Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises

The primary objective of this investigation was to identify which components of endurance training (e.g., modality, duration, frequency) are detrimental to resistance training outcomes. A meta-analysis of 21 studies was performed with a total of 422 effect sizes (ESs). Criteria for the study included were (a) compare strength training alone to strength plus endurance training (concurrent) or to compare combinations of concurrent training; (b) the outcome measures include at least one measure of strength, power, or hypertrophy; and (c) the data necessary to calculate ESs must be included or available. The mean ES for hypertrophy for strength training was 1.23; for endurance training, it was 0.27; and for concurrent training, it was 0.85, with strength and concurrent training being significantly greater than endurance training only. The mean ES for strength development for strength training was 1.76; for endurance training, it was 0.78; and for concurrent training, it was 1.44. Strength and concurrent training was significantly greater than endurance training. The mean ES for power development for strength training only was 0.91; for endurance training, it was 0.11; and for concurrent training, it was 0.55. Significant differences were found between all the 3 groups. For moderator variables, resistance training concurrently with running, but not cycling, resulted in significant decrements in both hypertrophy and strength. Correlational analysis identified significant negative relationships between frequency (-0.26 to -0.35) and duration (-0.29 to -0.75) of endurance training for hypertrophy, strength, and power. Significant relationships (p < 0.05) between ES for decreased body fat and % maximal heart rate (r = -0.60) were also found. Our results indicate that interference effects of endurance training are a factor of the modality, frequency, and duration of the endurance training selected.     

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock’s string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.     

The effectiveness of resisted movement training on sprinting and jumping performance

Resisted movement training is that in which the sports movement is performed with added resistance. To date, the effectiveness on enhancing sprint speed or vertical jump height had not been reviewed. The objectives of this review were to collate information on resisted training studies for sprinting and vertical jumping, ascertain whether resisted movement training was superior to normal unresisted movement training, and identify areas for future research. The review was based on peer-reviewed journal articles identified from electronic literature searches using MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus data bases from 1970 to 2010. Resisted sprint training was found to increase sprint speed but, in most cases, was no more effective than normal sprint training. There was some evidence that resisted sprint training was superior in increasing speed in the initial acceleration phase of sprinting. Resisted jump training in the form of weighted jump squats was shown to increase vertical jump height, but it was no more effective than plyometric depth jump training. Direct comparisons between resisted jump training and unresisted normal jump training were limited, but loaded eccentric countermovement jump squat training with unloaded concentric phase and eccentric landing was shown to generate superior results for elite jumpers. More prospective studies on resisted sprint training are required along with monitoring both kinematic and kinetic adaptations to fully determine any underlying mechanisms for any improvements in sprint speed. Based on the available data, the benefits and superiority of resisted sprint training have not been fully established. As for resisted jump training, although there are some promising findings, these results need to be duplicated by other researchers before resisted jump training can be claimed to be more effective than other forms of jump training.     

Training strategies for animal care technicians and veterinary technical staff

An institutional training program for animal care and veterinary technicians should be planned and implemented to provide these individuals with knowledge and skills for performing their duties within a laboratory animal care and use program. The complexity in the regulatory and scientific features of the animal research environment necessitates a strong training program on diverse topics according to staff duties. Orientation training should include ethics and compliance with relevant laws, policies, and guidelines. Depending on specific staff responsibilities, training may be general or in depth on topics of species-specific biology and behavior, animal facility equipment and operations, animal health procedures, animal research policies, occupational health and safety equipment and practices, computer usage, training, and management. Staff training should be an ongoing mission for incorporating new equipment, practices, and procedures in the laboratory animal program; for providing periodic refresher training to maintain a high level of staff qualifications; and for retraining when skills or knowledge are found deficient. Large institutions often have a dedicated training staff to implement the institutional training program.     

Effects of chronic and acute training on glucocorticoid receptors concentrations in rats

The effects of chronic endurance training and acute exercise on glucocorticoid receptors were investigated in rats. For chronic endurance training, rats were exposed to progressive running training on a motor-driven treadmill for 3, 5 and 7 weeks, twice a day and 6 days a week. The samples were taken, 34-36 hours after the last exercise bout. Some of the 7-week training rats were killed by decapitation 7 days following the last exercise bout. The glucocorticoid receptors in hepatic cytosol in 5-week and 7-week rats decreased as compared to the sedentary control. There was no significant difference between the glucocorticoid receptors in hepatic cytosol in some of the 7-week rats those who had stopped training for 7 days and those in the controls. The chronic endurance training did not lead to change of the apparent dissociation constant (Kd). The changes of glucocorticoid receptors after acute exercise have also been investigated and it showed profound decreases of glucocorticoid receptors in renal and myocardial cytosol in low intensity (swimming without an extra weight for 60 minutes) and high intensity (swimming with a weight equal to 6% of body mass for 60 minutes) training groups. The decreases in glucocorticoid receptors in renal and myocardial cytosol were less prominent after low intensity training. These results demonstrated that both acute exercise training and chronic endurance training could lead to a decrease in glucocorticoid receptors, which was in a training intensity- and training load volume-dependent manner, and the changes in glucocorticoid receptors during exercise training were reversible.     

Part-time medical training: 15 years' experience in the Oxford region.

Part-time training of doctors with domestic commitments has taken place successfully in the Oxford region since 1966; 249 doctors have now passed through such training schemes and a further 120 are currently training part-time. Two training schemes are now offered for doctors at senior house officer and registrar level: one of six to eight sessions a week for those undertaking recognised training aiming for consultant or principal in general practice posts, the other of one to two sessions a week providing ad hoc training for those unable for personal reasons to follow a recognised training programme. For doctors at senior registrar level, part-time training entails five to eight sessions a week. Of the 115 doctors who have left the schemes and are now in career posts in the United Kingdom, 19% are now consultants, 30% in other hospital posts, 27% in general practice, and 18% are clinical medical officers; overall, 71% of those in career posts are working part-time. This experience shows that part-time training can be successful and that there is a continuing need for part-time career posts.     

建立住院医师规范化培训管理体系的探索

住院医师规范化培训是医学生向医生转变的必修科目,也是住院医师向高层次医师迈进的必由之路,对于提高住院医师临 床技能及完善医疗水平极为重要。目前,我国住院医师规范化培训存在很多弊端,相关管理体系缺乏统一、完善的评价标准。因 此,建立一个完善的住院医师规范化培训管理体系是我们应该重视的问题。本文结合医院临床教学实习所积累的经验,并学习借 鉴发达国家及地区对住院医师规范化培训管理制度的优点与长处,探索建立住院医师规范化培训管理体系的新方法,旨在促进 住院医师规范化培训工作的持续发展。     

Training strategies for laboratory animal veterinarians: challenges and opportunities

The field of laboratory animal medicine is experiencing a serious shortage of appropriately trained veterinarians for both clinically related and research-oriented positions within academia, industry, and government. Recent outreach efforts sponsored by professional organizations have stimulated increased interest in the field. It is an opportune time to critically review and evaluate postgraduate training opportunities in the United States and Canada, including formal training programs, informal training, publicly accessible training resources and educational opportunities, and newly emerging training resources such as Internet-based learning aids. Challenges related to each of these training opportunities exist and include increasing enrollment in formal programs, securing adequate funding support, ensuring appropriate content between formal programs that may have diverse objectives, and accommodating the training needs of veterinarians who enter the field by the experience route. Current training opportunities and resources that exist for veterinarians who enter and are established within the field of laboratory animal science are examined. Strategies for improving formal laboratory animal medicine training programs and for developing alternative programs more suited to practicing clinical veterinarians are discussed. In addition, the resources for high-quality continuing education of experienced laboratory animal veterinarians are reviewed.     

海军两栖侦察队女队员海练前后内分泌性激素变化及月经失调影响因素分析

目的：通过监测海军陆战旅两栖侦察队女队员海练前后内分泌性激素的变化,观察海练对女性生理功能的影响。方法：海军陆战队某旅两栖侦察队女队员30名,按侦察兵训练大纲的标准于每年6～7月进行海练,每天训练7h,共60d。于海练前1d、海练后1d和海练后第90d抽血,采用微粒子酶联免疫法测定其血清促卵泡生成素、促黄体生成素、雌二醇、孕酮、泌乳素和睾酮的水平;通过问卷调查了解女陆战队员身高、体重、月经周期变化和营养等状况,并进行健康宣教和心理干预。结果：女队员海练后1d较海练前1d内分泌性激素水平显著降低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;海练后1d,女队员月经失调的情况明显增多（P〈0．05）;海练后第90d内分泌性激素水平较海练后1d显著升高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;海练后第90d,女队员月经失调的情况显著改善（P〈0．05）。结论：在高温高湿环境下长途奔袭、渡海、抢滩登陆等高强度海练造成的女陆战队员内分泌性激素水平改变及月经失调,可通过适当调整训练量和强度、平衡饮食保证能量供应、实施心理干预等措施降低其发生率,这为科学海练提供了依据,同时可预防运动性月经失调的发生。     

音乐在黑猩猩采血训练中的应用初探

为探究外源促性腺激素对伊拉兔(Oryctolagus cuniculu)生殖器官中表皮生长因子(EGF)表达水平及其作用特点的影响,本实验以伊拉兔为研究对象,随机选取30只(雄兔6只,雌兔24只),将雌兔随机分为超排处理组(n = 12),即肌肉注射70 U 孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)和100 U人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)和对照组(不注射任何激素,n = 12)。并运用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹(Western-blot)及免疫组化方法,研究经超排处理的伊拉兔卵巢、输卵管和子宫中表皮生长因子的表达与定位情况。结果显示,在超排处理后的伊拉兔卵巢、输卵管和子宫中,表皮生长因子mRNA与蛋白的表达量极显著高于对照组的卵巢、输卵管和子宫(P < 0.01),其阳性信号分别定位于卵巢的初级卵母细胞、颗粒细胞、内膜细胞、间质细胞和血管内皮细胞,输卵管的纤毛细胞、基细胞、黏膜上皮和肌层中,以及子宫的上皮细胞和内膜细胞中。研究表明,超排使用的外源促性腺激素可促进卵巢、输卵管和子宫中表皮生长因子表达量升高,提示其可能参与伊拉兔的生殖过程并调节卵巢、输卵管和子宫的功能。     

我院医学影像科（放射科）住院医师规范化培训模式的构建及经验初探

住院医师培训是国、内外公认的医师成长必由之路。2010年上海市实施新形势下的住院医师规范化培训,医学影像科作为独立的学科进行住院医师规范化培训,如何在新的体制下构建医学影像科住院医师规范化培训模式面临新的挑战。本文针对医学影像科的特点,从我院医学影像科住院基地的概况、生源构成及培训的初步经验进行了探讨。     

利用潮间带大型底栖动物群落评估茅尾海生态环境质量

正强化采血训练后可在动物没有物理或化学保定的条件下获取其血液样品,最大限度减少因应激对动物带来的伤害。常规的正强化采血训练中,动作的保持主要靠食物作为强化物,用非固定强化的方法进行。本研究在使用非固定强化的方法对3只黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)进行采血训练失败后,根据黑猩猩喜爱音乐并能识别音乐旋律的特征,将音乐加入到采血训练中,起到了连续正强化物和计时器的作用。结果发现,使用音乐进行采血训练时,3只黑猩猩的动作保持时间极显著高于非固定强化方法(无音乐)的动作保持时间。3只黑猩猩完成训练的次数,即达到训练效果所需的最少次数有所不同,个体贝贝的训练次数最多(177次),训练难点是尖针脱敏4 min;其次是个体亚亚(69次),训练难点是动作保持4 min;个体明明的训练次数最少(42次)。训练完成后,3只黑猩猩均可以在4 min的音乐播放中完成采血,中途不用饲喂任何食物。结果表明,音乐可以延长黑猩猩在采血训练中的动作保持时间,增加训练的稳定性。本研究的方法与结果可为同行业的相关工作者提供参考和借鉴。     

Comparing short-term complex and compound training programs on vertical jump height and power output

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in vertical jump height and lower body power production gains between complex and compound training programs. A secondary purpose was to determine whether differences in gains were observed at a faster rate between complex and compound training programs. Thirty-one college-aged club volleyball players (11 men and 20 women) were assigned into either a complex training group or a compound training group based on gender and pre-training performance measures. Both groups trained twice per week for 4 weeks. Work was equated between the 2 groups. Complex training alternated between resistance and plyometric exercises on each training day; whereas, compound training consisted of resistance training on one day and plyometric training on the other. Our analyses showed significant improvements in vertical jump height in both training groups after only 3 weeks of training (P < 0.0001); vertical jump height increased by approximately 5% and 9% in the complex and compound training groups, respectively. However, neither group improved significantly better than the other, nor did either group experience faster gains in vertical leap or power output. The results of this study suggest that performing a minimum of 3 weeks of either complex or compound training is effective for improving vertical jump height and power output; thus, coaches should choose the program which best suits their training schedules.     

Optimizing athletic performance by influence curves.

Recent application of modeling techniques to physical training has opened the possibility for prediction from training. Solution of the inverse problem, determining a training program to produce a desired performance at a specific time, is also possible and may yield strategies for achieving better training and tapering (complete or relative rest for a period before competition) regimens for competitive athletes. A mathematical technique derived from model theory is described in this paper that allows the design of an optimal strategy of physical preparation for an individual to do well in a single future competitive event or cluster of events. Simulation results, using default parameters of a training model, suggest that presently accepted forms of taper for competition may remain too rigorous and short in duration to achieve the best result possible from the training undertaken.     

生物工程工艺实习教学探索与改革

生物工程工艺实习是生物工程专业本科生实践环节重要内容之一。针对工艺实习教学模式进行探索与改革。主要包括以下几方面:实习教学内容与方法优化;科研与实践教学相结合,及时更新实践教学内容;加强实践教学师资队伍建设;实践指导书的编写;制定科学完善的考核方式等。通过以上一系列的探索与改革,使生物工程工艺实习教学效果有所改善。     

The effect of high-load vs. high-repetition training on endurance performance

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high-load (H-load) periodized resistance training and high-repetition (H-rep) reverse step loading periodized resistance training on endurance performance. Twenty-six female university rowers (age = 20 +/- 1 year) were randomly assigned to H-load (5 novice, 8 varsity) or H-rep (7 novice, 6 varsity) groups. Subjects were pre- and posttested using a 2,000-m rowing ergometer test. Outcome variables included VO2 peak, time to test completion, total power, average power per stroke, total number of strokes, stroke rate, and body mass. Subjects trained for 8 weeks using identical exercises. Varsity rowers who performed H-load training demonstrated greater improvement compared with those who performed H-rep training. Novice rowers who performed H-rep training demonstrated greater improvement compared with those who performed H-load training. High-load periodized training appears to be more effective for athletes with advanced training status, and H-rep reverse step loading periodized training is more effective for those who are relatively untrained.     

Training Improves the Capacity of Visual Working Memory When It Is Adaptive,Individualized, and Targeted

The current study investigated whether training improves the capacity of visual working memory using individualized adaptive training methods. Two groups of participants were trained for two targeted processes, filtering and consolidation. Before and after the training, the participants, including those with no training, performed a lateralized change detection task in which one side of the visual display had to be selected and the other side ignored. Across ten-day training sessions, the participants performed two modified versions of the lateralized change detection task. The number of distractors and duration of the consolidation period were adjusted individually to increase the task difficulty of the filtering and consolidation training, respectively. Results showed that the degree of improvement shown during the training was positively correlated with the increase in memory capacity, and training-induced benefits were most evident for larger set sizes in the filtering training group. These results suggest that visual working memory training is effective, especially when it is adaptive, individualized, and targeted.     

Modeling human performance in running

This paper focuses on the characteristics of a model interpreting the effect of training on athletic performance. The model theory is presented both mathematically and graphically. In the model, a systematically quantified impulse of training produces dual responses: fitness and fatigue. In the absence of training, both decay exponentially with time. With repetitive training, these responses satisfy individual recurrence equations. Fitness and fatigue are combined in a simple linear difference equation to predict performance levels appropriate to the intensity of training being undertaken. Significant observed correlation of model-predicted performance with a measure of actual performance during both training and tapering provides validation of the model for athletes and nonathletes alike. This enables specific model parameters to be estimated and can be used to optimize future training regimens for any individual.