嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的临床特征、高危因素及预后分析

目的了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的临床特点、危险因素、预后及耐药现状,为有效预防和治疗该病原菌感染提供依据。方法收集2013年11月至2014年4月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院收治的129例细菌培养为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌患者的临床资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果 129例细菌培养确诊嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染患者平均年龄（65.1±17.0）岁,包括下呼吸道感染和非呼吸道感染患者分别为100例和29例,下呼吸道感染患者存在原发肺部疾病的患病率、ICU入住率、气管切开比例、广谱抗生素的使用率、患病年龄等均高于非呼吸道感染患者（P〈0.05）。而非呼吸道感染患者的外科手术、无菌腔内置管比例及免疫抑制剂使用率高于下呼吸道感染患者（P〈0.05）。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染后选择敏感抗生素治疗的患者的死亡率明显低于未选择敏感抗生素的患者（15.0%/30.4%,P〈0.05）。结论原发肺部疾病、入住ICU、气管切开、广谱抗生素使用、年龄大是下呼吸道感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的高危因素,外科手术、无菌腔内置管、免疫抑制剂使用是非呼吸道感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的高危因素。使用敏感抗生素可以降低嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染患者的死亡率。     

军队干部病房与普通病房患者下呼吸道感染病原菌对比分析

目的调查干部病房与普通病房患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布状况,为临床经验用药治疗提供参考。方法采用回顾性方法对2009年5月至2010年2月解放军第44医院干部病房与普通病房下呼吸道感染住院患者送检痰培养结果进行统计分析。结果两个病区下呼吸道感染病原菌均以G-杆菌为主,干部病房G-杆菌所占比例低于普通病房,而真菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌检出率高于普通病区。结论干部病房与普通病房患者下呼吸道感染病原菌存在差异,干部病房患者感染病原菌多以多重耐药菌株为主,临床应根据药敏结果使用抗菌药物。     

Role of some representatives of opportunistic microflora in development of secondary infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]

The results of the laboratory diagnosis of secondary (mixed) infection of the respiratory tracts in patients with respiratory tract tuberculosis were summarized. The study was performed for 12 months in a Tuberculosis Clinic. The species of the pathogens and the frequency of their detection in various clinical specimens from pulmonary tuberculosis patients were determined. The data on resistance of the strains of Streptococcus viridans group isolated from the pulmonary tuberculosis patients to various antimicrobials including new fluoroquinolones are presented.     

6890例住院病人的医院感染情况调查分析

目的为了了解我院几个重点临床科室住院患者医院感染发病率,以加强控制.方法对医院2002年内利,外利,骨科的6890例住院病历进行调查分析.结果有41例患者医院感染,感染率为0.60%.感染部位:尿道为43.9%,呼吸道为26.8%,手术伤口为19.5%,其它9.8%.感染细菌以G 菌为主,其次是真菌.结论通过监控和加强培训教育能有效地预防医院感染的发生.     

Respiratory tract mycotic infection in phthisiological practice: species composition and susceptibility of the Candida clinical isolates to antifungal agents]

The results of the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory tract candidiasis in patients with tuberculosis of the respiratory organs within 2-year observation in a tuberculosis clinic were generalized. The species composition of 327 isolates of the pathogens of the respiratory tract mycotic infection and the frequency of their detection in the specimens of various clinical material from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were determined. The data on the resistance of the Candida spp. isolates to 6 antifungal drugs are presented. The number of the strains resistant to azol drugs (intraconazol and fluconazol) amounted to 10% of the total number of the Candida spp. isolates.     

Gramnegative opportunistic microflora as etiological factor of secondary infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]

The results of the laboratory diagnoses of respiratory tract secondary infections in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis within a period of 12 months in a tuberculosis clinic were generalized. The species composition of the causative agents of lower respiratory tract secondary infection and the frequency of their detection in various clinical speciments (sputum, bronchial washings) were determined. The data on resistance of the opportunistic gramnegative bacilli (enterobacteria, pseudomonads, Acinetobacter spp.) isolated from the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to various groups of antibacterials are presented.     

Clinical spectrum of invasive candidiasis in critically ill non-neutropenic patients

Invasive Candida spp. infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units can be classified as focal and systemic. Both types of infection usually occur after episodes of candidemia, although some focal infections may be of exogenous development, like those occurring after trauma or be device-related.The clinical spectrum of invasive Candida spp. infections includes focal urinary tract, abdominal, ocular, respiratory tract, renal and hepato-biliary infections, as well as systemic infections like candidemia and acute systemic candidiasis with multiorgan involvement after hematogenous seeding. Candida spp. isolates in "significant" samples, like synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures, represent true infection. However, the diagnosis of invasive infection based on "non-significant" samples, like surgical drains and digestive tract exudates, requires additional criteria. The total number of isolates from different sites, the presence of risk factors, the clinical host response, as well as severity of illness need to be taken into account for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. The clinical signs of systemic infection due to Candida spp. are completely non-specific and cannot be differentiated from bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infection or bacteremia. These infections may be associated with signs of sepsis,severe sepsis, septic shock or multiorgan dysfunction. In the future clinical multicentre observational and interventional studies are necessary to reach agreement on clinical definitions and classification of invasive Candida spp. infections in critically ill non-immunocompromised patients.     

下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨住院患者下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点,对其耐药性进行分析,以指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性调查2008年1月至2009年12月间安徽医科大学第一附属医院发生下呼吸道真菌感染的病例,并进行统计学分析。结果 374例下呼吸道真菌感染患者检出白色念珠菌253例(67.6%),光滑念珠菌74例(19.8%),热带念珠菌28例(7.5%),克柔念珠菌10例(2.7%),其他假丝酵母菌3例(0.8%),毛霉菌4例(1.1%),烟曲霉菌2例(0.5%)。本组资料药敏结果显示各种真菌对多种抗真菌药物敏感率较高,其中两性霉素B、伏立康唑和氟康唑的敏感率较高,而伊曲康唑的耐药率最高,达到12.2%。结论下呼吸道真菌感染仍以白色念珠菌感染为主,光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌其次,3种念珠菌占总分离真菌的94.9%,5种抗真菌药物的耐药率以伊曲康唑最高,社区获得性感染患者预后明显优于医院感染患者。     

Perspective on the host response to human metapneumovirus infection: what can we learn from respiratory syncytial virus infections?

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently discovered pathogen first identified in respiratory specimens from young children suffering from clinical respiratory syndromes ranging from mild to severe lower respiratory tract illness. HMPV has worldwide prevalence, and is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in the first years of life, with a spectrum of disease similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The disease burden associated with HMPV infection has not been fully elucidated; however, studies indicate that HMPV may cause upper or lower respiratory tract illness in patients between ages 2 months and 87 years, may co-circulate with RSV, and HMPV infection may be associated with asthma exacerbation. The mechanisms and effector pathways contributing to immunity or disease pathogenesis following infection are not fully understood; however, given the clinical significance of HMPV, there is a need for a fundamental understanding of the immune and pathophysiological processes that occur following infection to provide the foundation necessary for the development of effective vaccine or therapeutic intervention strategies. This review provides a current perspective on the processes associated with HMPV infection, immunity, and disease pathogenesis.     

The landscape of extrapulmonary manifestations of human parainfluenza viruses: A systematic narrative review

Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection is associated with every kind of respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, laryngotracheobronchitis (i.e. croup), tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, in both children and adults. Although HPIVs are common respiratory pathogens, there are increasing reports about extrapulmonary manifestations of HPIVs infection. Each of the HPIVs could produce infection of other organs (central nervous system, heart, myocardium, etc.) in all age groups who are either immunocompetent or immunocompromised. This review aimed at summarizing the available data on clinical manifestations of HPIV infection outside the respiratory tract from 1961 to 2020. The findings support the possibility of extrapulmonary infections that were thought to be due to rare host genetic or immunologic defects in infected patients. These findings highlight the fact that extrapulmonary dissemination of HPIV can occur, but the association is not clearly demonstrated. Our data support the hypothesis that HPIV infection is one of the possible causes of these alterations and may even be the direct cause in some cases.     

ICU开放人工气道患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护室（ICU）开放气道患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药特点,为临床用药提供依据。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月,重症监护室开放气道患者下呼吸道感染者的痰标本418株病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果革兰阴性杆菌占69．6％,其中铜绿假单胞菌27．02％,其次为鲍曼不动杆菌20．16％。革兰阳性球菌占20．16％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主占12．5％,真菌10．24％。结论目前重症监护室下呼吸道致病菌以G^-杆菌为主,细菌的耐药性严重,应根据药敏试验选择抗生素。     

外科危重病人呼吸道院内感染的调查分析

目的：了解外科危重病人呼吸道院内感染致病菌及其细菌耐药性情况．为临床防治提供依据。方法：对我院SICU1997年1月～1999年12月三年间从痰标本中所分离的致病菌及其细菌耐药性进行回顾性调查。结果：外科危重病人呼吸道内感染仍以G^-菌为主,占58．0％,其次真菌25．4％、G^ 菌16．6％,致病菌前四位分别铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌、嗜麦芽窄食黄单胞菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。体外药物敏感试验显示主要的致病菌均呈多重耐药特性。结论：本SICU呼吸道院内感染的致病菌仍以G^-菌为主,致病菌呈多重耐药特性,掌握本科室呼吸道内感染致病菌谱及其耐药特性具有重要意义。     

神经外科颅内出血患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的耐药性监测

目的了解神经外科重症监护室（NICU）颅内出血患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的种类及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2010年1月至2011年1月颅内出血的患者,其下呼吸道感染病原菌的种类及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果分离出的374例病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占81．8％,革兰阳性球菌占4．0％,真菌占14．2％。分离率较高的细菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。其中,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率为50．0％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为73．3％。鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对丁胺卡那、妥布霉素、多粘菌素B有较好的敏感性;而金黄色葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、万古霉素耐药率较低。结论NICU颅内出血患者下呼吸道感染以多重耐药的革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床应根据药敏结果合理用药,控制和减少感染的发生。     

ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的了解华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及细菌耐药性特征,指导临床合理、科学地使用抗菌药物,为有效控制危重患者肺部感染提供依据。方法回顾分析该院2004年1月至2008年12月ICU患者呼吸道感染的病原菌分布情况,并分析其耐药性变化。结果该院ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌(aba)、铜绿假单胞菌(pae)和金葡菌(sau),其中泛耐药菌株有增多趋势。耐苯唑西林金葡菌(MRSA)的检出率在77.5%~100%。药敏数据显示,pae对常用抗菌药物耐药率均较高,在25.5%~95.3%;aba仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率低,为12.2%,但中敏率较高,为41.7%,对其他常用抗菌药物耐药率均较高。MRSA对所有的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物均耐药,苯唑西林敏感的金葡菌(MSSA)对青霉素和红霉素耐药率较高,分别为97.1%和47.2%,对其他常用抗菌药物较敏感。结论该院ICU患者呼吸道感染以aba、pae和sau为主,且耐药现象严重,对临床常用抗菌药物有多重耐药现象,临床医生应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的病原学特征及防控

目的:探讨颅脑外伤所致昏迷患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,分析其相关危险因素,为临床预防该类感染提供参考。方法:选择2013年1月~2014年12月我院诊治的160例颅脑外伤致昏迷患者,对发生下呼吸道感染的80例患者采样并进行病原菌检测和药敏试验,采用Logistic回归分析探索颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结果:160例颅脑外伤致昏迷患者中,发生下呼吸道感染80例,占50.00%,共分离出病原菌85株,革兰阴性菌59株,占69.41%,革兰阳性菌20株,占23.53%,真菌6株,占7.06%。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林和头孢曲松的耐药率较高,对左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素的耐药性较低;革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林和四环素的耐药率较高,而对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率较低;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,侵入性操作、使用抗生素是颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,临床可通过减少侵入性操作及合理使用抗生素预防该类感染。     

肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者CT影像特点及IL-23R水平表达的临床意义

摘要 目的：探讨肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者CT影像特点及IL-23R水平表达的临床意义。方法：选取2015年1月-2018年8月于我院就诊的123例肺结核患者,将所选取的患者按是否合并下呼吸道感染分为单纯肺结核组73例和肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组50例。分析两组组患者临床表现、CT影像学图片、CT影像学表现、血清IL-23R的表达水平的差异。结果：单纯肺结核组患者出现14例低热、11例胸闷、17例消瘦、14例气短、18例痰中带血、14例颈部淋巴结肿大、23例咳嗽、21例胸痛。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组患者出现16例低热、13例胸闷、21例消瘦、19例气短、20例痰中带血、15例颈部淋巴结肿大、26例咳嗽、23例胸痛,两组患者临床表现差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。单纯肺结核组CT影像学图片显示可见结节影或包块影,呈明显分叶征、短毛刺征、空泡征并发肺不张、棘状突起,边缘较清晰,增强扫描后明显强化。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组CT影像学图片显示有分叶、毛刺,同时肺内肿物周边存在晕征、血管聚集征、卫星灶征、胸膜凹陷等表现,此外伴纵膈及肺门淋巴结明显肿大,胸壁侵犯。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组CT影像中毛刺状结节、胸膜凹陷、空洞、分叶征、肿块、条索影比例均高于单纯肺结核组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组患者IL-23R水平明显高于单纯肺结核组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：与单纯肺结核患者相比较,肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者临床表现更为严重,CT影像学特点更为明显,患者血清中IL-23R表达水平明显升高,临床可通过CT影像学结合血清IL-23R检测,以提高肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者的临床诊断。     

Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract Trialists' Collaborative Group.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the clinical benefits of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in patients treated in intensive care units. DESIGN--Meta-analysis of 22 randomised trials that compared different combinations of oral non-absorbable antibiotics, with or without a systemic component, with no treatment in controls. SUBJECTS--4142 patients seen in general and specialised intensive care units around the world. 2047 received some form of antibiotic treatment, the remainder no prophylaxis. DATA ANALYSIS--Each trial was reviewed through direct contact with study investigators. Data collected were: the randomisation procedure, number of patients, number excluded from the analysis, and numbers of respiratory tract infections and deaths. Data were combined according to an intention to treat analysis with the Mantel-Haenszel-Peto method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Respiratory tract infections and total mortality. RESULTS--Selective decontamination of the digestive tract significantly reduced respiratory tract infections (odds ratio 0.37; 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.43). The value of the common odds ratio for total mortality (0.90; 0.79 to 1.04) suggested at best a moderate treatment effect, reaching statistical significance only when the subgroup of trials of topical and systemic treatment combined was considered separately (odds ratio 0.80; 0.67 to 0.97). No firm conclusions could be drawn owing to large variations in patient mix and severity within and between trials. CONCLUSIONS--The findings strongly indicate that selective decontamination significantly reduces infection related morbidity in patients receiving intensive care. They also highlight why definite conclusions about the effect of prophylaxis on mortality cannot be drawn despite the large number of trials available. Based on the most favourable results obtained by pooling data from trials in which combined topical and systemic treatment was used it may be estimated that 6 (range 5-9) and 23 (13-139) patients would need to be treated to prevent one respiratory tract infection and one death respectively.     

病毒性肺炎患者外周血干扰素刺激基因15 mRNA表达特征的研究

通过分析病毒性肺炎患者外周血干扰素刺激基因15(interferon stimulated gene 15,ISG15)mRNA在感染状态下的特征性表达,探究ISG15与病毒性肺炎发病机制及疾病活动性之间的可能联系,为探索特异性呼吸道病毒感染的宿主生物标志物提供依据.本研究共收集157例社区获得性肺炎(communit...     

The role of secretory antibodies in adenovirus infection

The protective role of secretory antibodies in the development of adenovirus infection has been established. More severe and prolonged course of adenovirus infection, accompanied by the involvement of the lower respiratory tract in the process, has been noted in patients with low titers of antibodies, or their absence, in secretions (O to 1:4). The presence of secretory antibodies in a titer of 1:8 considerably alleviated the course of the disease. The antibody titer 1:16 (according to the data of the passive hemagglutination test) has proved to be protective for children and adults in adenovirus infection. The results of the determination of antibodies in the secretions of the upper respiratory tract in the passive hemagglutination test may be used for the purposes of prognostication.     

Empiric therapy of common bacterial infections in Saudi Arabia; a review.

The common infective conditions encountered at King Khalid Teaching Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were described. These data were collected mostly during a period of 8 years between 1981 to 1988. These infections included brucellosis, cholecystitis, conjunctivitis, enteric fever, gastroenteritis, infective endocarditis, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, septicaemia, sorethroat, treponemal infections, urethritis, urinary tract infections, and vaginitis. A scheme for empiric chemotherapy has been suggested for these infections based on the sensitivity results obtained mostly from the microbiology laboratory at Teaching Hospital, Riyadh. This scheme of empiric therapy is offered as a guide only. It does not cover all possibilities and is not intended as a rigid dogma. Empiric therapy has also been suggested for some other infective conditions where sufficient data were not available from the Teaching Hospital. Empiric therapy should be started after relevant specimens are collected. Culture and sensitivity tests are invaluable in the management of patients with infectious diseases. As soon as sensitivities of the infecting organisms' are known, treatment should be adjusted accordingly. In some cases, Gram-staining is valuable to guide the initial therapy (eg. meningitis, pneumonia, and urethritis). Finally, close liaison between physicians and clinical microbiologists is mandatory for successful therapy.