Responses of digestive enzymes of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to dietary cornstarch changes and metabolic inferences

Digestive enzyme responses plus metabolic implications were studied in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed isoproteic diets containing 28% crude protein, 3300 kcal of gross energy/kg and different amounts of cornstarch (30, 40 and 50%). Amylase, maltase, acid protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin from the alimentary tract were assayed. Plasma, liver and white muscle metabolites were gauged to profile metabolism of the fish. The alimentary tract of tambaqui is compartmentalized morphologically and enzymatically. Amylase was present through the gut; acid protease was detected in stomach; maltase, trypsin and chymotrypsin were found in pyloric caeca and proximal and distal intestine sections. Increase of cornstarch levels from 40 to 50% in the diet resulted in an increase in amylase and maltase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were unresponsive to starch levels. Acid protease follows the protein/carbohydrate ratio decrease. The increase of dietary cornstarch resulted in liver glycogenesis and the increase in plasma triglycerides is suggestive of lipogenesis. Digestive biochemical responses of tambaqui correlated with changes of feeding plus the analyses of metabolic profile are assumed as a tool for optimizing diet formulation and are a clue to other feeding optimizations for freshwater tropical species.     

Effect of formulated diet on digestive enzymes of Labeo rohita (Ham.)

Six sets of feeding experiments were carried out using formulated diets containing prawn head waste (PW), chicken intestine waste (CW), banana flower (BF), cauliflower waste (CAU) Dolicos lab lab (DLL) and groundnut leaf (GNL) in four levels of inclusion (15, 30, 45 and 60%) to assess the pattern of distribution and activities of digestive enzymes like cellulase, amylase, maltase, invertase, protease and lipase in the digestive tracts of Labeo rohita fingerlings. A control group of fish was fed with diets containing antibiotics to destroy the digestive tract microflora which may induce digestive functions. In general, the activity of digestive enzymes depended on the amount and type of the ingredients present in the diets ingested by the fish. Test animals showed both endogenous and bacterial cellulase activities which suggests the necessity for including cellulose (plant protein source) as dietary ingredient. Occurrence of higher amount of cellulase in the foregut and amylase in the fore and midgut influenced by DNL and GNL diets revealed the possibility of including less than 40% of the respective ingredients in the diet of rohu. Maltase and invertase were highly influenced by GNL, DLL and BF diets than PW and CW diets. More than 40% inclusion of PW and CW was found to increase protease and lipase secretion in the midgut and hindgut regions. The higher secretion of lipase in the midgut suggested the physiological versatility for lipid digestion in rohu fingerlings.     

Digestive enzymes and metabolic profile of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed diets with different crude protein levels

Labeo rohita, commonly called rohu is one of the most important fish species for aquaculture in India. Digestive enzyme response and metabolic profile of fingerling L. rohita to different dietary crude protein (CP) levels (viz. 25, 30, 35 and 40%) were studied in an attempt to optimize a practical diet formulation for this species. After 45 days of feeding, activity of digestive enzymes and metabolite concentrations were assayed. Amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were not influenced by the dietary protein, but proteolytic and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities varied (P<0.05) between the treatments. Proteolytic activity showed a second order polynomial relationship with dietary crude protein (CP) as Y = 0.0734X(2) + 4.937X - 68.37, r(2)=0.97. A positive correlation was observed between dietary CP and amylase (r(2)=0.78). All the metabolites except muscle glucose showed significant change corresponding to the dietary protein levels. Glucose and glycogen levels corresponded to the dietary carbohydrate levels. Muscle and plasma pyruvic acid increased as the crude protein in the diet increased, whereas liver pyruvic acid showed the opposite trend. Muscle protein content was not affected by dietary CP. Protein fractions in plasma (total protein, albumin and globulin) showed maximum values in 30% CP fed group. It is concluded that proteolytic activity and ACP are the major digestive enzymes responsive to dietary CP in L. rohita fingerlings. Considering the cost effectiveness of the diet, and based on liver and plasma free amino acid levels and plasma protein fractions, 30% crude protein is recommended as the optimal dietary protein for L. rohita fingerlings.     

Postprandial changes in pH and enzyme activity from the stomach and intestines of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897), Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The ability to utilise dietary components differs among fish species. Digestive enzymes may be used to determine the efficiency of the digestive process. In this study, the activities of the digestive enzymes in Tilapia rendalli, Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus were explored. Protease, amylase, lipase and cellulase activities were measured in different parts of the digestive tract of the three fish species. The pH dynamics along the digestive tract were monitored. In all fish species, the presence of food led to a reduction in stomach pH, whereby pH values of 1.54, 1.58 and 2.01 were recorded 12 h after feeding in O. mossambicus, T. rendalli and C. gariepinus, respectively. Protease and amylase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05, anova ) in the tilapias than in C. gariepinus. The tilapias may be pre‐adapted to produce more protease and amylase to digest plant material, which is more difficult to digest than animal matter. In all species amylase activity was significantly higher in the proximal intestine than in the other parts of the digestive tract (P < 0.05, anova ). The highest protease activity was recorded in the distal intestines. This is because of the alkaline pH recorded in the proximal and distal intestines, which favours amylase and protease activity, respectively. Lipase activities were significantly higher (P > 0.05) in C. gariepinus than in both tilapias. Marginal cellulase activities were recorded in all species. It is inferred here that phylogeny and not diet may be the main factor influencing enzyme activities, as all fish were fed a similar diet.     

Dietary protein modulates digestive enzyme activities and gene expression in red tilapia juveniles

It is known that the level of dietary protein modulates the enzymatic activity of the digestive tract of fish; however, its effect at the molecular level on these enzymes and the hormones regulating appetite has not been well characterised. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CP on the activity of proteases and the expression of genes related to the ingestion and protein digestion of juveniles of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), as well as the effects on performance, protein retention and body composition of tilapia. A total of 240 juveniles (29.32 ± 5.19 g) were used, distributed across 20 tanks of 100 l in a closed recirculation system. The fish were fed to apparent satiety for 42 days using four isoenergetic diets with different CP levels (24%, 30%, 36% and 42%). The results indicate that fish fed the 30% CP diet exhibited a higher growth performance compared to those on the 42% CP diet (P < 0.05). Feed intake in fish fed 24% and 30% CP diets was significantly higher than that in fish fed 36% and 42% CP diets (P < 0.05). A significant elevation of protein retention was observed in fish fed with 24% and 30% CP diets. Fish fed with 24% CP exhibited a significant increase in lipid deposition in the whole body. The diet with 42% CP was associated with the highest expression of pepsinogen and the lowest activity of acid protease (P < 0.05). The expression of hepatopancreatic trypsinogen increased as CP levels in the diet increased (P < 0.05) up to 36%, whereas trypsin activity showed a significant reduction with 42% CP (P < 0.05). The diet with 42% CP was associated with the lowest intestinal chymotrypsinogen expression and the lowest chymotrypsin activity (P < 0.05). α-amylase expression decreased with increasing (P < 0.05) CP levels up to 36%. No significant differences were observed in the expression of procarboxypeptidase, lipase or leptin among all the groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the diet with 42% CP resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the expression of ghrelin and insulin and an increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of cholecystokinin and peptide yy. It is concluded that variation in dietary protein promoted changes in the metabolism of the red tilapia, which was reflected in proteolytic activity and expression of digestion and appetite-regulating genes.     

Mechanisms of digestion in the marine herbivore, the luderick, Girella tricuspidata (Quoy and Gaimard)

The effect of feeding frequency on the mechanisms of digestion in the mucosa and contents of the gastrointestinal tract of the luderick, Girella tricuspidata (Quoy and Gaimard), was determined. Use was made of the variation in utilization frequency of Enteromorpha intestinalis by C. tricuspidata fed according to two different regimes to determine the importance of these digestive mechanisms in algal digestion.
The contents of the oesophagus and stomach of fish fed ad libitum were consistently acidic whilst those from fish deprived of food were highly variable and more alkaline. The contents of the pyloric caeca. intestine and rectum were slightly alkaline in both groups.
The number of microorganisms found in the digestive tract increased with a reduction in food availability. There was no significant cellulase activity in any of the animals tested.
Amylase and lipase were found in the pyloric caeca, intestine and rectum, but were not present in the oesophagus or stomach. Lipase activities were highly variable. Although some protease was found in the posterior portion of the gut, the majority of the activity occurred in the oesophagus and stomach.
Generally, amylase, lipase, and protease activities were unaffected by a change in the feeding regime of the fish from being fed ud libitum to being fed for a period of 24 h every 5 days. It is concluded that a reduced activity of enzymes that hydrolyse algal cell contents is not the reason for the lower utilization efficiency of food-deprived fish.
It is clear that the only difference in digestive mechanisms between fish fed ad libitum and fish fed infrequently is the variation in pH of the foregut. It is considered likely that the increased acidity of the foregut of animals fed ad Iibilum facilitates hydrolysis of the algal cell walls and allows greater utilization of algae by these fish.     

Temporal changes in digestive enzyme activities in the gastrointestinal tract of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) (Linneo 1758) following feeding

Changes occurring after feeding in the digestive enzyme activities of European eel were investigated to provide some insights into the digestive physiology of this fish. Total and specific proteases, amylase and lipase activities were measured using standard biochemical assays over a 24 h cycle in fed eels, compared to starved ones, under the same rearing conditions. In the gastrointestinal tract of fed eels quantitative changes started 4 h after feeding and continued later on; conversely, in starved eels enzyme activities remained unchanged over time. In fed eels, total and specific protease activities showed an overall increasing trend in the intestine, while in the stomach they progressively decreased to values 22–50% lower than those measured at the pre-feeding time; this behaviour probably reflected the progression of digesta along the intestinal tract. The prolonged secretory response of European eel to food ingestion proved its extended activity in the digestive process.     

植酸酶对草鱼和新吉富罗非鱼消化酶活性的影响

植酸酶能水解植酸络合物,释放被植酸束缚的各种营养因子,因此能有效解除植酸与内源性消化酶的结合,促进消化酶的作用。本实验在全植物性饲料中添加植酸酶,研究其对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和新吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力的影响。以全植物性饲料为阴性对照组,添加磷酸氢钙(dibasic calcium phosphate,DCP)实验组为阳性对照组,另设4个不同梯度的植酸酶实验组(250 U/kg、500 U/kg、1 000 U/kg和2 000 U/kg)。实验选取健壮、规格齐整平均体质量为(12.59±0.09)g的草鱼和平均体质量为(9.59±0.12)g的新吉富罗非鱼,分别随机分为6个组,每组5个平行,每个平行20尾鱼。养殖8周后,草鱼平均体质量(18.29±0.63)g,新吉富罗非鱼平均体质量为(24.68±1.34)g,抽样取出胃、肠和肝胰脏用来分析淀粉酶和蛋白酶比活力。结果表明,植酸酶对无胃鱼草鱼和有胃鱼罗非鱼淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力都有显著的促进作用。相比较而言,植酸酶对罗非鱼的应用效果较明显,低剂量就能显著提高其淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力(P<0.05)。当植酸酶添加量达到1 000 U/kg时,草鱼和罗非鱼淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力均达到峰值,此时,罗非鱼淀粉酶和蛋白酶比活力与阳性对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),而草鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶比活力显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.05)。植酸酶2 000 U/kg实验组,罗非鱼淀粉酶和蛋白酶比活力与1 000 U/kg植酸酶实验组无显著差异(P>0.05),但草鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶比活力显著低于1 000 U/kg植酸酶实验组(P<0.05)。因此,本实验条件下,植酸酶在草鱼和新吉富罗非鱼全植物性蛋白质配合饲料中的适宜添加量均为1 000 U/kg,生产实践中可通过添加植酸酶部分替代无机磷源。     

Does diet variation determine the digestive tract length of Capoeta banarescui Turan,Kottelat, Ekmekci and Imamoglu, 2006?

This study tested the spatial variations in the digestive/intestine tract length of Capoeta banarescui, with regard to their diets in different habitats. Highly varied diets observed in a previous study within the same river system posed the question whether this flexibility is reflected in the digestive tract and intestine length of the species in the Ye?il?rmak River, Turkey. Totals of 382 specimens (standard length 4.6–19.1 cm) were captured by electro‐fishing along the river in September 2012 at 11 locations spanning elevations from 34 to 992 m. The stomach, intestine and total digestive tract lengths were measured, and stomach contents analysed from 196 specimens. For statistical analyses, the stomach, intestine and total digestive tract length were expressed as percentages of total weight and standard length. The data provided evidence that the digestive tract and intestine lengths varied significantly among locations in association with the diet. Fish having dominantly carnivorous diets (e.g. chironomid larvae/invertebrates) in two locations had significantly shorter intestines and digestive tracts than those with diets dominated by benthic algae and other plants. The data indicated that C. banarescui showed broad flexibility in their feeding habits. Feeding heavily on plant materials might lead to the development of longer digestive tracts, increasing the active surface area for digestion; alternatively, there may be less invested in development of the digestive tract when feeding primarily on carnivorous diets where the respective digestive enzymes are readily available. The data suggest that phenotypic plasticity in the digestive tract length of C. banarescui is associated more with the abundant protein‐rich carnivorous food sources in the studied habitats. Whether this digestive tract plasticity has a genetic background remains to be verified in future studies.     

发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽生长及消化能力的影响

为探讨圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲料中发酵豆粕的适宜添加量, 以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为蛋白源, 鱼油和豆油为脂肪源, 分别添加0、10%、20%、30%和40%的发酵豆粕替代0、9.81%、19.63%、29.44%和39.26%的鱼粉蛋白, 设计5种等蛋白(50%)、等脂(8%)的实验饲料(分别表示为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ), 每组设3个重复, 每重复15尾鱼, 初始体重为(49.01.0) g, 经过8周的饲养实验, 结果表明: (1)饲料效率随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高逐渐降低, 饲料中发酵豆粕水平为20%时, 鱼体的终末体重、特定生长率和摄食量均会显著降低(P0.05)。(2)全鱼水分和灰分含量随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高而升高, 粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则随发酵豆粕水平的升高而降低。(3)胃蛋白酶和肝脂肪酶活力随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的增加先降低后升高, Ⅰ组最高, 显著高于Ⅲ组 (P0.05), 但与Ⅱ组无显著性差异(P0.05); Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的胃脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05); 肠淀粉酶活力则随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的增加先升高后降低, Ⅲ组最高, 显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),但与Ⅱ组无显著性差异(P0.05); 其他消化酶活力(肠蛋白酶、胃淀粉酶、肠脂肪酶)均无显著性差异(P0.05)。(4)Ⅰ组的皱襞高度和肠壁厚度均显著高于其他组(P0.05), 各组的黏膜厚度无显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述, 在饲料中添加10%的发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽的生长、饲料利用和形体指标无显著性影响,过量添加则抑制鱼体的生长。     

Gene expression,enzyme activity and performance of Nile tilapia larvae fed with diets of different CP levels

Protein is the most costly nutrient in fish feed, and while diets offered in the early stages of development typically have high levels of CP, they do not always correspond to the real requirements of the animals. Thus, research that seeks to learn the true nutritional requirements of fish is fundamental to improving commercial fish culture. The present study evaluated the protein requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under larviculture. Fish performance, gene expression for digestive enzymes and their enzymatic activity and stress response to air exposure were analyzed. Four experimental diets differing in CP level were formulated: 30%, 36%, 42% and 48%. Fish larvae were fed the experimental diets during development and sampled 10, 20 and 30 days after the beginning of the experiment for performance, gene expression and enzymatic activity. At sampling time 30, stress resistance was also evaluated by means of an air exposure test. At sampling time 10, CP levels between 36% and 48% could be used for a better performance. During this period, pepsinogen expression was greater for 30% CP, intermediate for 42% and lower for 36% and 48%. After this initial period, diets of between 30% and 42% CP are recommended for better performance. At sampling time 20, gene expression for digestive enzymes and their enzymatic activity were similar for all diets tested. At sampling time 30, the diet of 42% CP induced both greater pepsinogen expression and pepsin activity. Survival after the air exposure test after 30 days of feeding was influenced by CP level in the diet, with the highest survival being for fish fed with 36% CP. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that dietary CP influences digestive enzyme gene expression and activity, and suggest that the best CP levels for Nile tilapia larviculture vary depending on larval stage.     

The effects of diet and digestive cycle on the gastrointestinal tract pH values in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L., Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

The digestive tract pH values of the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus punctatus were determined in fish that were (1) starved, (2) fed herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous diets and (3) fed altered pH diets. The digestive tract pH profile was determined throughout an 8 h cycle. The herbivorous or carnivorous nature of the diet did not affect the pH values in any of the species. Significant differences in gut pH values were observed when the fish ingested diets with altered pHs. There was a difference between the starved and baseline fed values in Carassius auratus which was not observed in the other species. The pH values in the digestive tracts of the three species varied during the digestive cycle.     

Nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activity of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) juveniles fed on dried fish and chicken viscera incorporated diets

A feeding trial was conducted for 56 days to study the effect of replacement of fish meal by dried fish and chicken viscera, and a combination of oil cakes, in the diet of Clarias batrachus juveniles. The nutritional values of these by-products were studied through a digestibility experiment. No significant difference in nutrient digestibility was observed in different diets. Even 19.59% lipid in the diet of catfish did not affect the nutrient digestibility. Both amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes in the intestine of juveniles were studied. A decreased protease activity due to replacement of animal protein by plant protein and a decreased (P < 0.01) aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity could be observed after inclusion of 22% of dried fish viscera in the diet of the catfish. Though body lipid content increased in fish fed a high level of lipid, fat-free body composition did not vary among the fish fed on different diets.     

不同蛋白含量饲料对南方鲇胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

为探讨营养、饲料与鱼类消化酶之间的相互作用,采用蛋白含量分别为44．8％、29．1％和13．3％的饲料饲养南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis),并在第0d、15d、25d和50d对胰脏、胃黏膜、前肠黏膜和后肠黏膜的胃蛋白酶(酸性蛋白酶)和淀粉酶活性进行了动态分析。结果显示：1)饲料中蛋白含量为29．1％—44．8％时南方鲇的生长速度显快于低蛋白含量饲料(13．3％);2)在实验后期(25d后),中等蛋白含量饲料组南方鲇的生长速度比其他两组快,此阶段该组鱼胃黏膜的胃蛋白酶活性呈上升趋势,而另两组该酶活性则呈下降趋势;低蛋白饲料组前肠黏膜和后肠黏膜的淀粉酶活性在实验后期急剧下降,与该组鱼的生长最慢相关联;3)在实验的50d内,不同蛋白含量饲料对胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性在各组织器官中的分布特征影响不大。实验期间,南方鲇消化器官中这两种消化酶活性的变化情况表明,在实验的不同阶段,饲料中的蛋白含量对南方鲇胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶的合成、分泌和活性大小的影响是不同的。     

大豆低聚糖对牙鲆营养效应的研究：Ⅱ 消化率和消化生理

本试验比较研究了不同蛋白源(鱼粉,FM;大豆分离蛋白,SPI)基础饲料中添加大豆低聚糖(SBOS)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)消化道(胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠和后肠)和肝脏消化酶活性、饲料表观消化率和消化道(胃、小肠)组织结构的影响。分别以FM、SPI作为主要蛋白源,配制了4种等氮等能饲料。其中,饲料FM、SPI分别以FM、SPI作为主要蛋白源;饲料FMO、SPIO分别在饲料FM、SPI基础上添加10%SBOS(水苏糖：2.61%;棉籽糖：0.61%)。试验表明：①饲料中添加SBOS普遍降低了牙鲆消化道和肝脏蛋白酶活性,但差异均不显著(p > 0.05)。FM基础饲料中添加SBOS显著降低了肝脏脂肪酶活性(p < 0.05),而对消化道脂肪酶活性无显著影响;SPI基础饲料中添加SBOS显著提高了前肠脂肪酶活性,降低了胃和中肠脂肪酶的活性,而对幽门盲囊、后肠和肝脏脂肪酶活性均无显著影响。FM基础饲料中添加SBOS显著降低了中肠淀粉酶活性,提高了胃淀粉酶活性(p < 0.05),而对幽门盲囊、前肠、后肠和肝脏淀粉酶活性无显著影响;SPI基础饲料中添加SBOS显著提高了胃和前肠淀粉酶活性,降低了中肠脂肪酶活性(p < 0.05),而对幽门盲囊、后肠和肝脏淀粉酶活性无显著影响;②FM基础饲料中添加SBOS显著降低了饲料干物质表观消化率(p < 0.05),而对粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量表观消化率均无显著影响(p > 0.05)。SPI基础饲料中添加SBOS对干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量表观消化率均无显著影响;③饲料中添加SBOS对牙鲆胃和小肠组织结构均无明显负面影响。试验结果表明,饲料中添加SBOS对牙鲆消化道和肝脏消化酶活性、饲料表观消化率和消化道组织结构均没有表现出明显的负面效应;大豆蛋白源中含有的SBOS不是影响牙鲆对其利用率差的主要因素。     

美洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料中鱼油的适宜添加水平研究

为研究饲料中鱼油添加水平对美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)幼鱼生长性能、消化酶、体成分及肝脏脂肪代谢的影响, 以确定美洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料中鱼油的适宜添加水平, 选用初始体重(8.34±0.12) g的美洲鳗鲡幼鱼800尾, 随机分成5组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复40尾; 分别投喂添加0(对照组)、3%(FO3组)、6%(FO6组)、9%(FO9组)和12%(FO12组)鱼油的试验饲料, 试验期56d。结果表明, 饲料中添加鱼油显著影响美洲鳗鲡幼鱼生长性能, FO6组美洲鳗鲡幼鱼的增重率、投饵率和饲料效率显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比, 鱼油添加组美洲鳗鲡幼鱼肠道脂肪酶活性显著提高(P<0.05), 蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著降低(P<0.05); FO6组、FO9组和FO12组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著提高(P<0.05), 全鱼粗蛋白质含量在FO12组显著降低(P<0.05), 全鱼水分和灰分含量无显著变化(P>0.05); FO9组和FO12组脂肪酸合成酶活性显著降低(P<0.05), FO12组脂蛋白酯酶和肝脂酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。综上, 饲料中添加适宜鱼油水平可以提高美洲鳗鲡幼鱼的生长性能, 调节肠道脂肪酶活性、全鱼粗脂肪含量和肝脏脂肪代谢酶水平或活性; 美洲鳗鲡幼鱼获得最佳增重率和饲料效率时, 饲料中鱼油添加水平推荐为6.43%—6.78%。     

Nutritional value of white lupins (Lupinus albus) for broilers: apparent metabolisable energy, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and production performance

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of three cultivars (Promore, Kiev mutant and Ultra) of white lupins (Lupinus albus L.) for broilers. In experiment 1, the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients of the three cultivars were determined. The cultivar effects were significant (P < 0.05) for AME, but the ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients were similar (P > 0.05) between cultivars. The AME value of Ultra cultivar was lower (P < 0.05) than those of Promore and Kiev mutant cultivars. In Experiment 2, using the AME and ileal digestible amino acid values determined in Experiment 1, diets containing 200 g/kg of lupin were formulated and the effects of feeding these diets on performance, digestive tract development and excreta quality of broiler starters were investigated. Weight gain, feed intake and feed per gain of broilers fed diets containing white lupins were similar (P > 0.05) to those fed the maize-soybean meal diet. The performance of birds fed diets containing different cultivars of white lupins was similar (P > 0.05). Several digestive tract parameters were influenced by the dietary inclusion of white lupins. In particular, the relative liver weight and the relative empty weights of small intestine and caeca in birds fed diets containing white lupins were higher (P < 0.05) than those fed the maize-soybean meal diet. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the excreta quality scores between the birds fed the maize-soybean meal diet and those fed diets containing white lupins.     

Diet-related plasticity of the digestive proteolytic system in larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say)

Quantitative and qualitative changes in digestive proteolytic activities were monitored in fourth-instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) subjected to three different leaf diets. Depending on the diet, the larvae exhibited variable growth rates, similar for potato (Solanum tuberosum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) diets but lower for the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) diet. Interestingly, these growth rates were not associated with total protease activity in the midgut. While growth of tomato-fed insects was negligible, midgut protease activity in these insects was 1.5 and 4.2 times higher than that measured for potato- and eggplant-fed insects, respectively. As seen on gelatin-containing polyacrylamide gels, midgut extracts from insects that ingested eggplant leaves contained only a few proteinase forms, while numerous forms were observed in extracts of potato- and tomato-fed larvae. Although several forms were common to the three diets, their relative importance in the insect midgut varied. This diet-related plasticity of the digestive proteolytic system in Colorado potato beetle larvae leads one to question the potential for control approaches based on the inhibition of digestive proteases. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 36:241–250, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

银鲳消化道形态与组织学结构特征及其消化酶活性

为了解银鲳(Pampus argenteus)消化道结构特点与其功能及食性的相关性, 采用解剖、石蜡切片、AB-PAS染色及酶活性检测技术对银鲳消化道的形态、组织结构、黏液细胞分布及消化酶活性进行研究。结果显示, 银鲳的消化道由口咽腔(舌)、食道侧囊、食道、胃及肠构成, 胃肠交界处有很多幽门盲囊。食道侧囊呈椭球形, 食道粗短, 胃呈U型, 肠有多个盘曲, 肠指数为2.03。舌上皮内有少量味蕾及较多黏液细胞。食道侧囊、食道、胃及肠均由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层及浆膜组成。食道侧囊内皱襞较发达, 被覆复层扁平上皮, 内含较多黏液细胞, 且以Ⅳ型为主, 皱襞顶端及侧面有内含角质刺的次级突起; 黏膜下层及肌层中有固定皱襞的骨质脚根; 侧囊内胃蛋白酶活性较高。食道内皱襞较高, 被覆复层扁平上皮, 内含较多黏液细胞, 且以Ⅳ型为主。胃内皱襞发达, 被覆单层柱状上皮, 未见黏液细胞分布; 胃腺发达, 胃内蛋白酶活性较高。肠道内褶襞多, 高度呈先下降后上升趋势, 黏液细胞密度前、中肠较高, 后肠较低, 且均以Ⅰ型为主; 肠道内胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶及碱性磷酸酶活性较高。幽门盲囊组织结构与肠相似。银鲳的消化道结构特点、黏液细胞分布及消化酶活性与其功能及偏肉食的杂食性相适应。     

长吻和南方大口鲶胃肠道消化能力的研究

通过对长吻（Ｌｅｉｏｃａｓｉｓｌｏｎｇｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）、南方大口鲶（Ｓｉｌｕｒｕｓｍｅｒｉｄｉｏｎａｌｉｓ）胃、肠道所作大体解剖观察对比、粘膜扫描电镜观察、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力测定等的研究结果表明,南方大口鲶的胃壁和胃粘膜皱褶非常发达,其伸缩能力远强于长吻。但长吻的胃、肠粘膜的分泌功能较南方大口鲶强,其蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力强于相近体重的南方大口鲶。南方大口鲶的发达的胃壁作用可能在于有较强的伸张能力以便一次性地食贮较多或较大个体食物,并在胃内进行初步消化。总体评价,长吻一次性的摄食能力不如南方大口鲶,但对同种食物的消化能力强于相近或相同体重的南方大口鲶。南方大口鲶胃、肠道消化生理特点适于一次捕食较大个体食物,具间歇性摄食的消化生理特点。而长吻则适于以较高摄食频率和对食物较强的消化利用率以适应营养的需要。