转基因玉米HGK60在不同遗传背景下抗虫性鉴定及农艺性状分析

为研究转基因玉米HGK60在不同遗传背景下遗传稳定性和抗虫效果,利用转Bt cry1Ah基因的转基因玉米HGK60为供体,通过回交转育的方式将cry1Ah基因分别导入玉米自交系郑58、昌7-2、lx05-4、lx03-2,获得转基因玉米自交系HGK60-郑58、HGK60-昌7-2、HGK60-lx03-2、HGK60-lx05-4,并杂交获得HGK60-郑单958（HGK60-郑58 × HGK60-昌7-2）和HGK60-鲁单9066（HGK60-lx05-4 × HGK60-lx03-2）,转化体特异性PCR证明cry1Ah基因已转入不同遗传背景玉米中,ELISA检测不同遗传背景转基因玉米叶片中Cry1Ah蛋白表达情况,结果表明在不同遗传背景玉米自交系和杂交种中Cry1Ah蛋白表达没有显著差异;田间人工接虫和室内玉米螟抗虫性鉴定结果表明,不同遗传背景的转基因玉米高抗玉米螟,室内接虫后4 d幼虫死亡率达到100%;对不同遗传背景转基因玉米HGK60进行农艺性状分析,结果显示与受体对照玉米相比,两者之间农艺性状没有显著差异,转基因玉米HGK60可用于抗虫玉米品种的选育。     

转Bt cry1Ah基因抗虫玉米对亚洲玉米螟、棉铃虫和黏虫的抗性评价

利用农杆菌介导法将Bt cry1Ah基因转入玉米自交系综31,获得对玉米螟有显著抗性的转基因玉米HGK60,为了研究其对鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性,在室内和田间分别用亚洲玉米螟、棉铃虫和黏虫幼虫对HGK60玉米的杀虫效果进行检测。室内生物活性检测结果表明,取食HGK60玉米心叶的亚洲玉米螟幼虫在3 d后死亡率达100%;HGK60玉米对棉铃虫幼虫有毒杀作用,玉米不同部位对棉铃虫幼虫的杀虫效果存在差异;与非转基因玉米对照相比,取食HGK60玉米叶片一周后的黏虫幼虫体重增长明显受到抑制。田间生物活性检测结果表明,HGK60玉米对于亚洲玉米螟和棉铃虫有很强的杀虫活性,达到高抗级别,对于黏虫有一定的杀虫活性,为抗性级别。     

抗虫抗除草剂转基因玉米HiII-NGc-1的遗传稳定性分析

目的基因和目标性状遗传稳定性是转基因植物新品种选育和产业化的重要前提。以进入农业部环境释放的抗虫抗除草剂双价转基因玉米Hi II-NGc-1为试验材料,采用PCR、RT-PCR和免疫试纸条技术检测转基因玉米连续3代目的基因cry NGc和bar整合及表达的遗传稳定性,采用心叶期除草剂草铵膦抗性鉴定和心叶期/穗期亚洲玉米螟抗性鉴定实验详细分析了目标性状的遗传稳定性。研究结果表明:Cry NGc和PAT蛋白在Hi II-NGc-1中连续3代遗传稳定,高世代稳定耐受正常5倍大田除草剂草铵膦使用浓度,心叶期和穗期高抗亚洲玉米螟性状稳定,具有潜在的产业化应用价值。转基因玉米Hi II-NGc-1目的基因和目标性状遗传稳定性的明确为开展下一步生物安全评价奠定了基础,对复合性状转基因抗虫抗除草剂玉米新品种的选育和产业化具有重要意义。     

BT799玉米对亚洲玉米螟抗性研究

【目的】抗螟性鉴定是转基因抗虫玉米研发的重要一环。本文主要就转基因玉米BT799对亚洲玉米螟的抗性展开评价,同时测定了BT799植株组织中Cry1Ac蛋白的表达量。【方法】采用了酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、室内生测和田间人工接虫鉴定3种方法。【结果】转基因抗虫玉米BT799组织中Cry1Ac蛋白含量分别为768.0 ng/g(蛋白/鲜叶重)和1 452.8~2 978.5 ng/g(蛋白/花丝、苞叶或幼嫩籽粒干重)。田间心叶期接虫条件下转基因抗虫玉米BT799和CC-2XBT799表现高抗亚洲玉米螟。室内取食转Cry1Ac基因玉米不同组织的亚洲玉米螟敏感幼虫7 d后的存活率为0~37.5%,取食非转基因对照的存活率为89.9%~100.0%。亚洲玉米螟不同抗性品系取食郑单958K组织的存活率以Cry1Ie抗性品系最低,其次是Cry1F抗性品系,均显著低于取食对照郑单958,Cry1Ac抗性品系最高,与对照差异不显著。【结论】转Cry1Ac基因玉米BT799对亚洲玉米螟有很高的杀虫作用和良好的田间抗螟性。     

转Bt cry1Ah基因抗虫玉米的分子检测及农艺性状分析

利用农杆菌介导法将具有自主知识产权的Bt cry1Ah基因转入玉米自交系综31中,在获得的1 764株转基因植株中筛选获得1株对玉米螟有显著抗性的转基因植株。对该抗性植株进行了室内和田间抗虫性分析及外源基因表达分析,并研究了其杂交后代的农艺性状。结果表明,该转基因植株对亚洲玉米螟田间抗虫性达到高抗水平;外源基因能够正常高效表达,在玉米抽穗期的叶片中Cry1Ah蛋白表达量最高,达到1μg/g鲜重;株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗等与非转基因对照植株相比差异不大,秃尖长明显短于对照,千粒重及单株产量明显高于对照,这种差异在人工模拟虫害爆发情况下达到极显著水平。     

玉米种质资源抗弯孢菌叶斑病特性研究

针对近年弯孢菌叶斑病日益严重的发生趋势,对1698份玉米种质(自交系、群体、杂交种以及特殊材料)进行了抗弯孢菌叶斑病鉴定。结果表明,中国玉米种质抗性较引进种质抗性好;不同省份所供种质抗性存在差异,北京、四川、广西种质总体抗性较好;在新选育的自交系中,鉴定出12份高抗材料;在当前培育的杂交种中,有22份高抗或抗弯孢菌叶斑病;玉米对弯孢菌叶斑病抗性在相同核基因、不同细胞质种质间无差异;玉米抗大斑病基因对抗弯孢菌叶斑病无效。     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米HGK60的农艺性状分析

为了确定转Bt cry1Ah抗虫玉米HGK60的自交系及其杂交后代外源基因的遗传表达稳定性和农艺性状,通过实时荧光定量PCR和ELISA分析外源基因的遗传表达稳定性,通过室内外生测和田间性状考量分析农艺性状。荧光定量PCR结果表明Bt cry1Ah基因在玉米的不同组织中可以正常转录,但RNA表达水平存在一定的差异;ELISA结果表明在转基因植株的不同发育时期、不同器官中Cry1Ah的蛋白表达量顺序:雄穗叶片苞叶籽粒花丝穗轴。两地连续三代的田间及室内抗虫性检测结果表明HGK60抗虫玉米对亚洲玉米螟均表现出很好的抗性。性状考量结果表明HGK60抗虫玉米与受体材料对照比较,种子发芽率、生育期、穗行数、穗长、千粒重等农艺性状均无显著差异。通过多年多点田间试验和分子检测结果证明HGK60转基因抗虫玉米中外源基因稳定的遗传和表达,对亚洲玉米螟有很好的抗性,农艺性状与对照材料无显著差异。HGK60转基因抗虫玉米对亚洲玉米螟的良好抗性使其具有很好的产业化应用前景。     

玉米种质资源抗弯孢菌叶斑病特性研究

针对近年弯孢菌叶斑病日益严重的发生趋势,对1698份玉米种质(自交系、群体、杂交种以及特殊材料)进行了抗弯孢菌叶斑病鉴定.结果表明,中国玉米种质抗性较引进种质抗性好;不同省份所供种质抗性存在差异,北京、四川、广西种质总体抗性较好;在新选育的自交系中,鉴定出12份高抗材料;在当前培育的杂交种中,有22份高抗或抗弯孢菌叶斑病;玉米对弯孢菌叶斑病抗性在相同核基因、不同细胞质种质间无差异;玉米抗大斑病基因对抗弯孢菌叶斑病无效.     

转Bt-cry1Ah基因玉米花粉对意大利蜜蜂幼虫的影响

新型杀虫蛋白基因crylAh基因是中国农业科学院植物保护研究所从Bt菌株BT8中鉴定克隆的,其编码蛋白对鳞翅目害虫具有强毒力,尤其对亚洲玉米螟Ostriniafurnacalis（Guen6e）的毒力强于目前使用的crylA类基因。转crylAh基因抗虫玉米具有很好的应用前景。花粉是蜜蜂重要的食物来源,蜜蜂是转基因植物安全性评价的关键测试生物。因此,开展转crylAh基因玉米对蜜蜂的安全性研究很有必要。给意大利蜜蜂ApismelliferoligusticoSpirola蜂群中4-6日龄幼虫饲喂转基因玉米花粉、常规玉米花粉、杂花粉,哺育蜂饲喂为对照。转基因玉米花粉对意大利蜜蜂封盖率、出房率和发育历期没有显著影响。表明转crylAh基因玉米花粉对意大利蜜蜂幼虫的存活和发育没有不良影响。     

玉米种质资源抗灰斑病鉴定与评价

2001-2004年,于田间应用人工注射接种的方法对413份玉米自交系和59份玉米杂交种进行抗灰斑病(Gray leaf spot)鉴定,筛选出病级1级高抗(HR)自交系6份、3级抗病(R)自交系28份和杂交种7份.鉴定结果表明,在供试的不同玉米自交系及杂交种间的抗病性存在明显差异,而表现高抗的玉米自交系较少,没有发现高抗杂交种.加强玉米抗灰斑病种质资源的收集和评价,对玉米抗病育种非常必要.     

叶片物理性状对玉米杂交种京科968防御二斑叶螨危害的影响

叶螨(Acari:Tetranychidae)危害是造成玉米减产的重要原因之一,其中二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是我国玉米Zea mays L.生产中的主要害螨之一.抗螨玉米品种的选育是有效防治叶螨的途径之一.本研究以我国广泛种植的玉米杂交种京科968及其母本京724、父本京92,先玉335...     

潮霉素在大麦遗传转化中的应用研究

以‘B1202’、‘U202’和‘云引1号’3个大麦品种(系)为试材,研究了潮霉素对大麦愈伤组织生长、分化及成熟种子的影响。结果表明:潮霉素对抗性愈伤的适宜筛选浓度为60 mg/L,分化阶段的适宜筛选浓度为40 mg/L,对转基因后代种子筛选以80 mg/L较为适宜,而不同材料对潮霉素的敏感性存在一定程度的差异。通过PCR检测采用农杆菌介导法转化获得的T0和T1代潮霉素抗性苗,结果证实在大麦遗传转化中采用潮霉素进行筛选是可行的。     

Association of a 33-kilodalton cysteine proteinase found in corn callus with the inhibition of fall armyworm larval growth.

Protein patterns of callus from corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds that are either resistant or susceptible to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Fall armyworm larvae reared on callus initiated from resistant inbreds were significantly smaller than those reared on callus of susceptible inbreds. A 33-kD protein found in callus from the resistant inbreds Mp704 and Mp708 was absent in callus from the susceptible inbreds Tx601 and Ab24E. However, a 36-kD protein found in Ab24E callus immunoreacted with polyclonal antibody raised against the 33-kD protein. When Mp704 nonfriable callus changed to friable, larval growth was not inhibited and the 33-kD protein was absent. There was a significant negative correlation between the concentration of the 33-kD protein in the callus and the weight of the larvae feeding on the callus in the F2 progeny of Mp704 x Tx601. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 33-kD protein suggested that it was cysteine proteinase. Purification of the 33- (Mp708) and 36-kD (Ab24E) proteins indicated that they were both cysteine proteinases. The 33-kD cysteine proteinase had 7-fold higher specific activity than the 36-kD enzyme.     

Preliminary Study on Transformation of Wheat Apical Point

Apical points of young seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar "Jing 411” and somatic calli of cultivar "FK8” were transformed with plasmids pBI121 and (or) pBIAH-A+ by using microprojectile bombardment. Histochemical assay of GUS activity showed positive reaction on some of the transformation processed apical points and calli. This demonstrated that foreign genes were introduced into the apical meristematic cells as well as the callus cells. The plantlets of cv. "Jing 411” survived after apical point transformation with pBIAH-A+ were transplanted into the field and the progenies were screened with kanamycin. 4 % of the screened seeds germinated into green seedlings with kanamycin resistance. Dot hybridization of total DNA from kanamycin resistant plants showed the existence of foreign DNA in some of the detected plants.     

Evaluation of in vitro selection regimes for a mitochondrial trait (methomyl resistance) in cms-T maize

Several factors affecting the success of selection in plant populations were examined for their relevance to in vitro selection. Three in vitro selection schemes and two growth assessment procedures were evaluated for effectiveness in selecting for a mitochondrial trait in maize: resistance to the insecticidal compound methomyl. Regenerable maize callus was derived from immature embryos of the three-way hybrid P39/IL766A2 x W182BN containing Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T). Either low, gradually increasing, or high selection pressures were used to grow callus over a period of 3–5 months. There was no significant difference in recovery of resistant plants using these 3 methods. Growth of callus on medium containing methomyl was assessed by increase in fresh weight during the final month of selection or by increase in number of callus pieces over the course of selection. These quantitative measures of growth were unreliable indicators for gain in resistance within the callus population. A procedure for recovery of methomyl resistant and male-fertile cms-T plants is suggested.     

Comparison of antigen specificity, class II major histocompatibility complex restriction, and in vivo behavior of myelin basic protein-specific T cell lines and clones derived from (BALB/c x SJL/J) mice

Immunization with myelin basic protein (BP) causes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in certain strains of mice. SJL/J (H-2s) is the prototype sensitive strain. Although BALB/c (H-2d) is resistant to EAE through use of an identical immunization protocol, (BALB/c x SJL/J)F1 hybrid mice develop EAE after immunization with BP. T cell clones specific for BP have been isolated from a highly encephalitogenic line of (BALB/c x SJL/J)F1 hybrid T cells raised against bovine BP. The clones were examined for their H-2 restriction and specificity for heterologous forms of BP (mouse, rat, and bovine BP). The results revealed the clones cross-reacting with mouse (self) BP were almost always restricted to F1 hybrid class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) elements. In contrast, mouse cross-reactive clones derived from a nonencephalitogenic (BALB/c x SJL/J) T cell line raised against rat BP were largely restricted to H-2d elements. These clones did not cross-react with bovine BP. Four additional lines were generated by carrying the original rat and bovine F1 T cell lines on parental antigen-presenting cells thus generating lines biased toward homozygous (SJL/J, H-2s, or BALB/c, H-2d) restriction elements. These "parentally restricted" T cell lines did not induce EAE when injected in vivo. These results suggest that in this F1 strain sensitivity to T cell-induced EAE is associated with epitopes on murine BP that associate with F1 class II MHC restricting elements. In contrast, nonencephalitogenic T cell lines contain a high proportion of murine cross-reactive clones restricted to H-2d, the haplotype of the classically resistant BALB/c mouse. This work illustrates the use of T cell lines and clones in a model system to further analyze the role of MHC restriction elements in autoimmune disease occurring in heterozygous individuals.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana: A non-tissue culture approach

Summary Germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were cocultivated with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (C58Clrif) carrying the pGV3850:pAK1003 Ti plasmid. This Ti plasmid contains the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPT II) which confers resistance to kanamycin and G418. Seeds (T1 generation) imbibed for 12 h before a 24 h exposure to Agrobacterium gave rise to the highest number of transformed progeny (T2 generation). Over 200 kanamycin-resistant T2 seedlings were isolated. Some of the T2 seedlings and T3 families were characterized for genetic segregation of functional NPT II gene(s), NPT II activity, and the presence of T-DNA inserts (Southern analysis). Ninety percent of the T2 individuals transmitted the resistance factor to the T3 families in a Mendelian fashion. Of the T3 families segregating in a Mendelian fashion (n=111), 62% segregated for one functional insert, 29% for two unlinked or linked functional inserts, 5% for three unlinked inserts, 1% for four unlinked inserts, whereas 3% appeared to be homozygous for the insert(s). The 13 families that did not exhibit Mendelian segregation ratios fell into 2 classes, both of which had a deficiency of kanamycin-resistant seedlings. In the Group I T3 families (n=6) only 0%–2% of the seedlings were resistant to kanamycin (100 mg/l), whereas in the Group II families (n=7) 8%–63% of the seedlings were resistant. All of the kanamycin-resistant plants that were tested were found to possess NPT II activity. Southern analysis revealed that all of the resistant plants contained at least one copy of the T-DNA and that the majority of the plants had multiple inserts. Explants from kanamycin-resistant plants survived and formed callus when cultured on callus-inducing medium containg G418.     

Streptomycin resistance is inherited as a recessive Mendelian trait in a Nicotiana sylvestris line

Summary The SR180 cell line has been isolated in a callus culture derived from a haploid Nicotiana sylvestris (n = X = 12) plant by its ability to proliferate on a selective medium containing 2,000 g/ml streptomycin sulphate. From the cell line diploid plants have been regenerated. The SR180 selfs are resistant to streptomycin. Streptomycin sensitivity in F1, and a 31 (sensitive to resistant) segregation in F2 indicate that resistance in the SR180 mutant is the result of a recessive Mendelian mutation.     

In vitro propagation and chromosome doubling of a Triticum crassum x Hordeum vulgare intergeneric hybrid

Summary In vitro culture of inflorescence tissue of a Triticum crassum (6x) x Hordeum vulgare cv. Bomi (2x) intergeneric hybrid resulted in the proliferation of totipotent callus from which plants were regenerated. Regeneration was also achieved from immature inflorescence callus of T. crassum but not from H. vulgare. T. crassum x H. vulgare regenerates had a somatic chromosome number of 28, identical to that of the original hybrid. Four chimeric plants with a partially doubled chromosome number were obtained by in vitro colchicine treatment of hybrid callus prior to induction of plant regeneration. All T. crassum regenerates had 35 chromosomes rather than the expected number of 42. Meiotic analysis of a 35-chromosome plant revealed an extremely abnormal meiosis which might be attributable to a complete disturbance in meiotic control system(s) including that of meiotic pairing.Dedicated to Professor Georg Melchers on the occasion of his 75th birthday.Contribution No. 624 Ottawa Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A OC6 (Canada)     

A transgenic apple callus showing reduced polyphenol oxidase activity and lower browning potential

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is responsible for enzymatic browning of apples. Apples lacking PPO activity might be useful not only for the food industry but also for studies of the metabolism of polyphenols and the function of PPO. Transgenic apple calli were prepared by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the kanamycin (KM) resistant gene and antisense PPO gene. Four KM-resistant callus lines were obtained from 356 leaf explants. Among these transgenic calli, three calli grew on the medium containing KM at the same rate as non-transgenic callus on the medium without KM. One callus line had an antisense PPO gene, in which the amount and activity of PPO were reduced to half the amount and activity in non-transgenic callus. The browning potential of this line, which was estimated by adding chlorogenic acid, was also half the browning potential of non-transgenic callus.