<Emphasis Type="Italic">Saturnispora serradocipensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saturnispora gosingensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., two ascomycetous yeasts from ephemeral habitats

Two novel ascomycetous yeast species, Saturnispora serradocipensis and Saturnispora gosingensis, were isolated from leaf detritus in a tropical stream of Southeastern Brazil and a mushroom collected in Taiwan, respectively. Analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large-subunit of the rRNA gene of these strains showed that these species are related to Saturnispora hagleri, their closest relative. Saturnispora serradocipensis and S. gosingensis differed from S. hagleri, respectively, by seven nucleotide substitutions and two indels and three nucleotide substitutions and three indels in D1/D2 rRNA sequences. The two new species differ from each another by four nucleotide substitutions and one indel in D1/D2 rRNA sequences. However, the ITS sequences of S. serradocipensis, S. gosingensis and S. hagleri were quite divergent, showing that they are genetically separate species. The type strain of S. serradocipensis is UFMG-DC-198^T (=CBS 11756^T = NRRL Y-48717^T), and of S. gosingensis GA4M05^T is (CBS 11755^T = NRRL Y-48718^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Kazachstania wufongensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., an ascosporogenous yeast isolated from soil in Taiwan

A new yeast species, Kazachstania wufongensis, is proposed in this paper based on six strains isolated from soil in Taiwan. The species may produce one to four ellipsoidal ascospores in each ascus, directly transformed from diploid cells. Genus assignment and distinction of the species from other recognized species of Kazachstania is based on morphological and physiological characteristics, and on phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA gene reveals that K. wufongensis is a member of the Kazachstania exigua complex, and its phylogenetically closest relatives are K. exigua, K. barnettii, K. bulderi, and K. turicensis. The species can be further differentiated from the other phylogenetically related species based on internal transcribed spacer sequence and electrophoretic karyotype. Therefore, the new species Kazachstania wufongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this new species, which was isolated from forest soil in Wufong, Hsinchu, Taiwan, is FN21S03^T (=CBS 10886^T = BCRC 23138^T).     

Cryptococcus shivajii sp. nov.: A Novel Basidiomycetous Yeast Isolated from Biogas Reactor

Five yeast morphotypes were isolated from biogas reactors at North Wyke Research, Okehampton, UK. Out of the five morphotypes, four were identified as known species. In contrast, the fifth morphotype strain, Bio10^T, was found to differ from Bullera dendrophila and Kwoniella mangroviensis, its closest phylogenetic neighbours, by 2.6–2.9% with respect to the nucleotide sequence of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and by 5.6–6.2% with respect to the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2 region. Bio10^T also differs from these two species by a number of phenotypic characteristics. Thus, based on the phenotypic differences and phylogenetic analysis, strain Bio10^T is assigned the status of a new species of Cryptococcus, for which the name Cryptococcus shivajii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Bio10^T (NCYC 3541^T = CBS 11374^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ogataea phyllophila</Emphasis> sp. nov., <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida chumphonensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida mattranensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., three methylotrophic yeast species from phylloplane in Thailand

Five strains (LN12, LN14^T, LN15^T, LN16 and LN17^T) representing three novel methylotrophic yeast species were isolated from the external surface of plant leaves by three-consecutive enrichments. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the phylogenetic analysis, the five strains were assigned to be one novel Ogataea species and two novel Candida species. Three strains (LN12, LN14^T and LN16) represent a single novel species of the genus Ogataea, for which the name Ogataea phyllophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LN14^T (= BCC 42666^T = NBRC 107780^T = CBS 12095^T). Strain LN15^T was assigned to be Candida chumphonensis sp. nov. (type strain LN15^T = BCC 42667^T = NBRC 107781^T = CBS 12096^T). Strain LN17^T represented another novel species of Candida that was named Candida mattranensis sp. nov. (type strain LN17^T = BCC 42668^T = NBRC 107782^T = CBS 12097^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ogataea saltuana</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel methanol-assimilating yeast species

Four ascosporulating strains of an undescribed methanol-assimilating yeast species were isolated from forest habitats in Hungary. Three were recovered from rotten wood and one from leaves of a sessile oak (Quercus petraea). An additional isolate of the undescribed species sharing similar phenotypic characters with the above-noted strains was recovered from the gut of an unidentified beetle collected from under the bark of a coniferous tree in Bulgaria. A closely related, but somewhat divergent strain was recovered from insect frass in a Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) collected in New Mexico, USA. Analysis of the D1/D2 sequences of the LSU rRNA gene placed the new species in the Ogataea clade. The ITS and the D1/D2 LSU sequences of the rRNA gene repeats were compared for the above-noted strains and that of the type strain of Ogataea zsoltii, the closest neighbour among currently recognized Ogataea species. Their relatedness was investigated by parsimony network analysis as well. As a result of the sequence analysis, it was concluded that the six strains isolated from tree associated habitats represent a single new yeast species. Ogataea saltuana sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these strains. The type strain NCAIM Y.01833^T (CBS 10795^T, NRRL Y-48448^T) was recovered from rotten wood of Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris) in Hungary. The GenBank accession number for the D1/D2 domain nuclear large subunit rRNA gene sequence of strain NCAIM Y.01833^T (CBS 10795^T, NRRL Y-48448^T) is EU327033. The MycoBank number of the new species is MB 519966.     

Candida sirachaensis sp. nov. and Candida sakaeoensis sp. nov. two anamorphic yeast species from phylloplane in Thailand

Three strains (LM008^T, LM068 and LM078^T), representing two novel yeast species were isolated from the phylloplane of three plant species by an enrichment technique. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal spacer region, the three strains were assigned as two novel Candida species. Strain LM008^T was assigned to be Candida sirachaensis sp. nov. (type strain LM008^T = BCC 47628^T = NBRC 108605^T CBS 12094^T) in the Starmerella clade. Two strains (LM068 and LM078^T) represent a single species in the Lodderomyces-Spathaspora clade for which the name Candida sakaeoensis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain LM078^T = BCC 47632^T = NBRC 108895^T = CBS 12318^T.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodotorula taiwanensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel yeast species from a plant in Taiwan

A novel anamorphic yeast strain, A1-01^T, belonging to the genus Rhodotorula was isolated from a plant in Taiwan and analysed morphologically, physiologically and phylogenetically. Neither ballistoconidia nor sexual reproduction was observed. Sequence analysis of the 26S rRNA gene and the ITS region indicate that Rhodosporidium sphaerocarpum is the most closely related species, with 14 and 24 nucleotide substitutions, respectively. The novel species differed physiologically from R. sphaerocarpum in its ability to assimilate ethylamine and cadaverine, its inability to assimilate ethanol and nitrite. From these comparative analyses, the following novel yeast species is proposed: Rhodotorula taiwanensis sp. nov. with the type strain of A1-01^T (BCRC 23118^T = CBS 11729^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium sphaerophysae</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodules of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphaerophysa salsula</Emphasis> in China

Four gram-negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore, forming rods with a wide pH and temperature range for growth (pH 7.0–11.0, optimum pH 8.0; 20–45°C, optimum 28°C) strains were isolated from root nodules of Sphaerophysa salsula and characterized by means of a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the four strains formed a new lineage related to the genus Rhizobium and the sequence similarities between the isolate and the most related type strain Rhizobium giardinii was 96.5%. These strains also formed a distinctive group from the reference strains for defined Rhizobium species based on housekeeping gene sequences (atpD and recA), BOX-PCR fingerprinting, phenotypic features and symbiotic properties. The representative strain CCNWGS0238^T has DNA-DNA relatedness of less than 33.4% with the most closely related species R. giardinii. It is therefore proposed as a new species, Rhizobium sphaerophysae sp. nov., with isolate CCNWGS0238^T (=ACCC17498^T = HAMBI3074^T) as the type strain.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida northwykensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., A Novel Yeast Isolated from the Gut of the Click Beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melanotus villosus</Emphasis>

Two yeast morphotypes, BET 4^T and BET 7, were isolated from the gut of click beetle Melanotus villosus. Click beetles were collected from the decaying timber within the woodlands of North Wyke Research, South West England, UK (latitude, 50°46′29″N; longitude, 3°55′23″W). Morphotype BET 7 was identified as Debaryomyces hansenii, and the other morphotype, BET 4^T, was found to differs from Priceomyces castillae and Priceomyces haplophilus, its closest phylogenetic neighbours, by 5.0% with respect to the nucleotide sequence of the D1/D2 domain of the large-subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, and by 8.0% with respect to the ribosomal internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) region. BET 4^T also differ from P. castillae and P. haplophilus in a number of different phenotypic characteristics. Thus, based on the unique nucleotide sequences of its D1/D2 domain and ITS region, its physiological characteristics and an inability to sporulate, strain BET 4^T is assigned the status of a new species of Candida, for which the name Candida northwykensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is BET 4^T (NCYC 3525^T = CBS 11370^T).     

Candida chanthaburiensis sp. nov., Candida kungkrabaensis sp. nov. and Candida suratensis sp. nov., three novel yeast species from decaying plant materials submerged in water of mangrove forests

In a taxonomic study of yeasts isolated from decaying plant materials submerged in water of mangrove forests in Thailand, three strains isolated from tree bark (EM33^T), a fallen leaf (EM40^T) and a detached branch (SM56^T) were found to represent three novel yeast species. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, and the phylogenetic analysis, the three strains were assigned as three novel Candida species. They were named as Candida chanthaburiensis sp. nov. (type strain EM33^T = BCC 23057^T = NBRC 102176^T = CBS 10926^T), Candida kungkrabaensis sp. nov. (type strain EM40^T = BCC 23060^T = NBRC 102179^T = CBS 10927^T), and Candida suratensis sp. nov. (type strain SM56^T = BCC 25961^T = NBRC 103858^T = CBS 10928^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nocardiopsis yanglingensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a thermophilic strain isolated from a compost of button mushrooms

A strain named A18 was recovered from a compost of button mushrooms. It was characterized using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, it belonged to the genus Nocardiopsis and was most closely related to the type strains of Nocardiopsis flavescens (sequence similarity 98.0%), Nocardiopsis prasina (97.5%), Nocardiopsis metallicus (97.4%), Nocardiopsis alba (97.3%). The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supported the proposal that strain A18 represents a new species of the genus Nocardiopsis, for which the name Nocardiopsis yanglingensis sp. nov. was proposed (type strain A18^T = KCTC 19723^T = CCTCC 209063^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aliihoeflea aestuarii</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment

A novel Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium, designated N8^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that N8^T strain is associated with the family Phyllobacteriaceae: two uncultured clones (98.4 and 99.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and the genus Mesorhizobium (≤97.0%). The novel strain formed a separate clade with uncultured clones in the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Cellular fatty acid profiles predominately comprised C_18:1 ω7c and C_19:0 cyclo ω8c. The major isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone-10 and genomic DNA G+C content is 53.4 mol%. The polyphasic taxonomic study indicates that the novel strain N8^T represents a novel species of the new genus in the family Phyllobacteriaceae, named Aliihoeflea aestuarii. The type strain is N8^T (= KCTC 22052^T= JCM 15118^T= DSM 19536^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida neustonensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the sea surface microlayer in Taiwan

A new ascomycetous yeast species, Candida neustonensis is proposed in this study based on four strains (SN92^T, SN47, SJ22, SJ25) isolated from sea surface microlayer in Taiwan. These four yeast strains were morphologically, physiologically and phylogenetically identical to each other. No sexual reproduction was observed on 5% malt extract agar, corn meal agar, V8 agar, McClary’s acetate agar and potato-dextrose agar. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene places C. neustonensis as a member of the Pichia guilliermondii clade, it also reveals that the phylogenetically closest relatives of C. neustonensis are C. fukuyamaensis (4.4% divergence), C. xestobii (4.4% divergence) and P. guilliermondii (4.5% divergence). C. neustonensis also is clearly distinguished from other known species in the P. guilliermondii clade based on the results of physiology tests. From these comparison analyses, the following novel yeast species is proposed: Candida neustonensis sp. nov., with strain SN92^T (= BCRC 23108^T = JCM 14892^T = CBS 11061^T) as the type strain.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Joostella atrarenae</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel member of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis> originating from the black sea sand of Jeju Island

Strain M1-2^T was isolated from the black sand from the seashore of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea and was classified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain M1-2^T appeared as Gram-negative, motile rods that could grow in the presence of 1–10% (w/v) NaCl and at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C. This isolate has catalase and oxidase activity and hydrolyses aesculin, DNA and l-tyrosine. Based on phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain M1-2^T belongs to the genus Joostella and is clearly distinct from the other described species of this genus, Joostella marina (type strain En5^T). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity level between M1-2^T and J. marina En5^T is 97.2%, and the DNA–DNA relatedness value between the two strains is 23.9%. Strain M1-2^T contains MK-6 as the major menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2OH) and iso-C_17:0 3OH as major cellular fatty acids. The DNA G + C content is 32.3 mol%. These data suggest that strain M1-2^T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Joostella atrarenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for the novel species is M1-2^T (= KCTC 23194^T = NCAIM B.002413^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Poseidonocella pacifica</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Poseidonocella sedimentorum</Emphasis> sp. nov., novel alphaproteobacteria from the shallow sandy sediments of the Sea of Japan

The taxonomic study of two Gram-negative, aerobic, non-pigmented bacteria KMM 9010^T and KMM 9023^T isolated from a sandy sediment sample collected from the Sea of Japan seashore was performed. On the basis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains KMM 9010^T and KMM 9023^T clustered with the Roseobacter lineage (class Alphaproteobacteria) forming a distinct phylogenetic line adjacent to the genus Donghicola. Novel strains shared the highest sequence similarity of 96.4% to each other and lower than 96.1% similarities to other validly named genera of the class Alphaproteobacteria. In both strains, ubiquinone Q-10 was found to be the major respiratory quinone; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and an unknown aminolipid were the major polar lipids and C_18:1ω7c and 11-methyl C_18:1ω7c were predominant fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 60.5 mol% (KMM 9010^T) and 65.4 mol% (KMM 9023^T). Based on phenotypic properties and phylogenetic evidence, strains KMM 9010^T and KMM 9023^T should be classified as two novel species in a new genus, Poseidonocella gen. nov., with Poseidonocella pacifica sp. nov., the type species with the type strain KMM 9010^T (= NRIC 0794^T = JCM 17310^T), and Poseidonocella sedimentorum sp. nov. as the second species with the type strain KMM 9023^T (= NRIC 0796^T = JCM 17311^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gilvimarinus agarilyticus</Emphasis> sp. nov., a new agar-degrading bacterium isolated from the seashore of Jeju Island

An agarolytic bacterium, designated as strain M5c^T, was isolated from sea sand in Jeju Island, Korea. This isolate was Gram-negative, positive for catalase and oxidase, rod and motile by means of monotrichous flagella. Strain M5c^T has translucent or dark ivory colonies, forms a dent on an agar plate under colonies, and grows in the presence of 1–12% (w/v) NaCl and at 10–37°C. This isolate hydrolyzes agar, alginic acid, carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose and starch. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain M5c^T can be considered as a species within the genus Gilvimarinus, being most closely related to Gilvimarinus chinensis QM42^T, with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.6%. The major cellular fatty acids were C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2OH (33.5%), C16:0 (26.5%) and C18:1ω7c (14.1%). The DNA G+C content was 53.8 mol%. Based on these polyphasic data, strain M5c^T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Gilvimarinus agarilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for the novel species is M5c^T (= KCTC 23325^T = NCAIM B 02425^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus deserti</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the desert of Xinjiang,China

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile and spore-forming bacterium, designated ZLD-8^T, was isolated from a desert soil sample collected from Xinjiang Province in north-west China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. This isolate grew optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0. It grew with 0–4% NaCl (optimum, 0–1%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain ZLD-8^T was closely related to members of the genus Bacillus, exhibiting the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Bacillus kribbensis DSM 17871^T (98.0%). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to other Bacillus species with validly published names were less than 96.3%. The DNA G + C content of strain ZLD-8^T was 40.1 mol%. The strain contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (>5% of total fatty acids) were anteiso-C15:0 (39.56%), iso-C14:0 (25.69%), C16:1 ω7c alcohol (10.13%) and iso-C15:0 (5.27%). These chemotaxonomic results supported the affiliation of strain ZLD-8^T to the genus Bacillus. However, low DNA–DNA relatedness values and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain ZLD-8^T from recognized Bacillus species. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented, strain ZLD-8^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZLD-8^T (=CCTCC AB 207173^T = KCTC 13246^T).     

Anoxybacillus thermarum sp. nov., a novel thermophilic bacterium isolated from thermal mud in Euganean hot springs, Abano Terme, Italy

A novel aerobe thermophilic endospore-forming bacterium designated strain AF/04^T was isolated from thermal mud located in Euganean hot springs, Abano Terme, Padova, Italy. Strain AF/04^T was Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped, occurring in pairs, or filamentous. The isolate grew between 55 and 67°C (optimum 65°C) and at pH 6.0–7.5 (optimum pH 7.2). The strain was aerobic and grew on maltose, trehalose, and sodium acetate as sole carbon sources. The G + C content of DNA was 53.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AF/04^T falls within the genus Anoxybacillus. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain AF/04^T and the type strains of recognized Anoxybacillus species ranged from 95 to 99%. Chemotaxonomic data (major isoprenoid quinone–menaquinone-7; major fatty acid iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0) supported the affiliation of strain AF/04^T to the genus Anoxybacillus. Based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization data, it was proposed that strain AF/04^T (=DSM 17141^T = ATCC BAA 1156^T) should be placed in the genus Anoxybacillus as the type strain of a novel species, Anoxybacillus thermarum sp. nov.