不同培养基组合提高土壤细菌可培养性的研究

为选择性采用多培养基组合以提高土壤细菌可培养性,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了贫营养、富营养和自然营养培养基在3种培养方式下获得细菌种群的差异。结果表明:平板培养条件下,细菌在贫营养培养基上生长较慢,菌落连续稳定形成。培养5d后,富营养的LB培养基和贫营养的R2A培养基获得菌落数最多,分别是贫营养的0.1×LB培养基获得菌落数的5.1倍和5.3倍。7种培养基中,LB培养基获得细菌种群数目最多,营养成分适当稀释后,培养物中有新的种群出现。贫营养培养基和富营养培养基培养物DGGE图谱相似性低,条带互补性强。三角瓶静置培养时,R2A和LB培养基获得细菌种群数目较多,其它几种培养基获得的细菌类群都能在这2种培养基中找到。试管静置培养条件下,LB培养基获得细菌种群数目最多,某些种群也只出现在R2A培养基和TSB培养基上,R2A及LB培养基与TSB培养基获得的细菌种群差异较为明显。研究结果为特殊培养基设计及选用合适培养基分离土壤细菌提供参考。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对生物膜形成的影响

目的:鼠伤寒沙门菌在多种表面形成的生物膜对其致病性和引起食物中毒等方面起着重要作用,本研究探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对细菌在不同材质表面生物膜形成的影响。方法:用LB(Luria-Bertani,LB)培养基和TSB(Tryptose Soya Broth,TSB)培养基分别将携带pStSR100质粒的野生株在96孔板与放置无菌小圆玻片的24孔板中静态培养48 h,用结晶紫半定量法确定生物膜形成的适宜培养基。将野生株与消除质粒的突变株,用结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal Laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观察其在聚苯乙烯培养板和小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的差异。结果:用LB培养时细菌生物膜的形成能力高于用TSB培养,LB培养基更适宜生物膜形成;结晶紫半定量法结果表明野生株比突变株在小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的能力明显增强,而在聚苯乙烯培养板表面两者则无明显差异;CLSM观察发现,野生株在小圆玻片表面形成融合成片的大克隆,突变株仅形成较小克隆。结论:鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒能促进该菌在亲水性材质表面生物膜的形成,但其对该菌在疏水性材质表面生物膜的形成未见明显影响,这一新发现为进一步研究鼠伤寒沙门菌生物膜形成的调控机制,研制抗感染材料提供了理论和实验依据。     

薄层菌L28的分离鉴定及其对马铃薯快繁苗生长的促进作用

【背景】薄层菌(Hymenobacter)是不利生长环境(如营养贫瘠的荒漠土壤)中的优势细菌类群,目前对该类菌的研究集中于分离鉴定,尚无对植物促生相关的研究报道。【目的】从浑善达克荒漠土壤分离鉴定细菌,并分析菌株对马铃薯快繁苗生长的影响。【方法】基于选择性培养基,以涂布划线方法进行细菌的分离培养;扩增16SrRNA基因并测序,分析序列相似性和系统发育,并参考形态和生理生化特征对菌株进行初步分类鉴定;以选择性培养基或比色法等方法对纯培养物进行促生性状分析;采用MS固体培养基分析菌株对马铃薯快繁苗生长的影响。【结果】分离得到一株编号为L28的细菌,其16S rRNA基因序列与Hymenobacter koreensis GYR3077T的相似性最高,为96.46%;菌株L28具有固氮、解磷酸钙-磷、解植酸磷-磷、产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)(7.51 mg/L)、产铁载体(D/d为2.47)和有1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid,ACC)脱氨酶活性等多种植物促生特性;接种L28相比不接种显著...     

鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对生物膜形成的影响

目的：鼠伤寒沙门菌在多种表面形成的生物膜对其致病性和引起食物中毒等方面起着重要作用,本研究探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对细菌在不同材质表面生物膜形成的影响。方法：用LB（Lufia—Bertani,LB）培养基和TSB（TryptoseSoyaBroth,TSB）培养基分别将携带pStSR100质粒的野生株在96孔板与放置无菌小圆玻片的24孔板中静态培养48h,用结晶紫半定量法确定生物膜形成的适宜培养基。将野生株与消除质粒的突变株,用结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜（ConfocalLaserscanningmicroscopy,CLSM）观察其在聚苯乙烯培养板和小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的差异。结果：用LB培养时细菌生物膜的形成能力高于用TSB培养,LB培养基更适宜生物膜形成;结晶紫半定量法结果表明野生株比突变株在小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的能力明显增强,而在聚苯乙烯培养板表面两者则无明显差异;CLSM观察发现,野生株在小圆玻片表面形成融合成片的大克隆,突变株仅形成较小克隆。结论：鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒能促进该茵在亲水性材质表面生物膜的形成,但其对该菌在疏水性材质表面生物膜的形成未见明显影响,这一新发现为进一步研究鼠伤寒沙门菌生物膜形成的调控机制,研制抗感染材料提供了理论和实验依据。     

普通和稀释培养基研究太湖沉积物可培养细菌的多样性

采用普通牛肉汁培养基和 10倍稀释的普通牛肉汁培养基 (以下简称稀释培养基 )研究太湖沉积物中细菌多样性 ,发现在稀释培养基上生长的细菌数量普遍是在普通牛肉汁琼脂培养基上生长的细菌数量的 3～ 5倍。分离得到纯培养物的 16SrDNA部分序列 (5′端约 5 0 0bp)分析表明 ,不同培养基上生长的优势细菌类群存在差别 :普通培养基生长的细菌主要为γ_Proteobacteria(35. 1% ) ,其次为Actinobacteria(2 4 5 % )和Firmicutes(2 2 . 3% )等类群 ,其中大部分细菌与假单胞菌属 (Pseudomoas)、芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus)和节杆菌属 (Archrobacter)细菌的系统关系密切 ;稀释培养基生长的细菌则主要为Actinobacteria(2 7. 1% )、Firmicutes(2 5 . 7% )、α_Proteobacteria(2 1. 4 % )和γ_Proteobacteria(15. 7% )等类群 ,与芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus) (2 5. 7% )发育系统关系密切的细菌为优势属。研究结果表明同时采用两种培养基有助于从太湖沉积物中分离到更多种微生物。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌群体感应复苏oxyR基因缺失引起的VBNC状态

探讨鼠伤寒沙门氏菌oxyR基因缺失株引起的VBNC状态及其与群体感应的关系。运用同源重组的方法构建oxyR基因无痕缺失的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌并检测该菌株对H_2O_2的敏感性;将oxyR基因缺失株和亲本株(WT)涂布或滴于LB固体培养基,观察其是否生长及其浓度依赖性生长情况;用swimming和swarming平板检测oxyR基因缺失株和WT的运动能力;检测固体培养基和液体培养基中沙门氏菌分解H_2O_2的能力。成功构建了oxyR无痕缺失菌株;oxyR基因缺失株在0.1 mmol/L H_2O_2的LB平板上形成的菌苔发生了变形,在1 mmol/L H_2O_2的LB平板上不能生长,而WT均能生长;6×10~6和6×10~5 cfu/mL的WT涂布于LB平板上能长满菌苔,而等量的oxyR缺失株不能生长菌落;不同浓度的WT滴于LB平板均能形成菌苔,而oxyR缺失株仅在OD_(600)≥10~(-1)浓度时才能形成菌苔;oxyR缺失株泳动距离无显著性变化,而群集运动距离显著性大于WT;固体培养的沙门氏菌比液体培养的沙门氏菌有更强的分解H_2O_2的能力。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的群体感应系统通过调控其群集运动和H_2O_2分解能力来复苏由oxyR基因缺失引起的VBNC状态。     

美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】了解美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用纯培养法、数值分类和16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】从NA培养基中分离得到54株细菌,根据形态观察和部分生理生化特性,选取32个代表性菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,数值分类中的代表菌株在82%相似水平上可分为12个表观群;这些分离菌株代表20个物种,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria)的10个科、15个属。多数菌株属于Proteobacteria门(15株,占46.9%)和Bacteroidetes门(10株,占31.3%)。【结论】美洲大蠊成虫肠道内存在较为丰富的细菌多样性。     

明永冰川垂直气候带中可培养低温细菌多样性分析

本研究对位于云南滇西北的明永冰川地区暖温带、中温带和寒温带三个不同垂直气候带中可培养低温细菌的多样性进行了研究。利用四种不同培养基对该地区可培养低温细菌进行了分离纯化,共得到细菌37 513株,根据菌落形态特征分为了391种,其中LB培养基分离到99种,Organic培养基分离到78种,PSG培养基分离到96种,PYGV培养基分离得到118种,可以看出寡营养培养基PYGV分离得到的细菌种类多于LB和Organnic等富营养培养基,表明PYGV针对冰川地区细菌的分离与鉴定更为合适;通过革兰氏染色和扫描电镜观察表明大部分菌株为革兰阴性杆菌;对已分离得到的优势菌进行了16S rRNA基因测序并构建系统发育树,分析得出:假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)在明永冰川不同垂直气候带上均有分布,其中假单胞菌属最多占据35%;而寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)是寒温带上特有的菌属。本研究证明明永冰川地区垂直气候带中可培养低温细菌多样性非常丰富,也为下一步了解这一特殊地理生态环境下微生物的群落演替规律、研究冰川环境中微生物群落如何响应气候变化提供了参考。     

一株产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶的氢氧化细菌的分离鉴定及酶活力测定

[目的]以结瘤豆科植物紫花苜蓿根际土壤为研究材料,筛选具有ACC脱氨酶活力的氢氧化细菌,探索氢氧化细菌植物促生作用机制.[方法]利用持续通H2 的气体循环培养体系、矿质盐固体培养基,分离、培养氢氧化细菌,观察菌株形态并测定生理生化特征;16S rDNA序列分析法构建系统发育树;采用薄层层析法筛选ACC脱氨酶阳性菌株,茚三酮显色法测定ACC脱氨酶活力.[结果]分离的37株细菌中有8株菌氧化氢和自养生长能力较强,初步确定为氢氧化细菌,从中筛选出1株ACC脱氨酶阳性菌株WMQ-7.菌株WMQ-7的形态特征、生理生化特征与恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的特征基本一致;16s rDNA序列(GenBank登录号为EU807744)在系统发育树中与恶臭假单胞菌同属一个类群,序列同源性99%.鉴定菌株WMQ-7为恶臭假单胞菌,其ACE脱氨酶活力为0.671 U/μg[结论]采用气体循环培养体系分离氢氧化细菌,克服了传统配气法的局限.ACC脱氨酶阳性菌株的筛选,为深入研究氢氧化细菌作为植物根际促生菌的菌株特性和促生机制提供理论依据.     

米酒曲细菌多样性研究

目的 分析米酒曲中微生物群落组成。方法 采集7个地区的米酒曲样品,通过PCR-DGGE与传统可培养方法对米酒曲中的细菌多样性进行解析。结果 基于PCR-DGGE法,米酒曲中细菌由Enterococcus、Streptococcus、Lactobacillus、Pediococcus和Weissella等乳酸菌类群组成。基于传统纯培养方法,在厌氧条件下共分离到细菌24株,使用MRS培养基分离得到14株乳酸菌,其中Enterococcus类群乳酸菌最多,其次是Weissella,而Pediococcus最少;在厌氧条件下,通过LB培养基得到10株菌,经鉴定属于Cronobacter、Enterobacter、Klebsiella类群。结论 米酒曲中存在着丰富的乳酸菌类群,同时也有有害微生物的存在。     

Spent media from cultures of environmental isolates of Escherichia coli can suppress the deficiency of biofilm formation under anoxic conditions of laboratory E. coli strains

The prevailing lifestyle of bacteria is sessile and they attach to surfaces in structures known as biofilms. In Escherichia coli, as in many other bacteria, biofilms are formed at the air-liquid interface, suggesting that oxygen has a critical role in the biofilm formation process. It has been reported that anaerobically growing E. coli laboratory strains are unable to form biofilms even after 96 h of incubation on Luria Bertani (LB) medium. After analyzing 22,000 transposon-induced and 26,000 chemically-induced mutants we failed to isolate an E. coli laboratory strain with the ability to form biofilm under anaerobic growth conditions. Notably, seven strains from a collection of E. coli isolated from different hosts and the environment had the ability to form biofilm in the absence of oxygen. Interestingly, spent medium from cultures of one strain, Souza298, can promote biofilm formation of E. coli laboratory strains growing under anaerobic conditions. Our results led us to propose that laboratory E. coli strains do not release (or synthesize) a molecule needed for biofilm formation under anoxic conditions but that they bear all the required machinery needed for this process.     

Culture studies on the mycobiont isolated from Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) Choisy: metabolite production under different conditions

A strain of the lichen mycobiont isolated from a thallus of Parmotrema reticulatum was cultured axenically on different media. The morphology, anatomy, growth of the colonies, and metabolite production were studied. The isolated fungal colonies developed well and showed a remarkable morphogenetic capacity on most of the assayed solid media, e.g., malt extract 2%-yeast extract 0.2% (MEYE), malt extract 1%-yeast extract 0.4%-sucrose 10% (MY10), and the original Lilly & Barnett medium (LB). The identity of the isolated fungus was confirmed by its ITS rDNA-sequence. Atranorin, the major cortical lichen depside, was produced when the colonies were grown over 5 and 10 months on solid LB medium, combined with a dessication treatment. Atranorin was identified by matching of UV spectra obtained from HPLC running and a reference substance in a spectrum library. Colonies grown on MEYE and MY10 with a dessication treatment did not produce any lichen secondary metabolite. Mycobionts grown for 5 months on solid MEYE without a dessication treatment produced triacylglycerides as the major metabolites, and the fatty acids were characterized as their methyl esters. Analysis by TLC and HPLC-DAD of extracts of colonies grown on LB and MY10 without dessication revealed that the typical secondary compounds of the natural lichen were not produced. The major metabolites of the natural lichen thallus were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.     

Effect of nitrates on biotransformation of phosphogypsum and phenol uptake in cultures of autochthonous sludge microflora from petroleum refining wastewaters

The effect of nitrates on the biotransformation of phosphogypsum at 30 degrees C in stationary cultures of anaerobic, heterogeneous microflora growing in medium with phenol (250-1,000 mg/L) as sole carbon source was studied. The microorganisms used in this study were isolated from sludge in biological petroleum-refining wastewater treatment plant. Phosphogypsum (a waste product in the chemical industry that contains approximately 95% CaSO4) was added in amount of 5 g/L, the source of nitrates was KNO3 in concentration equivalent to that of phenol (250-1,000 mg N-NO3/L). The presence of nitrates in heterogeneous cultures has an inhibitory effect on the process of phosphogypsum biotransformation and stimulates the uptake of phenol. We have found that in cultures in medium containing phenol, phosphogypsum and nitrates at least three physiological groups of microorganisms were present. These were phenol-biodegrading microorganisms not requiring an external electron acceptor, sulfate-reducing bacteria biodegrading phenol or intermediate products of its breakdown and denitrifying bacteria not utilising phenol as a carbon source. On solid medium these bacteria together formed heterogeneous single colonies. In spite of repeated attempts we were unable to isolate pure strains and the only result of these measures was loss of denitrification ability in medium with phenol.     

Investigation of the first events leading to loss of culturability during Escherichia coli starvation: future nonculturable bacteria form a subpopulation

In previous experiments we were able to separate, using a nondestructive separation technique, culturable and nonculturable bacteria, from a Luria-Bertani (LB) medium culture of Escherichia coli incubated for 48 h. We observed in the nonculturable bacterial population an increase in oxidative damage and up-induction of most defenses against reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with a decrease in cytoplasmic superoxide dismutases. In this study, using the same separation technique, we separated into two subpopulations a 10-h LB medium culture containing only culturable bacteria. For the first time, we succeeded in associating physical separation with physiological differences. Although the levels of defense against ROS (RpoS, RpoH, OxyR, and SoxRS regulons) and oxidative damage (carbonyl contents) were apparently the same, we found that bacteria in one subpopulation were more sensitive to LB medium starvation and to various stresses, such as phosphate buffer starvation, heat shock, and hydrogen peroxide exposure. Based on these results, we suggest that these physiological differences reflect uncharacterized bacterial modifications which do not directly involve defenses against ROS.     

酸性土壤中耐铝细菌的筛选鉴定及其耐铝能力分析

以含有1mmol／LAl3＋的s—LB培养基作为筛选培养基,从酸性土壤中分离到13株耐铝的细菌菌株,选取其中6株进行形态学分析,结果观察到这些菌株的菌体均呈杆状,其中1株为革兰阳性反应,其余5株为革兰阴性反应。以细菌通用引物扩增这些菌株的16SrDNA并测序,将得到的序列与GenBank中的序列进行BLAST比对,利用MEGA4．0软件,按照Neighbor-joining法构建系统进化树,这6个菌株分别与Enterobacter endosymbiont,Serratia marcescens ,Pantoea agglomerans ,Enterobacter aerogenes .Bacillus subtilis 和 Enterobacter asburiae的亲缘关系最近。将这些菌株接种到加有2mmol／LAl3＋、pH4．5的s—LB固体培养基上培养时,它们都能生长,说明这些菌株具有较好的耐铝能力,这些菌株为进一步研究细菌的耐铝机制提供了极好的材料。     

高产吲哚乙酸及高泌氨巴西固氨螺菌的筛选与鉴定

目的：从玉米根际和土壤中分离具有高产吲哚乙酸较强的泌氨能力的巴西固氮螺菌。方法：分别通过半固体NFb培养基、CR培养基、LB培养基分离培养固氮菌株,并经过一系列菌落菌体形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列测定等试验对其进行鉴定。结果：经分离纯化获得10株固氮菌,并鉴定均为巴西固氮螺菌（Azospirillum brasilense）,其中菌株R7在甘油半固体培养基上能分泌约14mmol/L的氨,在添加了色氨酸的培养基中能够合成58.8μg/ml的吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）。结论：成功筛选得到一株既高产吲哚乙酸又有较强的泌氨能力的巴西固氮螺菌。     

焦化废水处理系统中不同培养基分离的细菌种群多样性

以焦化废水处理系统的微生物群落为对象,对3种不同培养基（YPG、LB、WW）分离细菌的能力及分离物的种群多样性组成进行了比较研究。同一悬浮污泥样品在YPG、LB和WW培养基上的活菌计数结果分别为1.6×10.6 CFU/mL、7.0×10.5 CFU/mL和98×10.5CFU/mL。从每种培养基10-4稀释度平板上共分离137株分离物。将所有分离物扩增近全长的16S rDNA并用限制性内切酶HinfI对PCR产物进行ARDRA（Amplified rDNA restriction analysis）多态性分析,共得到14种不同的操作分类单元（Operational Taxonomic Unit, OUT）。其中YPG培养基上的分离物显示了8种不同的OTUs,而WW培养基和LB培养基分离物只分别显示了6种和4种OTUs。YPGOTU1和WWOTU6所包含的菌株分别占到总分离物的30%和22.3%,为优势分离物。ERICPCR基因组指纹图分析表明,前者的34株分离物共有20种不同的指纹图类型,而后者的25株分离物只有3种。因此,就分离焦化废水处理系统中的细菌及对分离物进行种群多样性的研究而言,YPG培养基比其他两种培养基更合适。     

Induction of a global stress response during the first step of Escherichia coli plate growth

We have investigated the first events that occur when exponentially grown cells are transferred from a liquid medium (Luria-Bertani [LB]) to a solid medium (LB agar [LBA]). We observed an initial lag phase of 180 min for the wild type MG1655 without any apparent growth. This lack of growth was independent of the bacterial physiological state (either the stationary or the exponential phase), the solid medium composition, or the number of cells on the plate, but it was dependent on the bacterial genotype. Using lacZ-reporter fusions and two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis, we observed that when cells from exponential-phase cultures were plated on LBA, several global regulons, like heat shock regulons (RpoH, RpoE, CpxAR) and oxidative-stress regulons (SoxRS, OxyR, Fur), were immediately induced. Our results indicate that in order to grow on plates, bacteria must not only adapt to new conditions but also perceive a real stress.     

Induction of a Global Stress Response during the First Step of Escherichia coli Plate Growth

We have investigated the first events that occur when exponentially grown cells are transferred from a liquid medium (Luria-Bertani [LB]) to a solid medium (LB agar [LBA]). We observed an initial lag phase of 180 min for the wild type MG1655 without any apparent growth. This lack of growth was independent of the bacterial physiological state (either the stationary or the exponential phase), the solid medium composition, or the number of cells on the plate, but it was dependent on the bacterial genotype. Using lacZ-reporter fusions and two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis, we observed that when cells from exponential-phase cultures were plated on LBA, several global regulons, like heat shock regulons (RpoH, RpoE, CpxAR) and oxidative-stress regulons (SoxRS, OxyR, Fur), were immediately induced. Our results indicate that in order to grow on plates, bacteria must not only adapt to new conditions but also perceive a real stress.