NO抗病毒效应

一些病毒或病毒的特异性抗原可诱导巨噬细胞、肝细胞等宿主细胞合成ＮＯＳ,而产生ＮＯ,所产生的ＮＯ可抑制病毒在细胞内的复制。向体外培养细胞的培养液中加入ＮＯ供体化合物,或细胞因子诱导细胞产生ＮＯ,以及小鼠ｉＮＯＳ基因重组入ＶＶ的ＤＮＡ再感染细胞,均可抑制病毒的复制,这些结果证明ＮＯ抑制病毒复制的特异性。本文综述了ＮＯ抗病毒效应的特点、意义及其机制。     

To NO or not to NO: 'where?' is the question

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous radical with unique biological functions essential for the cardiovascular system, host defense and neuro-transmission. For two decades it was thought that NO was able to diffuse freely across relatively long distances and to traverse major parts of the cell, if not multiple cell layers. However, NO has been proven to be extremely reactive: it reacts with other reactive oxygen species, heavy metals, as well as with cysteine and tyrosine residues in proteins. In accordance, it is now widely accepted that once NO is generated, it is very short-lived and diffuses only over a short distance. This urges for the local production of NO and the localization of NO synthases in the proximity of their downstream targets. This review discusses the highly organized localization of NO synthases, with the endothelial isoform (eNOS) as its main focus, since from this synthase most is known about its subcellular localization and regulation.     

NO在体实时传感器

目前用来检测ＮＯ的方法有近１０种，但多为间接的测定方法。用ＮＯ传感器可对生物样品产生的ＮＯ进行直接、快速、灵敏的在体原位检测，还可测量ＮＯ的释放动力学。本文综述了几种常见的ＮＯ传感器的设计原理、结构特征和有关参数。     

细胞内 NO 的荧光成像

NO是一种具有重要生物学意义的信息分子,在体内具有广泛的生物学特征。但由于NO的自由基性质,使得在活细胞中对低浓度、低寿命的NO实时监测异常困难。为了进一步了解NO在神经、免疫、血管和消化等多种系统中的生理功能,高度专一性的、高灵敏的荧光探针结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对活细胞中的NO进行实时、连续的成像已被广泛研究。该综述了近年来NO荧光探针的发展及其在生物成像中的应用。     

NO进入血管的机制

血红蛋白在ＮＯ的输送中起着关键作用。但与氧不同的是 ,ＮＯ不能通过细胞膜自由扩散。新近的研究发现了一个ＮＯ进入血管的复杂机制。ＮＯ先从细胞膜中的一个蛋白转移到另一个蛋白 ,再被输送出去 ,使血管松弛。这一体系提供了一些调节点 ,血液中的氧和其他因素可能会对这些点产生影响。这一发现表明 ,血红蛋白和细胞膜之间的相互作用可能是高血压和血栓等疾病的病因。NO进入血管的机制@车笛     

Nitric oxide (NO) traffic in endothelial NO synthase. Evidence for a new NO binding site dependent on tetrahydrobiopterin?

Nitric oxide (NO) traffic within the reduced ferrous-nitrosyl complex of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) has been studied by ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. In the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin, the rate of NO rebinding to the heme upon photodissociation depends on the NO concentration. The time scale of this process, picoseconds to nanoseconds, precludes a diffusion from the solution toward the protein medium, and altogether the data point at a new NO binding site within the protein. Comparison of the kinetics of pterin-bound and -depleted eNOS points out that the existence of this new site depends on the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin. The new non-heme site may act as a "doorstep" to the heme pocket and control NO escape from eNOS.     

Short-term studies of NO 3 − uptake in Pisum using 13NO 3 −

Influx, efflux and net uptake of NO ₃ ^– was studied in Pisum sativum L. cv. Marma in short-term experiments where ¹³NO ₃ ^– was used to trace influx. The influx rate in N-limited plants was similar both during net uptake at external concentrations of around 50 M, and at low external NO ₃ ^– concentrations (4–6 M) when net uptake was practically zero. Efflux could be inferred from discrepancies between influx and net uptake but was never very high in the N-limited plants during net uptake. Close to the threshold concentration for not NO ₃ ^– uptake, efflux was high and equalled influx. Thus, the threshold concentration can be regarded as a NO ₃ ^– compensation point. The inclusion of NH ₄ ⁺ in the outer medium decreased influx by about 40% but did not significantly affect efflux. The roles of NO ₃ ^– fluxes and nitrate-reductase activity in regulating/limiting NO ₃ ^– utilization are discussed.Abbreviations DW dry weight - FW fresh weight - R_N relative nitrogen addition rate     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮（NO）是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子。植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO。NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注。本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用。     

植物一氧化氮(NO)研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)是植物的重要生物活性分子,它参与植物生长发育的许多过程,如种子萌发、下胚轴伸长、叶扩展、根生长、侧根形成、细胞凋亡以及植物抗逆反应等。大量的证据表明,植物可以通过与动物NO合酶类似的酶产生NO。此外,植物还可通过硝酸还原酶产生NO。NO在植物中的信号传递途径仍不十分清楚,植物有可能采用与动物相类似的机制。由于植物的大多数生长发育现象都受到植物激素的调节和控制,NO与植物激素之间的关系也受到越来越多的关注。通过激素起作用可能是植物内源NO作用的机理之一。     

植物一氧化氮(NO)研究进展

一氧化氮（NO）是植物的重要生物活性分子,它参与植物生长发育的许多过程,如种子萌发、下胚轴伸长、叶扩展、根生长、侧根形成、细胞凋亡以及植物抗逆反应等。大量的证据表明,植物可以通过与动物NO合酶类似的酶产生NO。此外,植物还可通过硝酸还原酶产生NO。NO在植物中的信号传递途径仍不十分清楚,植物有可能采用与动物相类似的机制。由于植物的大多数生长发育现象都受到植物激素的调节和控制,NO与植物激素之间的关系也受到越来越多的关注。通过激素起作用可能是植物内源NO作用的机理之一。     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮(NO)是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子.植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO.NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注.本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用.     

气体生物信号分子——NO

NO存在于许多哺乳动物的组织中,作为生物信号分子,在结构上没有极性的NO分子可以不需要其他载体的运输而直接穿过细胞质膜,从其产生的源细胞扩散至邻近细胞,进行信号传导,并产生相应的生理功能.介绍了NO作为重要的生物信号分子的发现过程、转导途径及其机制,以及NO分子对相关疾病的治疗作用.     

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO· and NO2 –) as Cofactors of the Myeloperoxidase System

Myeloperoxidase is the main peroxisomal protein of neutrophils, monocytes, and a subpopulation of tissue macrophages; it plays the key role in protective and inflammatory responses of the organism. This role is mediated by various diffusible radicals formed during oxidative reactions catalyzed by the enzyme heme. Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide synthase are stored in peroxisomes. Nitric oxide reacts with the heme of myeloperoxidase. Low nitric oxide concentrations increase peroxidase activity through reduction of Compound II to native myeloperoxidase. Conversely, high nitric oxide concentrations inhibit the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase through formation of inactive nitrosyl–heme complexes. Such effect of nitric oxide on catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase has various consequences for infectious and local inflammatory processes. Another oxide of nitrogen, nitrite, is a good substrate for myeloperoxidase Compound I but slowly reacts with Compound II. Nitrogen dioxide is formed after nitrite oxidation by myeloperoxidase. Formation of nitrogen dioxide is another protective mechanism and nitration of microbial proteins by myeloperoxidase can represent an additional protective response of peroxisomes.     

Is there NO help for leptin?

Since the initial identification of leptin as the product of the ob gene in 1994, the signaling pathways by which this hormone alters cell physiology have been the subject of extensive investigations. The fact that leptin can induce nitric oxide (NO) production was first demonstrated in studies of the pituitary gland and pancreatic islets. A large number of additional studies further showed that this adipokine stimulates NO synthesis in multiple tissues. This review article discusses the role of leptin in NO production and its pathophysiological consequences. The role of this gaseous messenger in cell physiology depends on the cell type, the concentration of NO and the duration of exposure. It can be either a potent oxidant or a protector of cell integrity against the formation of reactive oxygen species. Leptin plays two opposing roles on arterial pressure. It exerts a hypertensive effect due to sympathetic activation and a vasorelaxant effect due to NO production. This adipokine acts via NO to produce pro-inflammatory factors in cartilage pathology, potentially contributing to an increased risk for osteoarthritis. Another well-documented role of leptin-induced NO, acting either directly or via the hypothalamus, concerns lipid metabolism in muscle and adipose tissue. In adipocytes, the direct and rapid action of leptin is to activate the nitric oxide synthase III, which favors lipolysis. In contrast, in the long-term, leptin reduces lipolysis. However, both in the short-term and in the long-term, glyceroneogenesis and its key enzyme, the cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase (PEPCK-C), are down-regulated by the adipokine, thus favoring fatty acid release. Hence, leptin-induced NO production plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue. The resulting effects are to prevent lipid storage and to improve energy expenditure, with possible improvements of the obese state and its associated diseases.     

NO对兔窦房结自律性的影响

目的观察外源性NO供体硝普钠(SNP)和吗啉-斯德酮亚胺(SIN-1)对离体兔窦房结起搏细胞(SANC)自律性的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法利用细胞内微电极技术记录SANC动作电位,分析APA(动作电位幅值),Vmax(0期最大除极速率),DD(舒张期除极速率),RPF(起搏细胞放电频率)的变化.结果SNP(10-5-10-2mol/L)增快SANC自发放电频率(RPF)和舒张期除极速率(VDD),并呈浓度依赖性.10-3 mol/LSNP使RPF(beats/min)由163±10.8增至195.0±13.1,DD(mV/s)由50.3±9.6增至70.2±12.1(P<0.01).SIN-1(10-3-10-2mol/L)亦使RPF和VDD增快(P<0.01).鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂 10-4mol/L甲基美兰(MB)完全阻断了1 mmol/LSNP引起的RPF和VDD增长(P<0.01).If阻断剂2 mmol/L CsCl部分阻断了1 mmol/LSNP引起的正性变时作用和VDD增长(P<0.05).ICa-L阻断剂0.46 μmol/L NIF对于1 mmol/LSNP所致的RPF和VDD的增长无明显影响(P>0.05).结论外源性NO可增快离体兔SANC自律性,此效应通过NO-cGMP途径产生,至少部分与If增强有关,Ca-L对此无显著作用.     

Can erythrocytes release biologically active NO?

Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells and the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) are the main source of NO in the cardiovascular system. However, several other cell types have also been implicated in the NO-dependent regulation of cell function, including erythrocytes. NO derived from red blood cells has been proposed to regulate erythrocyte membrane fluidity, inhibit platelet activation and induce vasodilation in hypoxic areas, but these proposals are highly controversial. In the current issue of Cell Communication and Signaling, an elegant study by Gambaryan et al., assayed NO production by erythrocytes by monitoring the activation of the platelet intracellular NO receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase, and its downstream kinase protein kinase G. After systematically testing different combinations of erythrocyte/platelet suspensions, the authors found no evidence for platelet soluble guanylyl cyclase/protein kinase G activation by erythrocytes and conclude that erythrocytes do not release biologically active NO to inhibit platelet activation.     

Just say NO to muscle degeneration?

The devastating muscle degeneration characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin. The dystrophin complex has two functions: a structural role in maintaining sarcolemmal integrity during contraction and a scaffolding function that recruits signaling proteins such as neuronal nitric oxide synthase to the membrane. New studies indicate that transgenic restoration of nitric oxide (NO) production in the mdx dystrophic mouse improves muscle pathology. Although NO-mediated killing of inflammatory cells might be involved, other mechanisms are also possible. These results point to the therapeutic potential of manipulating the signaling activity of the dystophin complex as a way to ameliorate the progression of muscle degeneration.     

对入侵物种说“NO”

<正>你相信吗?右下图中的缅甸蟒曾经只有十几厘米长!小时候,它被人从东南亚带到美国当宠物,悲剧的是,它越长越长,胃口也越来越大,直到一口气就能吃掉一整头猪!主人实在养不起它,把它放生到野外,于是,它就成了沼泽地里最恐怖的生物。被捕获时,这条缅甸蟒重达73.5千克,这重量包括一条刚被它吞进肚子的鳄鱼。它可真是什么都吃!幸亏人们把它     

有氧运动对高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆NO、ET和NO/ET系统的影响

目的：探讨有氧运动对高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆总一氧化氮合成酶（T-NOS）、一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）和NO/ET系统的影响。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组（对照组）、高蛋氨酸饲料组（高蛋氨酸组）和有氧运动＋高蛋氨酸饮食组（运动干预组）。对照组喂饲普通饲料,高蛋氨酸组和运动干预组喂饲含3%蛋氨酸的高蛋氨酸饲料,运动干预组同时每日同时进行90 min无负重游泳运动,实验共8周。分别测定血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、ET、NO和T-NOS含量。结果：高蛋氨酸组血浆Hcy含量显著高于对照组达2倍以上（P〈0.01）,T-NOS和NO含量显著降低,ET含量显著升高（P〈0.01）,且NO/ET比值均显著降低（P〈0.05）;与高蛋氨酸组相比,运动干预组血浆Hcy含量显著下降（P〈0.05）,T-NOS,NO含量和NO/ET比值显著升高（P〈0.05）,且与对照组相比上述各项指标无显著差异。结论：高蛋氨酸饮食可诱发大鼠高同型半胱氨酸血症,血浆NO/ET失衡;有氧运动可降低高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆Hcy水平,改善NO/ET失衡,预防高同型半胱氨酸血症。