Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Inhibits Gastroesophageal Reflux in Newborn Lambs

BackgroundUsing esophageal pHmetry, nasal CPAP (nCPAP) has been shown to decrease acid gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in adult humans. Although both GER (mainly non-acid) and nCPAP use are very frequent in newborns, the effect of nCPAP on GER in early life is unknown. Having recently shown that the newborn lamb is a unique model for studying neonatal GER, our main objective was to assess the effect of nCPAP on GER in newborn lambs.MethodsEight newborn lambs, aged 2–3 days, were studied. Continuous esophageal pH-Impedance monitoring and polysomnography were performed for six hours during both spontaneous breathing and nCPAP application at 6 cmH₂O (nCPAP6), in a randomized order. Results were compared in the two experimental conditions, as well as without CPAP during the following 6 hours.Resultsi) nCPAP₆ virtually abolished GER [mean ±SD reflux number for 6 h = 9.1±8.6 without nCPAP₆ vs. 0.6±1 with nCPAP₆, P<0.05]; ii) GER number was also reduced during the 6 h-period following nCPAP6 application (18±16 without nCPAP₆ vs. 7±8.1 with nCPAP₆, P<0.05); iii) nCPAP₆ decreased the depth and duration of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation.ConclusionsnCPAP inhibits GER in the newborn lamb. Further clinical studies using different levels of nasal CPAP are needed to confirm this result in human infants.     

珂立苏联合经鼻间歇性正压通气(NIPPV)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征46例临床分析

目的:研究珂立苏(肺表面活性物质)联合经鼻间歇性正压通气(NIPPV)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的临床效果.方法:选取2010年4月-2012年4月我院NICU收治的符合NRDS诊断标准的患儿46例,将患儿随机分为试验组29例和对照组17例.试验组患儿给予珂立苏联合NIPPV治疗,对照组患儿仅给予NIPPV治疗.比较两者患儿治疗前及治疗后6h、24h、48h呼吸功能参数变化情况、X线胸片评分改变情况及3d内存活率.结果:(1)呼吸功能参数情况:试验组患儿上机时(用药前)及用药后6h、24h、48h后肺顺应性(C值)随通气时间进展而逐渐升高,氧合指数(OI值)、呼吸指数(RI值)及肺泡-动脉氧分压差((A-a)DO2值)均随通气时间进展而逐渐下降.试验组患儿经珂立苏治疗后6h、24h、48h和对照组比较,C值均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),OI值均显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),RI值均显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),(A-a)DO2值均显著低于对照组(A-a)DO2值.(2)X线胸片变化:试验组患儿上机时(用药前)及用药后6h、24h、48h后X线胸片评分逐渐降低,且用药后6h、24h、48h后每一时间点评分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).(3)患儿3d内存活率:试验组患儿存活率96.4％显著高于对照组70.1％(P＜0.05).结论:肺表面活性物质(珂立苏)联合经鼻间歇性正压通气(NIPPV)能明显改善患儿肺通气、换气功能,降低患儿死亡率,治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效显著优于单纯应用NIPPV治疗.     

经鼻间歇正压通气联合猪肺磷脂注射液治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效

目的:探讨经鼻间歇正压通气联合猪肺磷脂注射液治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效及安全性的影响。方法:前瞻性研究于我院进行治疗的呼吸窘迫综合症患儿60例,根据电脑生成的随机数字表将所有患儿随机分为实验组与对照组,每组各30例,对照组患儿使用经鼻间歇正压通气进行治疗,实验组患儿在对照组的基础上联合猪肺磷脂注射液进行治疗。治疗结束后比较两组患儿动脉血氧分压(Pa O_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO_2)、氧合指数及血样饱和度(Sa O_2)水平的变化,统计并记录两组患儿并发症的发病情况,并对两组患儿的临床疗效进行评价。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患儿Pa CO_2水平均降低,Pa O_2、Sa O_2水平及氧合指数均升高(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患儿Pa CO_2水平较低,Pa O_2、Sa O_2水平及氧合指数较高(P0.05);且与对照组相比,实验组的并发症发病率较低,临床总有效率较高(P0.05)。结论:经鼻间歇正压通气联合猪肺磷脂注射液治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征安全有效,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux

An edited summary of an Interdepartmental Conference arranged by the Department of Medicine of the UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles. The Director of Conferences is William M. Pardridge, MD, Professor of Medicine.Several specialists have recently recognized that gastrointestinal reflux causes complications resulting in significant disease. It causes discomfort, indigestion, esophagitis, Barrett''s esophagus, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Pediatricians attribute many early pulmonary problems, and even some sudden deaths in infants, to the reflux of gastric contents. Otolaryngologists now recognize that many cases of nonbacterial, nonspecific pharyngitis and laryngitis are due to the reflux of gastrc acid secretions. Contact granuloma and cancer of the larynx may, in some instances, be secondary to nocturnal reflux. Thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists believe chronic tracheobronchitis and some cases of pulmonary disease are attributable to recurrent bathing of the respiratory epithelium by aspirated gastric contents. An awareness of the many complications of gastrointestinal reflux should lead to a multidisciplined attack on the factors responsible for these diseases.     

Effect of Nasal Obstruction on Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment: Computational Fluid Dynamics Analyses

Objective

Nasal obstruction is a common problem in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea and limits treatment compliance. The purpose of this study is to model the effects of nasal obstruction on airflow parameters under CPAP using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and to clarify quantitatively the relation between airflow velocity and pressure loss coefficient in subjects with and without nasal obstruction.

Methods

We conducted an observational cross-sectional study of 16 Japanese adult subjects, of whom 9 had nasal obstruction and 7 did not (control group). Three-dimensional reconstructed models of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx with a CPAP mask fitted to the nostrils were created from each subject’s CT scans. The digital models were meshed with tetrahedral cells and stereolithography formats were created. CPAP airflow simulations were conducted using CFD software. Airflow streamlines and velocity contours in the nasal cavities and nasopharynx were compared between groups. Simulation models were confirmed to agree with actual measurements of nasal flow rate and with pressure and flow rate in the CPAP machine.

Results

Under 10 cmH₂O CPAP, average maximum airflow velocity during inspiration was 17.6 ± 5.6 m/s in the nasal obstruction group but only 11.8 ± 1.4 m/s in the control group. The average pressure drop in the nasopharynx relative to inlet static pressure was 2.44 ± 1.41 cmH₂O in the nasal obstruction group but only 1.17 ± 0.29 cmH₂O in the control group. The nasal obstruction and control groups were clearly separated by a velocity threshold of 13.5 m/s, and pressure loss coefficient threshold of approximately 10.0. In contrast, there was no significant difference in expiratory pressure in the nasopharynx between the groups.

Conclusion

This is the first CFD analysis of the effect of nasal obstruction on CPAP treatment. A strong correlation between the inspiratory pressure loss coefficient and maximum airflow velocity was found.     

Impacts of Endoscopic Gastroesophageal Flap Valve Grading on Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background

Gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) endoscopic grading is reported to be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in adults; however its role in pediatric groups remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the significance of GEFV grading and the associations to multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring (MII-pH) in children with GERD.

Methods

A total of 48 children with GERD symptoms who received esophagogastroduodenoscopy and MII-pH monitoring were enrolled. The degree of GEFV was graded from I to IV according to the Hill classification, and classified into two groups: normal GEFV (Hill grades I and II), and abnormal GEFV (Hill grades III and VI). Endoscopic findings and MII-pH monitoring were analyzed among the groups.

Results

Thirty-six patients had normal GEFV while 12 had abnormal GEFV. The presence of erosive esophagitis was significantly more common in the patients with abnormal GEFV (p = 0.037, OR 9.84, 95% CI 1.15–84.42). Pathological acidic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) determined by MII-pH was more prevalent in the patients with loosened GEFV geometry (p = 0.01, OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.67–27.38). There were significant positive correlations between GEFV Hill grading I to IV and the severity of erosive esophagitis (r = 0.49, p<0.001), percentage of supine acid reflux (r = 0.37, p = 0.009), percentage of total acid reflux (r = 0.3284, p = 0.023), and DeMeester score (r = 0.36, p = 0.01) detected by pH monitoring. In the impedance study, GEFV Hill grading also positively correlated to median number of acid reflux events (r = 0.3015, p = 0.037).

Conclusions

GEFV dysfunction highly associated with acid GER and severe erosive esophagitis. An abnormal GEFV is a sign of acid GER in children.     

急性心力衰竭应用BiPAP 呼吸机疗效分析

目的:分析急性心力衰竭(AHF)患者应用双水平正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机治疗的效应。方法:95例急性左心衰竭患者随机分为:A组(应用BiPAP呼吸机治疗)43例和B组(对照组,常规治疗)52例。A组在常规药物治疗的基础上,每天应用BiPAP呼吸机无创通气12～24小时,全部用鼻罩;B组仅应用常规药物治疗。疗程均为5天。观察两组治疗前后临床疗效、B型利钠肽(BNP)、血气分析及心功能的变化。结果:显效率:BiPAP组69.8%,对照组46.2%,两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。两组心功能、BNP、血气分析,治疗后与治疗前相比均有显著差异(P<0.05),治疗后BiPAP组与对照组间比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:BiPAP呼吸机能改善急性左心衰竭患者的症状、血气结果及心功能,还能降低BNP。     

HFNC与NPPV治疗急性1型呼吸衰竭的临床效果比较

目的:比较经鼻高流量氧疗(High-flow Nasal Cannula,HFNC)与无创正压通气(Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)治疗1型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取2016年9月到2017年12月我院收治的急性1型呼吸衰竭患者46例,根据入院的顺序数字表法随机分为HFNC组和NPPV组,每组23例,分别给予HFNC治疗与NPPV治疗。比较两组治疗前及治疗后2 h、24 h、48 h的动脉血气pH值、动脉二氧化碳分压(Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure,PaCO2)、动脉血氧分压(Arterial oxygen partial pressure,PaO2)、氧合指数、呼吸频率、心率等指标的变化情况。结果:两组动脉血气pH值治疗前、治疗后2 h、24 h、48 h比较无显著差异性(P0.05),组间比较也无显著性差异(P0.05);两组治疗后2 h、24 h及48 h PaO2和动脉血气氧合指数均显著高于治疗前,且随着时间的延长逐渐升高(P0.05),且治疗后48 h,NPPV组显著高于HFNC组(P0.05);两组治疗后2 h、24 h及48 h的PaCO2值与治疗前比较无显著性差异(P0.05),而治疗后48 h的PaCO2值NPPV组显著低于HFNC组(P0.05);两组治疗后2 h、24 h及48 h呼吸频率均显著低于治疗前,且随着时间逐渐降低(P0.05),且治疗后2 h、24 h及48 h的呼吸频率NPPV组显著高于HFNC组(P0.05);两组治疗后2 h、24 h及48 h心率显著低于治疗前,且随着时间的延长逐渐降低(P0.05),组间比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:HFNC与NPPV治疗单纯1型呼吸衰竭的临床效果相当,但HFNC在提高患者治疗中的舒适度及耐受性等方面可能优于NPPV。     

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Multiple surgical procedures have been reported to induce gastroesophageal reflux in animals. Herein, we report three surgical models with mice aiming to induce reflux of gastric contents, duodenal contents or mixed contents. Surgical procedures and general principles have been described in detail. A researcher with surgical experience should be able to grasp the technique after a short period of practice. After surgery, most mice can survive and develop reflux esophagitis similar to that in humans. However, it should be noted that histological differences between mouse and human esophagus are the inherent limitations of these surgical models. If used for research on Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma, these procedures may need to be combined with genetic modifications.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病的临床观察及护理效应

目的:探讨无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病的临床疗效和护理效应。方法:本科收治的慢性阻塞性肺病患者90例,随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组给予常规治疗及常规专业护理措施。在对照组的治疗方式的基础上,应用无创性呼吸机治疗;并在进行无创正压通气及常规专业护理措施的同时,患者行综合护理干预措施。结果:治疗后,观察组心率、呼吸频率与对照组相比下降更明显,差异显著(P<0.01)。治疗后,观察组动脉血气指标与对照组相比改善更明显,差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。观察组住院时间少于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:采用无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病患者疗效可靠,辅以综合护理干预措施,能够有效的促进患者恢复。     

Current Advancement on the Dynamic Mechanism of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common clinical disease associated with upper gastrointestinal motility disorders. Recently, with improvements in living standards and changes in lifestyle and dietary habits, the incidence of GERD has been increasing yearly. However, the mechanism of GERD has not been fully elucidated due to its complex pathogenesis, and this had led to unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. Currently, the occurrence and development of GERD involve multiple factors. Its pathogenesis is mainly thought to be related to factors, such as lower esophageal sphincter pressure, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, crural diaphragmatic dysfunction, hiatus hernia, and impaired esophageal clearance. Therefore, explaining the pathogenesis of GERD more clearly and systematically, exploring potential and effective therapeutic targets, and choosing the best treatment methods have gradually become the focus of scholars'' attention. Herein, we reviewed current advancements in the dynamic mechanism of GERD to better counsel patients on possible treatment options.     

兰索拉唑治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效及食管功能变化观察

目的:探讨兰索拉唑治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效,并观察食管功能变化.方法:回顾性分析我院2009年10月-2012年5月收治的GERD患者500人,根据治疗方法不同分为分为兰索拉唑组和法莫替丁组,比较两组的治疗效果;并采用超声内镜测定食管运动功能的在服药前后的变化.结果:兰索拉唑组有效率为89.2％,法莫替丁组有效率为78.4％,二者进行比较,X2=16.850,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.兰索拉唑组与法莫替丁组治疗Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级胃食管反流病效果比较,P均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义(X2=3.943,X2=5.223,X2=4.028,X2=3.988).兰索拉唑组顶端收缩指数、收缩周期、顶端被动扩张管腔的最大截面积与法莫替丁组比较,P均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义(t=4.271,t=3.982,t=4.028).兰索拉唑组的不良反应发生率为4.8％,法莫替丁组不良反应发生率为13.6％,两组不良反应发生率比较,X2=11.588,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.结论:兰索拉唑治疗胃食管反流病效果良好,不良反应发生率低,安全性高,适应临床应用.     

Noctural Asthma: Role of Nocturnal Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common in those with asthma, with 77% of asthmatics complaining of heartburn, with 41% experiencing reflux-associated respiratory symptoms. Likewise, 24% of those with asthma that is difficult to control have “clinically silent” GER. There are no studies examining nocturnal reflux symptoms in asthmatics. Esophageal dysmotility is also common, and abnormal esophageal acid contact times on 24h esophageal pH tests were found in 82% of asthmatics examined consecutively. Most asthmatics with GER also have abnormal esophageal acid contact times while in the supine position, reflecting sleep time. Endoscopic evidence of esophagitis was found in 43% of asthmatics. Two mechanisms of bronchoconstriction induced by esophageal acid have been proposed: a vagally mediated reflex, by which esophageal acid in the distal esophagus causes reflex bronchoconstriction, and microaspiration. Although there is conflicting evidence, distal esophageal acid causes a decrease in peak expiratory flow rates, an increase in respiratory resistance, and an increase in minute ventilation. If microaspiration is present, there is further augmentation of this airway response. Although only a few studies have been performed in those with nocturnal asthma with GER, one study in a pediatric population showed that esophageal acid infusions caused more airway responses at 04:00 than at 24:00. Also, asthmatic children with nocturnal asthma symptoms have a higher re-flux score, with a positive correlation between reflux score and nighttime-associated wheezing. Despite these findings in children, a study performed in sleeping adults with nocturnal asthma noted no alterations in airflow resistance with esophageal acid, concluding that GER contributed little to the nocturnal worsening of asthma. There are also gastroesophageal circadian issues that may influence GER in asthmatics. Gastric acid secretion peaks at approximately 21:00, and gastric emptying is delayed when a meal is given at 20:00 versus 08:00. Esophageal acid clearance is delayed significantly during sleep, and acid clearance occurs during arousals. Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) pressure also decreases with sleep onset, which may predispose to microaspiration. Further research is needed to clarify what role nocturnal reflux has on nocturnal asthma and airway inflammation and whether circadian rhythm factors alter airway responses to esophageal acid.     

Chest Compression Synchronized Ventilation versus Intermitted Positive Pressure Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Pig Model

BackgroundGuidelines recommend mechanical ventilation with Intermitted Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV) during resuscitation. The influence of the novel ventilator mode Chest Compression Synchronized Ventilation (CCSV) on gas exchange and arterial blood pressure compared with IPPV was investigated in a pig model.MethodsIn 12 pigs (general anaesthesia/intubation) ventricular fibrillation was induced and continuous chest compressions were started after 3min. Pigs were mechanically ventilated in a cross-over setting with 5 ventilation periods of 4min each: Ventilation modes were during the first and last period IPPV (100% O₂, tidalvolumes = 7ml/kgKG, respiratoryrate = 10/min), during the 2nd, 3rd and 4th period CCSV (100% O₂), a pressure-controlled and with each chest compression synchronized breathing pattern with three different presets in randomized order. Presets: CCSV_A: P_insp = 60mbar, inspiratorytime = 205ms; CCSV_B: P_insp = 60mbar, inspiratorytime = 265ms; CCSV_C: P_insp = 45mbar, inspiratorytime = 265ms. Blood gas samples were drawn for each period, mean arterial (MAP) and centralvenous (CVP) blood pressures were continuously recorded. Results as median (25%/75%percentiles).ResultsVentilation with each CCSV mode resulted in higher PaO₂ than IPPV: PaO₂: IPPV_first: 19.6(13.9/36.2)kPa, IPPV_last: 22.7(5.4/36.9)kPa (p = 0.77 vs IPPV_first), CCSV_A: 48.9(29.0/58.2)kPa (p = 0.028 vs IPPV_first, p = 0.0001 vs IPPV_last), CCSV_B: 54.0 (43.8/64.1) (p = 0.001 vs IPPV_first, p = 0.0001 vs IPPV_last), CCSV_C: 46.0 (20.2/58.4) (p = 0.006 vs IPPV_first, p = 0.0001 vs IPPV_last). Both the MAP and the difference MAP-CVP did not decrease during twelve minutes CPR with all three presets of CCSV and were higher than the pressures of the last IPPV period.ConclusionsAll patterns of CCSV lead to a higher PaO₂ and avoid an arterial blood pressure drop during resuscitation compared to IPPV in this pig model of cardiac arrest.     

舒利迭联合无创正压通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的:分析舒利迭联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法:选取于我院诊治的COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者120例,随机均分为观察组和对照组。所有患者均予以常规、对症和支持治疗,在此基础上对照组予以无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用舒利迭治疗。分析和比较两组患者治疗前后的动脉血气、炎性因子水平、肺功能和CAPS评分。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后的pH、PaO_2、SaO_2水平均明显升高,PaCO_2明显降低,血清IL-33、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平均明显降低,FVC、PEFR、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC水平均明显升高,CAPS评分明显下降,且观察组的上述指标变化均较对照组更为明显(P0.05)。结论:舒利迭联合NIPPV能够较单用NIPPV更有效降低COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者炎性因子水平,改善血气和肺功能。     

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Variable Ventilation in Lung-Healthy Rats under General Anesthesia

Objectives

Variable ventilation (VV) seems to improve respiratory function in acute lung injury and may be combined with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in order to protect the lungs even in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that VV in combination with moderate levels of PEEP reduce the deterioration of pulmonary function related to general anesthesia. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the alveolar stability and lung protection of the combination of VV at different PEEP levels.

Design

Randomized experimental study.

Setting

Animal research facility.

Subjects

Forty-nine male Wistar rats (200–270 g).

Interventions

Animals were ventilated during 2 hours with protective low tidal volume (V_T) in volume control ventilation (VCV) or VV and PEEP adjusted at the level of minimum respiratory system elastance (Ers), obtained during a decremental PEEP trial subsequent to a recruitment maneuver, and 2 cmH₂O above or below of this level.

Measurements and Main Results

Ers, gas exchange and hemodynamic variables were measured. Cytokines were determined in lung homogenate and plasma samples and left lung was used for histologic analysis and diffuse alveolar damage scoring. A progressive time-dependent increase in Ers was observed independent on ventilatory mode or PEEP level. Despite of that, the rate of increase of Ers and lung tissue IL-1 beta concentration were significantly lower in VV than in VCV at the level of the PEEP of minimum Ers. A significant increase in lung tissue cytokines (IL-6, IL-1 beta, CINC-1 and TNF-alpha) as well as a ventral to dorsal and cranial to caudal reduction in aeration was observed in all ventilated rats with no significant differences among groups.

Conclusions

VV combined with PEEP adjusted at the level of the PEEP of minimal Ers seemed to better prevent anesthesia-induced atelectasis and might improve lung protection throughout general anesthesia.     

双水平气道正压通气对88例重叠综合征患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨双水平气道正压通气(Bi PAP)治疗重叠综合征(OS)患者的临床疗效。方法:选取2012年7月-2014年2月本院收治的88例诊断为重叠综合征的患者,随机分成实验组与对照组,对照组43例,给予常规药物治疗;实验组45例,在常规药物治疗的基础上辅以双水平气道正压通气治疗,对两组治疗前后的监测结果进行比较分析。结果:治疗后,实验组患者在不同时间点上p H和Pa O2高于对照组,Pa CO2、呼吸暂停指数(AHI)、睡眠紊乱指数、最长呼吸暂停时间以及病死率和不良反应发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:采用Bi PAP治疗OS患者,能够有效降低患者病死率、减少不良反应发生率,并改善患者呼吸情况,提高睡眠质量。     

胃食管反流病的治疗进展

胃食管反流病(gastroesophaeal reflux disease,GERD)是医疗实践中的最常见的疾病之一,其发病率在世界范围内呈逐年上升趋势,且随年龄增长而增加,40-60岁为高发年龄[1]。GERD是一种由胃、十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起不适症状和(或)并发症的疾病,GERD在临床上大致可分为:糜烂性食管炎(EE)(反流性食管炎(RE))和非糜烂性食管炎(NERD)。其中NERD最多见,约占60%。GERD远期危害较小,但其病情漫长且极易复发,严重影响了生活质量。主要表现为食管症状(包括典型的烧心和反流)和食管外症状(包括咽部异物感、咳嗽、声嘶、哮喘、咽喉炎等表现),还有增加发展为Barrett食管及食管癌的危险[2,3]。GERD的治疗目的是愈合食管炎,快速缓解症状、减少复发、提高生活质量,治疗方法主要包括以下4个方面:一般治疗,药物治疗,内镜下治疗和外科治疗。近年来已成为国内外研究的热点,本文就近年来对GERD的治疗进展做一综述。