮δ     

Discrete versus continuous analysis of anatomical and δ13C variability in tree rings with intra-annual density fluctuations

Intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) are anomalies of tree rings where wood density is abruptly altered after sudden changes in environmental conditions. Their characterisation can provide information about the relationship between environmental factors and eco-physiological processes during tree growth. This paper reports about the variability of anatomical traits and stable carbon isotopic composition along tree rings as resulting from the application of two different methodological approaches: (a) the separation of each ring into different regions (earlywood, latewood and IADF) and the comparison of anatomical and isotopic parameters measured in those specific sectors and (b) the analysis of such features in continuum along ring width. Moreover, different parameters of vessels (i.e. ecd—equivalent circle diameter, elongation, sphericity and convexity of vessel lumen) were considered to identify those more appropriate for the representation of intra-annual anatomical variations. The analysis was conducted on Arbutus unedo L. growing on the Elba Island (Italy); tree rings of this species form IADFs with features clearly responsive to the environmental conditions experienced during plant growth. Results showed that the first approach, although more suitable to obtain data for subsequent statistical comparisons and for the calculation of correlations with environmental parameters, suffers from elements of subjectivity due to the size and position of the selected tree-ring regions. The in continuum method allows a clearer identification of the variation of tree-ring properties along ring width. Regarding anatomical parameters, shape indexes were not suitable indicators of intra-annual variability. The overall analysis suggested that using both methodologies in synergy helps to gain complete information and avoid misleading interpretations of IADFs in tree rings.