人乳头瘤病毒及其致瘤机制的研究进展

高危型人乳头瘤病毒（humanpa pilloma virus,HPV）的持续感染是导致妇女宫颈癌发生的一个关键因素。HPV感染宫颈上皮细胞后,可以通过抑制免疫应答,在部分个体中建立潜伏感染。高危HPV编码的蛋白在持续感染的过程中,操控了细胞多种重要功能,如凋亡、增殖、细胞周期调控等,使得宫颈上皮细胞的形态学、遗传物质、表观遗传学等都发生重要改变。部分感染人群的宫颈上皮细胞因此会被转化,并在协同因子相互作用下,逐渐转化为宫颈癌。HPV在宫颈癌发生过程中起着重要的作用,本文将对HPV感染致宫颈癌机制最近的研究进展进行综述。     

端粒酶活性检测的几种方法

端粒酶活性检测方法的不断发展改进为癌症的诊断治疗以及人们对衰老的进一步研究提供了新途径和新思路。近年来端粒酶活性的检测方法有：(1)基本方法。(2)TRAP法。(3)改良的TRAP法。(4)间接检测法等。     

致瘤性DNA病毒的整合机制及致瘤效应

恶性肿瘤是一种严重危害人类生命和健康的疾病,而致瘤性DNA病毒是多种恶性肿瘤的主要致病因子.致瘤性DNA病毒的整合可以使宿主细胞正常组织逐步向炎症组织转变,并可导致癌变.病毒整合可引起宿主细胞基因组不稳定和重排,产生新的融合基因,并导致宿主基因表达异常,也是病毒本身得以复制,逃避宿主免疫识别并长期维系自我生存的机制之一.本文综述了目前对致瘤性DNA病毒整合规律以及致瘤性DNA病毒整合致瘤效应的研究和进展,并展望致瘤性DNA病毒整合的研究方向以及在肿瘤发生、发展、诊断和治疗上的应用前景.     

综述: 病毒致瘤蛋白对肿瘤微环境的改造

致瘤病毒感染宿主后,相关的病毒蛋白通过“劫持”宿主细胞的生命机器,经历多阶段和涉及多因子的一系列复杂的转化和演变,最终导致细胞的癌变．在这一过程中,病毒因素始终与感染细胞微环境发生互作(包括细胞成分如免疫细胞、成纤维细胞等,以及非细胞成分如细胞因子等),从而促进感染细胞的免疫逃逸和肿瘤细胞的发生发展．本文以HPV、EBV、HBV为例,综述病毒蛋白影响肿瘤微环境的具体机制和最新研究进展,分析该领域面临的问题和前景．     

人乳头瘤病毒诱导细胞增殖和抗凋亡的信号转导途径

人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)通过激活Ras—MAP激酶通路可以诱导细胞增殖,而HPV编码3种蛋白质彼此独立地发挥作用,但又相互联系,形成一个大的信号网络：E5蛋白通过调节EGF信号通路抑制细胞凋亡;E6蛋白和Tyk2结合后减弱Jak—STAT通路;E7可直接作用于Smad蛋白,并且调节TGF—β信号转导。通过了解HPV及其编码的3种蛋白质的信号转导途径以及诱导细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡机制,对于进一步探明HPV的致病机制及防治HPV所引起的疾病具有重要的意义。     

Ribozyme抑制端粒酶活性的肿瘤基因治疗

针对端粒酶RNA组分模板区设计合成锤头状端粒酶核酶(teloRZ),构建了teloRZ基因体外转录质粒P^SPT19-teloRZ和真核表达质粒P^{XJ-neo-teloRZ}.用T₇/SP₆体外转录系统检测了teloRZ对端粒酶RNA组分的体外切割效率,达60%左右.用脂质体介导法, 将P^{XJ-neo-teloRZ}导入HeLa细胞和裸鼠移植瘤,结果使HeLa细胞端粒酶活性降至对照细胞的11%～12.5%, 细胞生长速度明显变慢,传至19～20代时出现95%凋亡.裸鼠移植瘤注射P^{XJ-neo-teloRZ} 14 d后,端粒酶活性下降69%,抑瘤率达62%.实验表明,该核酶可望成为有效的端粒酶抑制剂,在肿瘤治疗中发挥作用.     

人乳头瘤病毒致瘤的免疫机制研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）是一种重要的ＤＮＡ肿瘤病毒。本文就近几年来ＨＰＶ致瘤的免疫机制从免疫系统、免疫细胞、免疫因子等方面的研究作了综述。     

端粒酶活性的定量分析方法

端粒酶是目前已知最为广谱的肿瘤分子标记物,并可能成为今后肿瘤诊断和预后判断的新指标以及肿瘤治疗的新靶点。对端粒酶活性的测定,在ＴＲＡＰ法的基础上发展建立了各种定量和半定量方法。     

马立克氏病血清Ⅰ型致瘤株病毒感染的早期检测

马立克氏病（MD）是养禽业最重要的疫病之一,一直缺少有效的早期诊断方法。根据血清Ⅰ型马立克氏病毒（MDVⅠ）meq基因的核酸序列设计了一对寡苷酸核引物,分别对MDVR1致瘤株（京－1株）、非致瘤株（MD11／75C株、CV1988株）、MDV2（SB－1株）、HVT（Fv-126株）的核酸进行扩增。结果表明：京－1株扩增到约1.15kb核酸片段,MD11／75C株和CVI988株的扩增产物都与Digoxigenin标记的meq基因探针杂交,说明都是特异性的扩增产物,对MSB1细胞DNA及MDV感染鸡的血液及肝、肾肿瘤等DNA扩增都得到1.15kb条带,将京－1株和CV1988株感染的细胞DNA混合再扩增,同时得到1.15kb和1.0kb的核酸条带,所以根据拉增产物大小可以区别致瘤株京－1株及非致瘤株CV1988株,这表示可从CV1988株病毒免疫鸡体内检测到MDV强毒,适于早期确诊强毒感染。     

Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏蛋白1通过核转录因子κB诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性

利用已建立的原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet-on-LMP1系统等良好的实验模型,采用荧光酶报道基因分析法和端粒酶TRAP-ELISA技术,分别检测EB病毒潜伏蛋白1(LMP1)诱导的核转录因子κB(NFκB)活性和端粒酶活性,从LMP1介导NFκB信号传导途径角度,探讨LMP1诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制.结果表明,LMP1可诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性,将LMP1羧基端胞浆区突变后,可同时下调NFκB活性和端粒酶活性.在Doxycycline诱导LMP1表达状态下,NFκB反式激活活性增强,同时端粒酶活性升高;进一步应用硫代磷酸化修饰的反义NFκB p65寡脱氧核苷酸和IκBα的显性负性突变体分别阻断NFκB活性,可降低由LMP1诱导的端粒酶活性.因此,NFκB作为LMP1信号传导途径上的枢纽,可能介导了LMP1对端粒酶的表达调控.     

Human Oncogenic Viruses: Old Facts and New Hypotheses

Molecular Biology - Numerous studies on the nature of neoplastic growth have demonstrated that oncogenic viruses may be one of the factors causing cancer. According to various estimates,...     

病毒靶向人I型干扰素受体1的负调控机制

人Ⅰ型干扰素（type I interferon, IFN-I）的诱生和应答在机体抗病毒固有免疫中发挥重要作用。但病毒多可逃逸宿主此类抗病毒免疫,导致感染和致病。Ⅰ型干扰素受体（interferon alpha receptor, IFNAR）是识别及结合IFN-I的一种跨细胞膜蛋白受体,其IFNAR1亚型在干扰素发挥抗病毒效应的启动阶段发挥关键作用;本文从IFNAR1蛋白质的表达、降解及其功能等方面,概述病毒以IFNAR1为靶点负调控IFN-I的抗病毒机制,以期为该领域基础研究和临床抗病毒策略提供有益的参考依据。     

Helical Nucleocapsid Structure of the Oncogenic Ribonucleic Acid Viruses (Oncornaviruses)

Negative staining of virions and isolated nucleoids from avian myeloblastosis virus, murine leukemia virus, murine mammary tumor virus, and feline leukemia virus reveals common internal structures. The majority of virions that are penetrated by phosphotungstate show spherical nucleoids with no apparent symmetry. In a small percentage of virions, two distinctive structures are found: (i) single strands (3 to 5 nm in diameter) which are presumed to be the nucleoprotein and are found randomly oriented throughout the viral interior and (ii) helical structures (7 to 9 nm in diameter) which contain these nucleoprotein strands and are observed at the periphery of the nucleoid. The finding of helical nucleocapsid segments at the periphery of the nucleoid, as well as the hollow spherical structure observed in thin section of budding virions, has led to the hypothesis that the nucleocapsid of the freshly budded oncornavirus is supercoiled as a hollow sphere. This symmetry, however, is considered transient, as the internal structure of the extracellular virus undergoes a conformational rearrangement; thus, due to structural instability, the nucleocapsid uncoils and the nucleoprotein strands fill the interior of the virion. The extracellular virion is therefore considered degenerate in respect to symmetry, explaining the difficulty in detecting a helical nucleocapsid.     

Thermal Resistance of Certain Oncogenic Viruses Suspended in Milk and Milk Products

Thermal destruction rate curves were determined for adenovirus 12, reovirus 1, and herpes simplex virus in sterile milk, raw milk, raw chocolate milk, and raw ice cream mix. At 40 to 60 C, the curves were asymptotic to the base line. At 65 C, which is near the pasteurization standard, the curves approached a first-order reaction. Thermal resistance studies, by means of in vivo assays, of Moloney and Rauscher leukemia viruses and Moloney and Rous sarcoma viruses indicated that Rous sarcoma was the most resistant. A comparison of the 12D processes of Rous sarcoma virus, reovirus 1, adenovirus 12, and herpes simplex virus in ice cream mix (the most protective of the suspending menstrua studied) with the U.S. Public Health Service pasteurization standard indicated an adequate safety factor in current pasteurization practices.     

Oncogenic Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle Proteome and Heterogeneity

Mutational and epigenetic driver events profoundly alter intercellular communication pathways in cancer. This effect includes deregulated release, molecular composition, and biological activity of extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous cellular fragments ranging from a few microns to less than 100 nm in diameter and filled with bioactive molecular cargo (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids). While EVs are usually classified on the basis of their physical properties and biogenetic mechanisms, recent analyses of their proteome suggest a larger than expected molecular diversity, a notion that is also supported by multicolour nano‐flow cytometry and other emerging technology platforms designed to analyze single EVs. Both protein composition and EV diversity are markedly altered by oncogenic transformation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and differentiation of cancer stem cells. Interestingly, only a subset of EVs released from mutant cells may carry oncogenic proteins (e.g., EGFRvIII), hence, these EVs are often referred to as “oncosomes”. Indeed, oncogenic transformation alters the repertoire of EV‐associated proteins, increases the presence of pro‐invasive cargo, and alters the composition of distinct EV populations. Molecular profiling of single EVs may reveal a more intricate effect of transforming events on the architecture of EV populations in cancer and shed new light on their biological role and diagnostic utility.     

靶向宿主代谢重编程的溶瘤病毒调控策略

溶瘤病毒是一类天然的或经过基因编辑后能特异性在肿瘤细胞中复制、发挥抗肿瘤效应的病毒。溶瘤病毒的抗肿瘤效应主要通过以下两个方面实现：a. 直接的溶瘤效应，例如诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡、促使细胞裂解等；b. 溶瘤病毒作为一种激活免疫的药物，通过诱导机体产生强烈的抗肿瘤免疫，达到清除肿瘤的目的。溶瘤病毒疗法作为免疫疗法的一个重要分支，因其具有肿瘤特异性，便于基因改造等优点，成为该领域的研究热点。截至目前，处在临床实验招募和完成阶段的溶瘤病毒疗法虽然已达100多例，但已批准上市的产品仅有4款。溶瘤疗法应用于肿瘤治疗领域还面临着诸多挑战。因此，系统性回顾溶瘤病毒的改造策略，深入了解溶瘤病毒的生物学过程显得尤为必要。病毒依赖于宿主完成复制、增殖过程，其生物学过程与宿主的代谢状态密切相关。肿瘤的标志性特征为代谢重编程，即肿瘤细胞重新构建代谢网络以满足指数生长和增殖的需求并防止氧化应激的过程。通常包括糖酵解的增强和谷氨酰胺分解，以及线粒体功能和氧化还原稳态的变化。通过靶向宿主代谢重编程增强溶瘤病毒的复制、溶瘤能力是当前极具前景的方向。本文综述溶瘤病毒的临床应用现状及与代谢相关的调控机制，为进一步开发新型溶瘤病毒以及联用方式提供新的思路。     

Structural Proteins of Mammalian Oncogenic RNA Viruses: Murine Leukemia Virus Neutralization by Antisera Prepared Against Purified Envelope Glycoprotein

Goat and rabbit antisera prepared against a purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus glycoprotein (gp69/71) rapidly neutralized spleen focus-forming virus in Rauscher and Friend virus preparations. Absorption studies revealed that most of the neutralizing activity of goat anti-Rauscher virus gp69/71 serum was directed against type- and group-specific determinants.