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1.
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test (BOD5) is a crucial environmental index for monitoring organic pollutants in waste water but is limited by the 5-day requirement
for completing the test. We have optimised a rapid microbial technique for measuring the BOD of a standard BOD5 substrate (150 mg glucose/l, 150 mg glutamic acid/l) by quantifying an equivalent biochemical mediator demand in the absence
of oxygen. Elevated concentrations of Escherichia coli were incubated with an excess of redox mediator, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), and a known substrate for 1 h at 37 °C
without oxygen. The addition of substrate increased the respiratory activity of the microorganisms and the accumulation of
reduced mediator; the mediator was subsequently re-oxidised at a working electrode generating a current quantifiable by a
coulometric transducer. Catabolic conversion efficiencies exceeding 75% were observed for the oxidation of the standard substrate.
The inclusion of a mediator allowed a higher co-substrate concentration compared to oxygen and substantially reduced the incubation
time from 5 days to 1 h. The technique replicates the traditional BOD5 method, except that a mediator is substituted for oxygen, and we aim to apply the principle to measure the BOD of real waste
streams in future work.
Received: 2 August 1999 / Received revision: 6 December 1999 / Accepted: 12 December 1999 相似文献
2.
Aerobic biodegradation of gasoline and its constituents, benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were studied by an enrichment
from soil indigenous microbial population. The enrichment culture completely degraded 16.1–660 mg/l gasoline in 2.5–16 days
respectively, without accumulation of any by-products. The kinetics of gasoline as well as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene
biodegradation was investigated with initial gasoline concentrations of 16.1–62.6 mg/l. The maximum specific rates of biodegradation
of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were 0.12, 0.38 and 0.19 mg mg biomass−1 day−1 respectively. When benzene and toluene were used as sole substrate, the maximum specific rates of their biodegradation were
62.9 and 16.4 times greater than the corresponding values for a mixture (gasoline). The microbial culture was able to mineralize
up to 200 mg/l pure toluene and benzene. Maximum mineralization efficiencies of benzene and toluene were 76.7 ± 5.1% and 76.8 ± 1.3%
respectively. Self-inhibition and competitive inhibition patterns were observed during the biodegradation of benzene and toluene
alone and in the mixture respectively. The observed kinetics was modeled according to Andrews' inhibition model.
Received: 6 August 1997 / Received revision: 18 November 1997 / Accepted: 29 November 1997 相似文献
3.
During the process of producing cassava starch from Manihot esculenta roots, large amounts of cyanoglycosides were released, which rapidly decayed to CN− following enzymatic hydrolysis. Depending on the varying cyanoglycoside content of the cassava varieties, the cyanide concentration
in the wastewater was as high as 200 mg/l. To simulate anaerobic stabilization, a wastewater with a chemical oxygen demand
(COD) of about 20 g/l was prepared from cassava roots and was fermented in a fixed-bed methanogenic reactor. The start-up
phase for a 99% degradation of low concentrations of cyanide (10 mg/l) required about 6 months. After establishment of the
biofilm, a cyanide concentration of up to 150 mg CN−/l in the fresh wastewater was degraded during anaerobic treatment at a hydraulic retention time of 3 days. All nitrogen from
the degraded cyanide was converted to organic nitrogen by the biomass of the effluent. The cyanide-degrading biocoenosis of
the anaerobic reactor could tolerate shock concentrations of cyanide up to 240 mg CN−/l for a short time. Up to 5 mmol/l NH4Cl (i.e. 70 mg N/l = 265 mg NH4Cl/l) in the fresh wastewater did not affect cyanide degradation. The bleaching agent sulphite, however, had a negative effect
on COD and cyanide removal. For anaerobic treatment, the maximum COD space loading was 12 g l−1 day−1, equivalent to a hydraulic retention time of 1.8 days. The COD removal efficiency was around 90%. The maximum permanent cyanide
space loading was 50 mg CN− l−1 day−1, with tolerable shock loadings up to 75 mg CN− l−1 day−1. Under steady-state conditions, the cyanide concentration of the effluent was lower than 0.5 mg/l.
Received: 15 August 1997 / Received revision: 10 October 1997 / Accepted: 14 October 1997 相似文献
4.
W. Sabra A. -P. Zeng S. Sabry S. Omar W. -D. Deckwer 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1999,52(6):773-780
Alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii was studied in batch and continuous cultures under microaerobic conditions. In batch culture at a pO2 of 2–3% (air saturation) alginate production was enhanced by decreasing the PO3−
4 level in the medium. Alginate yield from biomass (Y
P/X) reached the highest value of 0.66 g/g at the lowest phosphate level (100 mg/l), compared to 0.40 g/g and 0.25 g/g at higher
phosphate levels (200 mg/l and 400 mg/l, respectively). In contrast, biomass formation behaved differently and the growth
yield (Y
X/S) decreased with decreasing PO4
3− concentrations. Moreover, the respiratory quotient (RQ) of the culture was dependent on the initial phosphate concentration,
especially in the phosphate-limited phase of growth. As the initial phosphate level decreased from 400 mg/l to 100 mg/l, the
average RQ value of the culture declined from 1.46 to 0.89. The low RQ value is very close to the theoretical optimum RQ,
calculated to be 0.8 on the basis of the stoichiometry of the metabolic pathways for alginate formation from sucrose. This
optimum RQ was also confirmed in continuous culture at different dilution rates. Independent of the dilution rate, a pO2 value of 2–5% (air saturation) was found to be optimal for alginate production, the corresponding RQ values being 0.80–0.84.
In addition, the molecular mass and composition of alginate were also found to be affected by both phosphate and oxygen concentrations.
In conclusion, the RQ appears to be a useful parameter for optimum control of alginate production with this microorganism.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Received revision: 2 July 1999 / Accepted: 5 July 1999 相似文献
5.
Bioremediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil by bioaugmentation using activated soil 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
C. Barbeau L. Deschênes D. Karamanev Y. Comeau R. Samson 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1997,48(6):745-752
The use of an indigenous microbial consortium, pollutant-acclimated and attached to soil particles (activated soil), was
studied as a bioaugmentation method for the aerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in a contaminated soil. A 125-l
completely mixed soil slurry (10% soil) bioreactor was used to produce the activated soil biomass. Results showed that the
bioreactor was very effective in producing a PCP-acclimated biomass. Within 30 days, PCP-degrading bacteria increased from
105 cfu/g to 108 cfu/g soil. Mineralization of the PCP added to the reactor was demonstrated by chloride accumulation in solution. The soil-attached
consortium produced in the reactor was inhibited by PCP concentrations exceeding 250 mg/l. This high level of tolerance was
attributed to the beneficial effect of the soil particles. Once produced, the activated soil biomass remained active for 5
weeks at 20 °C and for up to 3 months when kept at 4 °C. The activated attached soil biomass produced in the completely mixed
soil slurry bioreactor, as well as a PCP-acclimated flocculent biomass obtained from an air-lift immobilized-soil bioreactor,
were used to stimulate the bioremediation of a PCP-impacted sandy soil, which had no indigenous PCP-degrading microorganisms.
Bioaugmentation of this soil by the acclimated biomass resulted in a 99% reduction (from 400 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg in 130 days)
in PCP concentration. The PCP degradation rates obtained with the activated soil biomass, produced either as a biomass attached
to soil particles or as a flocculent biomass, were similar.
Received: 31 March 1997 / Received revision: 22 July 1997 / Accepted: 25 August 1997 相似文献
6.
The time courses of growth and rosmarinic acid production by Lavandula vera MM cell suspension were investigated. The uptake of the main nutrients (sucrose, nitrogen, phosphorus, K, Ca, Mg) was followed
during cultivation and the data on the physiology of the L. vera MM cell culture are presented. It was established that the cell culture synthesizes rosmarinic acid during the linear phase
of growth for a relatively short period (between the 4th and 8th days of cultivation). The influence of sucrose concentration
in the nutrient medium on cell growth and accumulation of rosmarinic acid by L. vera MM cell culture was investigated. The results showed that 7% sucrose in the nutrient medium ensured a steady growth of the
cell suspension and increased the yield of rosmarinic acid (29.2 g/l dry biomass and 507.5 mg/l rosmarinic acid compared to
13.0 g/l dry biomass and 68.6 mg/l rosmarinic acid for the control cultivation with 3% sucrose).
Received: 17 September 1996 / Received revision: 31 January 1997 / Accepted: 1 February 1997 相似文献
7.
Bioconversion of (4R)-(+)-limonene to (4R)-(+)-α-terpineol by immobilized fungal mycelia of Penicillium digitatum was investigated in batch, repeated-batch and continuously fed systems. The fungi were immobilized in calcium alginate beads.
These beads remained active for at least 14 days when they were stored at 4 °C. Three different aeration rates were tested.
The highest yield was obtained at a dissolved oxygen level of 50.0 μmol/l. α-Terpineol production by this fungus was 12.83 mg
(g beads)−1 day−1, producing a 45.81% bioconversion of substrate. Repeated-batch bioconversion showed yield decreases in the second and the
third cycles. Regeneration with nutrient media after the third cycle improved the bioconversion yields. With continuous bioconversion,
the half-life was dependent on the aeration. The optimum conditions with a continuous reactor were at an aeration rate of
0.3 standard l/min and a dilution rate of 0.0144 h−1.
Received: 10 June 1997 / Received revision: 18 August 1997 / Accepted: 11 September 1997 相似文献
8.
Removal of organic pollutants and of nitrate from wastewater from the dairy industry by denitrification 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The aim of this work was to remove nitrate-N and organic pollutants from wastewater of the dairy industry by denitrification.
An artificially prepared wastewater, containing 250 mg/l nitrate-N and 1.5 g/l whey powder, was completely denitrified with
removal of 90%–93% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the whey powder by suspended or immobilized mixed cultures and by
a suspended or immobilized pure culture that was isolated from the mixed culture inoculum. For the above COD/nitrate-N ratio
of 6:1, the results indicated that the organic compounds of the wastewater served as electron donors for complete denitrification
and that there was no need to add an external carbon source. In batch denitrification assays the suspended or immobilized
mixed cultures proved to be more active and reacted faster than the isolated pure cultures. In continuous denitrification
processes with immobilized pure or mixed cultures, the alginate beads, used for immobilization, were not stable for more than
12 days of incubation. The mixed free cultures removed the nitrate-N and COD continuously with no change of their activity
for at least 15 days at an optimum hydraulic retention time of 0.27 days with a loading rate of 900 mg nitrate-N l−1 day−1.
Received: 13 October 1997 / Received revision: 16 December 1997 / Accepted: 19 December 1997 相似文献
9.
In this work, the effect of the feeding strategy in Zymomonas mobilis CP4 fed-batch fermentations on the final biomass and ethanol concentrations was studied. Highest glucose yields to biomass
(0.018 g/g) and to ethanol (0.188 g/g) were obtained in fed-batch fermentations carried out using different feeding rates
with a glucose concentration in the feed equal to 100 g/l. Lower values (0.0102 g biomass/g glucose and 0.085 g ethanol/g
glucose) were obtained when glucose accumulated to levels higher than 60 g/l. On the other hand, the highest biomass (5 g/l)
and ethanol (39 g/l) concentrations were obtained using a glucose concentration in the feed equal to 220 g/l and exponentially
varied feeding rates. Experimental data were used to validate the mathematical model of the system. The prediction errors
of the model are 0.39, 14.36 and 3.24 g/l for the biomass, glucose and ethanol concentrations, respectively. Due to the complex
relationship for describing the specific growth rate, a fed-batch culture in which glucose concentration is constant would
not optimize the process.
Received: 30 November 1999 / Received revision: 24 March 2000 / Accepted: 7 April 2000 相似文献
10.
M. C. Loewen X. Liu P. L. Davies A. J. Daugulis 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1997,48(4):480-486
Sea raven type II antifreeze protein (SRAFP) is one of three different fish antifreeze proteins isolated to date. These proteins
are known to bind to the surface of ice and inhibit its growth. To solve the three-dimensional structure of SRAFP, study its
ice-binding mechanism, and as a basis for engineering these molecules, an efficient system for its biosynthetic production
was developed. Several different expression systems have been tested including baculovirus, Escherichia coli and yeast. The latter, using the methylotrophic organism Pichia pastoris as the host, was the most productive. In shake-flask cultures the levels of SRAFP secreted from Pichia were up to 5 mg/l. The recombinant protein has an identical activity to SRAFP from sea raven serum. In order to increase
yields further, four different strategies were tested in 10-l fermentation vessels, including: (1) optimization of pH and
dissolved oxygen, (2) mixed feeding of methanol and glycerol with Muts clones, (3) supplementation of amino acid building blocks, and (4) methanol feeding with Mut+ clones. The mixed-feeding/Muts strategy proved to be the most efficient with SRAFP yields reaching 30 mg/l.
Received: 19 November 1996 / Received revision: 29 January 1997 / Accepted: 7 March 1997 相似文献
11.
The objective of this study was to improve the biological water–gas shift reaction for producing hydrogen (H2) by conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) using an anaerobic thermophilic pure strain, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans. Specific hydrogen production rates and yields were investigated at initial biomass densities varying from 5 to 20 mg volatile
suspended solid (VSS) L−1. Results showed that the gas–liquid mass transfer limits the CO conversion rate at high biomass concentrations. At 100-rpm
agitation and at CO partial pressure of 1 atm, the optimal substrate/biomass ratio must exceed 5 mol CO g−1 biomass VSS in order to avoid gas–liquid substrate transfer limitation. An average H2 yield of 94 ± 3% and a specific hydrogen production rate of ca. 3 mol g−1 VSS day−1 were obtained at initial biomass densities between 5 and 8 mg VSS−1. In addition, CO bioconversion kinetics was assessed at CO partial pressure from 0.16 to 2 atm, corresponding to a dissolved
CO concentration at 70°C from 0.09 to 1.1 mM. Specific bioactivity was maximal at 3.5 mol CO g−1 VSS day−1 for a dissolved CO concentration of 0.55 mM in the culture. This optimal concentration is higher than with most other hydrogenogenic
carboxydotrophic species. 相似文献
12.
The biodegradation of tributyl phosphate (Bu3-P, TBP), releasing phosphate at a high enough concentration locally to precipitate uranium from solution, was demonstrated
by a mixed culture consisting primarily of pseudomonads. The effect of various parameters on Bu3-P biodegradation by growing cells is described. Growth at the expense of Bu3-P as the carbon and phosphorus source occurred over a pH range from 6.5 to 8, and optimally at pH 7. Bu3-P biodegradation was optimal at 30 °C, reduced at 20 °C and negligible at 4 °C and 37 °C. Incorporation of Cu or Cd inhibited,
and Ni, Co and Mn reduced its degradation. Inorganic phosphate (above 10 mM) and kerosene (up to 1 g/l) reduced Bu3-P biodegradation significantly, but nitrate had no effect. Sulphate (10–100 mM) was inhibitory. When pregrown biomass was used
the fastest rates of tributyl and dibutyl phosphate biodegradation were 25 μmol h−1 mg protein−1 and 37 μmol h−1 mg protein−1 respectively. Microcarrier-immobilised biomass decontaminated uranium-bearing acid mine waste water by uranium phosphate
precipitation at the expense of Bu3-P hydrolysis in the presence of 35 mM SO4
2−. At pH 4.5, 79% of the UO2
2+ was removed at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/h on a 7-ml test column.
Received: 2 June 1997 / Received revision: 15 September 1997 / Accepted: 19 September 1997 相似文献
13.
J. Benitez J. Beltran-Heredia J. Torregrosa J. L. Acero V. Cercas 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1997,47(2):185-188
The degradation of olive mill wastewater by aerobic microorganisms has been investigated in a batch reactor, by conducting
experiments where the initial concentration of organic matter, quantified by the chemical oxygen demand, and the initial biomass
were varied. The evolution of the chemical oxygen demand, biomass and the total contents of phenolic and aromatic compounds
were followed through each experiment. According to the Contois model, a kinetic expression for the substrate utilization
rate is derived, and its biokinetic constants are evaluated. This final predicted equation agrees well with all the experimental
data.
Received: 12 June 1996 / Received revision: 11 September 1996 / Accepted: 13 September 1996 相似文献
14.
Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on callus induction and plant regeneration in anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anthers from a doubled-haploid line of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Pavon 76 were plated in liquid P-4 medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at four concentrations
(0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/l) for 5, 10, 15, and 25 days before being transferred to another medium with the same or reduced 2,4-D
concentrations for the remainder of the induction phase for a total of 45 days. Incubation with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D for 45 days
produced lower callus yield and plant regeneration, indicative of insufficient auxin for callus induction. Callus yield and
regeneration frequencies were higher with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D. With 2.0 or 4.0 mg/l 2,4-D, an induction period of 10 or 15 days
was sufficient for initiation of callus development. The extended presence of 2–4 mg/l 2,4-D in the medium beyond the initiation
phase was detrimental to plant regeneration. Thus optimal callus induction and plant regeneration could be obtained through
manipulating the 2,4-D concentration and the duration of its presence in the induction medium.
Received: 1 December 1997 / Revision received: 15 February 1999 / Accepted: 26 February 1999 相似文献
15.
I. Faus C. del Moral N. Adroer J. L. del Río C. Patiño H. Sisniega C. Casas J. Bladé V. Rubio 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1998,49(4):393-398
A recombinant form of the sweet-tasting protein thaumatin has been produced in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger var. awamori. Expression cassettes containing a synthetic gene encoding thaumatin II were prepared and used to transform Aspergillus niger var. awamori strain NRRL312. Several fungal strains capable of synthesizing and secreting thaumatin into the culture medium were generated,
and their production capabilities were determined, first in shake flasks and later in a laboratory fermentor. We report the
expression and secretion of thaumatin in concentrations of 5–7 mg/l. This recombinant thaumatin is sweet.
Received: 7 October 1997 / Received revision: 21 November 1997 / Accepted: 21 November 1997 相似文献
16.
Rajaguru P Kalaiselvi K Palanivel M Subburam V 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2000,54(2):268-273
A sequential anaerobic–aerobic treatment process based on mixed culture of bacteria isolated from textile dye effluent-contaminated
soil was used to degrade sulfonated azo dyes Orange G (OG), Amido black 10B (AB), Direct red 4BS (DR) and Congo red (CR).
Under anaerobic conditions in a fixed-bed column using glucose as co-substrate, the azo dyes were reduced and amines were
released by the bacterial biomass. The amines were completely mineralized in a subsequent aerobic treatment using the same
isolates. The maximum degradation rate observed in the treatment system for OG was 60.9 mg/l per day (16.99 mg/g glucose utilized),
for AB 571.3 mg/l per day (14.46 mg/g glucose utilized), for DR 112.5 mg/l per day (32.02 mg/g glucose utilized) and for CR
134.9 mg/l per day (38.9 mg/g glucose utilized).
Received: 6 August 1999 / Received revision: 20 December 1999 / Accepted: 24 December 1999 相似文献
17.
Production of high yields of arachidonic acid in a fed-batch system by Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222
Of six strains of Mortierella tested, Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222 produced the highest yields of arachidonic acid. Supplementation of soy flour (1% w/v) and vegetable oils (1%
v/v) significantly increased the biomass, lipid content and arachidonic acid level. Replacement of NaNO3 with corn steep liquor (1% w/v) also improved arachidonic acid production. A fed-batch culture system at 25 °C, producing
a high biomass (52.4 g/l) and arachidonic acid content (9.1 g/l) in 8␣days, was developed. A fed-batch system at low temperature
(15 °C) gave even higher arachidonic acid levels (11.1 g/l) in 11 days.
Received: 28 October 1996 / Received revision: 3 March 1997 / Accepted: 7 March 1997 相似文献
18.
Plant cell suspension culture in a bench-scale fermenter with a newly designed membrane stirrer for bubble-free aeration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. Böhme M.-B. Schröder H. Jung-Heiliger J. Lehmann 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1997,48(2):149-154
In this paper, tests of an optimized membrane-stirrer geometry for bubble-free aeration of a plant cell suspension culture
are described. Cell attachment and clogging of a previously described system [Piehl et al. (1988) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
29:456–461] led to the development of a new stirrer. The volumetric oxygen transfer capacity has been measured in aqueous
medium. The mass transfer coefficient, k
l
a, was 3.75 h−1 at 25 °C and at a stirrer speed of 34 rpm. The overall oxygen transfer capacity was investigated with a suspension culture
of Aesculus hippocastanum. It was shown that the oxygen mass transfer was sufficient even at the maximum biomass of 10–12 g dry weight/l, which was
obtained by using this system. Furthermore, special attention was given to medium components like C and N sources, to avoid
growth limitation due to a shortage of nutrients.
Received: 22 October 1996 / Revised version: 11 March 1997 / Accepted: 14 March 1997 相似文献
19.
Oze H Hirao M Ebina K Shi K Kawato Y Kaneshiro S Yoshikawa H Hashimoto J 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2012,48(2):123-130
Previous studies have demonstrated that oxygen environment is an important determinate factor of cell phenotypes and differentiation,
although factors which affect pericellular oxygen concentration (POC) in murine chondrogenic cell culture remain unidentified.
Oxygen concentrations in vivo were measured in rabbit musculoskeletal tissues, which were by far hypoxic compared to 20% O2 (ranging from 2.29 ± 1.16 to 4.36 ± 0.51%). Oxygen concentrations in murine chondrogenic cell (C3H10T1/2) culture medium
were monitored in different oxygen concentrations (20% or 5%) in the incubator and in different medium volumes (3,700 or 7,400 μl)
within 25-cm2 flasks. Chondrogenic differentiation was assessed by glycosaminoglycan production with quantitative evaluation of Alcian
blue staining in 12-well culture dishes. Expression of chondrogenic genes, aggrecan, and type II collagen α1, was examined
by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Oxygen concentrations in medium decreased accordingly with the depth
from medium surface, and POC at Day 6 was 18.99 ± 0.81% in 3,700-μl medium (1,480-μm depth) and 13.26 ± 0.23% in 7,400-μl
medium (2,960-μm depth) at 20% O2 in the incubator, which was 4.96 ± 0.08% (1,480-μm depth) and 2.83 ± 0.42% (2,960-μm depth) at 5% O2, respectively. The differences of POC compared by medium volume were statistically significant (p = 0.0003 at 20% and p = 0.001 at 5%). Glycosaminoglycan production and aggrecan gene expression were most promoted when cultured in moderately
low POC, 1,000 μl (2,960-μm depth) at 20% O2 and 500 μl (1,480-μm depth) at 5% O2 in 12-well culture dishes. We demonstrate that medium volume and oxygen concentration in the incubator affect not only POC
but also chondrogenic differentiation. 相似文献
20.
Disposable sensor for biochemical oxygen demand 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Disposable-type microbial sensors were prepared for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The yeast, Trichosporon cutaneum, was directly immobilized on the surface of miniature oxygen electrodes using an ultraviolet crosslinking resin (ENT-3400).
The oxygen electrodes (15 mm× 2 mm×0.4 mm) were made on silicon substrates using micromachining techniques. They were Clark-type
two-electrode systems with−1021 mV applied to the working electrode. Typical response times of the BOD sensors were in the
range of 7–20 min. At 20°C, the sensors’ dynamic range was from 0 to 18 mg/l BOD when a glucose/glutamate BOD standard solution
was used. The lower limit of detection was 0.2 mg/l BOD. This value was one order of magnitude lower than that of sensors
previously reported. The sensors’ operational lifetime of 3 days was satisfactory for a disposable type. The sensors’ responses
were reproducible to within 8% relative standard deviation. The BOD sensors’ were applied to untreated and treated waste waters
from industrial effluents and municipal sewage. BOD values determined using these sensors correlated well with those determined
by the conventional 5-day BOD determination method.
Received: 22 December 1995/Received revision: 19 February 1996/Accepted: 17 March 1996 相似文献