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1.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. More than one third of the mammalian PLA2 enzymes belong to the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) family, which consists of low molecular mass, Ca2+-requiring enzymes with a His–Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2 enzymes exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and specific enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. The past decade has met a new era of the sPLA2 research field toward deciphering their in vivo functions by developing several specific tools and methods. These include i) the production of transgenic and knockout mouse lines for several sPLA2s, ii) the development of specific analytical tools including the production of large amounts of recombinant sPLA2 proteins, and iii) applying mass spectrometry lipidomics to unveil their specific enzymatic properties occurring in vivo. It is now obvious that individual sPLA2s are involved in diverse biological events through lipid mediator-dependent and -independent processes, act redundantly or non-redundantly in the context of physiology and pathophysiology, and may represent potential drug targets or novel bioactive molecules in certain situations. In this review, we will highlight the newest understanding of the biological roles of sPLA2s in the past few years. 相似文献
2.
Kohshi Kinkawa Shin Watanabe Kyozo Hayashi Seiji Inoue 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2010,395(3):377-381
Venomous snakes such as Gloydius brevicaudus have three distinct types of phospholipase A2 inhibitors (PLIα, PLIβ, and PLIγ) in their blood so as to protect themselves from their own venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Expressions of these PLIs in G. brevicaudus liver were found to be enhanced by the intramuscular injection of its own venom. The enhancement of gene expressions of PLIα and PLIβ in the liver was also found to be induced by acidic PLA2 contained in this venom. Furthermore, these effects of acidic PLA2 on gene expression of PLIs were shown to be unrelated to its enzymatic activity. These results suggest that these venomous snakes have developed the self-protective system against their own venom, by which the venom components up-regulate the expression of anti-venom proteins in their liver. 相似文献
3.
Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias Paula Ladeira Ortolani Carlos Alexandre H. Fernandes Kelli Roberta Lobo Lutiana Amaral de Melo Márcia Helena Borges Wallance Moreira Pazin Mário de Oliveira Neto Roberto Morato Fernandez Marcos Roberto M. Fontes 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics》2014,1844(9):1569-1579
Several snake species possess endogenous phospholipase A2 inhibitors (sbPLIs) in their blood plasma, the primary role of which is protection against an eventual presence of toxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from their venom glands in the circulation. These inhibitors have an oligomeric structure of, at least, three subunits and have been categorized into three classes (α, β and γ) based on their structural features. SbγPLIs have been further subdivided into two subclasses according to their hetero or homomeric nature, respectively. Despite the considerable number of sbγPLIs described, their structures and mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. In the present study, we focused on the native structure of CNF, a homomeric sbγPLI from Crotalus durissus terrificus, the South American rattlesnake. Based on the results of different biochemical and biophysical experiments, we concluded that, while the native inhibitor occurs as a mixture of oligomers, tetrameric arrangement appears to be the predominant quaternary structure. The inhibitory activity of CNF is most likely associated with this oligomeric conformation. In addition, we suggest that the CNF tetramer has a spherical shape and that tyrosinyl residues could play an important role in the oligomerization. The carbohydrate moiety, which is present in most sbγPLIs, is not essential for the inhibitory activity, oligomerization or complex formation of the CNF with the target PLA2. A minor component, comprising no more than 16% of the sample, was identified in the CNF preparations. The amino-terminal sequence of that component is similar to the B subunits of the heteromeric sbγPLIs; however, the role played by such molecule in the functionality of the CNF, if any, remains to be determined. 相似文献
4.
Among the emerging phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca2+-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA2 enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA2 enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA2 isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA2s. 相似文献
5.
Ji-Fu Wei Xiao-long Wei Qiu-Yu Chen Tian Huang Li-Ya Qiao Wan-Yu Wang Yu-Liang Xiong Shao-Heng He 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2006
A novel phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with Asn at its site 49 was purified from the snake venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus by using SP-Sephadex C25, Superdex 75, Heparin-Sepharose (FF) and HPLC reverse-phage C18 chromatography and designated as TM-N49. It showed a molecular mass of 13.875 kDa on MALDI-TOF. TM-N49 does not possess enzymatic, hemolytic and hemorrhagic activities. It fails to induce platelet aggregation by itself, and does not inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP. However, it exhibits potent myotoxic activity causing inflammatory cell infiltration, severe myoedema, myonecrosis and myolysis in the gastrocnemius muscles of BALB/c mice. Phylogenetic analysis found that that TM-N49 combined with two phospholipase A2s from Trimeresurus stejnegeri, TsR6 and CTs-R6 cluster into one group. Structural and functional analysis indicated that these phospholipase A2s are distinct from the other subgroups (D49 PLA2, S49 PLA2 and K49 PLA2) and represent a unique subgroup of snake venom group II PLA2, named N49 PLA2 subgroup. 相似文献
6.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a common toxic component of snake venom, has been implicated in various pharmacological effects. In this study, a basic myotoxic PLA2, named EcTx-I was isolated from Echis carinatus snake venom by using gel filtration on Superdex G-75, and reverse phase HPLC on C18 and C8 Sepharose columns. PLA2, EcTx-I was 13,861.72 molecular weight as estimated by MALDI-TOF (15 kD by SDS-PAGE), and consisted of 121 amino acid residues cross-linked by seven disulfide bonds. The N-terminal sequences revealed significant homology with basic myotoxic PLA2s from other snake venoms. The purified PLA2 EcTx-I was evaluated (250 μg/ml) for bactericidal activity of a wide variety of human pathogens against Burkholderia pseudomallei (KHW&TES), Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. EcTx-I showed strong antibacterial activity against B. pseudomallei (KHW) and E. aerogenes among the tested bacteria. Other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria showed only a moderate effect. However, the Gram-positive bacterium E. aerogenes failed to show any effect on EcTx-I protein at tested doses. The most significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of EcTx-I was observed at MICs of >15 μg/ml against (B. pseudomallei, KHW) and MICs >30 μg/ml against E. aerogenes. Mechanisms of bactericidal and membrane damaging effects were proved by ultra-structural analysis. EcTx-I was able to induce cytotoxicity on THP-1 cells in vitro as well as lethality in BALB/c mice. EcTx-I also induced mild myotoxic effects on mouse skin, but was devoid of hemolytic effects on human erythrocytes up to 500 μg/ml. It is shown that the toxic effect induced by E. carinatus venom is due to the presence of myotoxic PLA2 (EcTx-I). The result also corroborates the hypothesis of an association between toxic and enzymatic domains. In conclusion, EcTx-I displays a heparin binding C-terminal region, which is probably responsible for the cytotoxic and bactericidal effects. 相似文献
7.
A method for solid-phase detection of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was developed. The method uses 1-octanoyloxynaphthalene-3-sulfonic acid, which was found to be a good substrate of PLA2. The substrate is hydrolyzed by PLA2 into 1-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid, which is spontaneously coupled with coexisting diazonium salt to form a red-purple azo dye. Streptomyces and bovine pancreatic PLA2 spotted on a nitrocellulose membrane could be detected by this method with considerable sensitivity. In addition, colonies of recombinant Escherichia coli producing bacterial PLA2 were distinguishable from those producing an inactive mutant PLA2, facilitating high-throughput screening in directed evolution of the enzyme. 相似文献
8.
Human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnpsPLA2) is a group IIA phospholipase A2 which plays an important role in the innate immune response. This enzyme was found to exhibit bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive bacteria, but not Gram-negative ones. Though native hnpsPLA2 is active over a broad pH range, it is only highly active at alkaline conditions with the optimum activity pH of about 8.5. In order to make it highly active at neutral pH, we have obtained two hnpsPLA2 mutants, Glu89Lys and Arg100Glu that work better at neutral pH in a previous study. In the present study, we tested the bactericidal effects of the native hnpsPLA2 and the two mutants. Both native hnpsPLA2 and the two mutants exhibit bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, they can also kill Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium. The two mutants showed better bactericidal activity for E. coli at neutral pH than the native enzyme, which is consistent with the enzyme activities. As hnpsPLA2 is highly stable and biocompatible, it may provide a promising therapy for bacteria infection treatment or other bactericidal applications. 相似文献
9.
Investigations have been carried out on the influence of the phospholipid composition and the physicochemical properties of rat liver plasma membranes on the endogenous activity of membrane-bound phospholipase A2. The membrane phospholipid composition was modified by the incorporation of different phospholipids in the lipid bilayer by the aid of lipid transfer proteins. The results indicate that the endogenous activity of phospholipase A2 in liver plasma membranes depends upon membrane fluidity and not upon the presence of a specific phospholipid in the enzyme's microenvironment. 相似文献
10.
Sequence homologues of the bacterium Streptomyces violaceoruber and sea anemone Nematostella vectensis PLA2 pfam09056 members were identified in several bacteria, fungi and metazoans illustrating the evolution of this PLA2 sub-family. Comparison of their molecular structures revealed that bacteria and fungi members are part of the GXIV of PLA2s while metazoan representatives are similar with GIX PLA2 of the marine snail Conus magus. Members of GXIV and GIX PLA2s show modest overall sequence similarity (21–35%) but considerable motif conservation within the putative Ca2+-binding, catalytic sites and cysteine residue positions which are essential for enzyme function. GXIV PLA2s of bacteria and fungi typically contain four cysteine residues composing two intramolecular disulphide bonds. GIX PLA2 homologues were identified in cnidarians and molluscs and in a single tunicate but appear to be absent from other metazoan genomes. The mature GIX PLA2 deduced peptides contain up to ten cysteine residues capable of forming five putative disulphide bonds. Three disulphide bonds were identified in GIX PLA2s, two of which correspond to those localized in GXIV PLA2s. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that metazoan GIX PLA2s cluster separate from the bacterial and fungal GXIV PLA2s and both pfam09056 members form a group separate from the prokaryote and eukaryote GXIIA PLA2 pfam06951. Duplicate PLA2 pfam09056 genes were identified in the genomes of sea anemone N. vectensis and oyster Crassostrea gigas suggest that members of this family evolved via species-specific duplication events. These observations indicate that the newly identified metazoan pfam09056 members may be classified as GIX PLA2s and support the idea of the common evolutionary origin of GXIV and GIX PLA2 pfam09056 members, which emerged early in bacteria and were maintained in the genomes of fungi and selected extant metazoan taxa. 相似文献
11.
Uffe Bernchou Jensen 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2005,1715(1):1-5
The behavior of a fluid supported membrane during hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 is for the first time visualized by time-resolved fluorescence imaging. After a lag phase, hydrolysis proceeds from the boundary of existing holes and via nucleation of new holes. During subsequent hydrolysis, the shape of the membrane boundary is determined both by hydrolysis and by shape relaxations due to the action of line tension. This is manifested by the appearance of Rayleigh instabilities in membrane rims and by an effect analogous to domain coarsening in phase transitions in which membrane holes decay when they are within a certain distance from larger and expanding holes. 相似文献
12.
Previous work in our laboratory described the in vitro killing of Borrelia burgdorferi when co-cultured with saliva from adult Amblyomma americanum. Borreliacidal activity was not evident using Ixodes scapularis saliva. Mixing trypsin with saliva eliminated the borreliacidal activity of A. americanum saliva, while incorporating a trypsin inhibitor restored all borreliacidal activity, indicating this factor was of protein or peptide origin. One-dimensional PAGE indicated at least 7 major protein differences between I. scapularis and A. americanum saliva. To determine the borreliacidal factor, A. americanum saliva was fractionated by gel filtration and subsequent killing of B. burgdorferi was associated with a single fraction. Two-dimensional gel analysis indicated protein and/or peptide(s) in borreliacidal fractions running between 38 and 64 kDa. Finally, admixing saliva with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor oleyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine completely eliminated the ability of A. americanum saliva to kill B. burgdorferi. These studies indicate the borreliacidal activity found in A. americanum saliva is likely due to phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity. 相似文献
13.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a venom phospholipase A2 from the bumblebee Bombus ignitus
Yu Xin Young Moo Choo Zhigang Hu Kwang Sik Lee Hyung Joo Yoon Zheng Cui Hung Dae Sohn Byung Rae Jin 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2009,154(2):195-202
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the main components of bee venom. Here, we identify a venom PLA2 from the bumblebee, Bombus ignitus. Bumblebee venom PLA2 (Bi-PLA2) cDNA, which was identified by searching B. ignitus venom gland expressed sequence tags, encodes a 180 amino acid protein. Comparison of the genomic sequence with the cDNA sequence revealed the presence of four exons and three introns in the Bi-PLA2 gene. Bi-PLA2 is an 18-kDa glycoprotein. It is expressed in the venom gland, cleaved between the residues Arg44 and Ile45, and then stored in the venom sac. Comparative analysis revealed that the mature Bi-PLA2 (136 amino acids) possesses features consistent with other bee PLA2s, including ten conserved cysteine residues, as well as a highly conserved Ca2+-binding site and active site. Phylogenetic analysis of bee PLA2s separated the bumblebee and honeybee PLA2 proteins into two groups. The mature Bi-PLA2 purified from the venom of B. ignitus worker bees hydrolyzed DBPC, a known substrate of PLA2. Immunofluorescence staining of Bi-PLA2-treated insect Sf9 cells revealed that Bi-PLA2 binds at the cell membrane and induces apoptotic cell death. 相似文献
14.
Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 antagonists inhibit multiple endocytic membrane trafficking pathways 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anne M. Doody 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2009,388(4):695-699
Previous studies have suggested a role for cytosolic Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in the formation of endosome membrane tubules that participate in the export of transferrin (Tf) and transferrin receptors (TfR) from sorting endosomes (SEs) and the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). Here we show that the PLA2 requirement is a general feature of endocytic trafficking. The reversible cytoplasmic PLA2 antagonist ONO-RS-082 (ONO) produced a concentration-dependent, differential block in the endocytic recycling of both low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and TfRs, and in the degradative pathways of LDL and epidermal growth factor (EGF). These results are consistent with the model that a cytoplasmic PLA2 plays a general role in the export of cargo from multiple endocytic compartments by mediating the formation of membrane tubules. 相似文献
15.
Zied Zarai Habib Horchani Nacim Zouari Hafedh Mejdoub 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2010,494(2):121-129
A marine snail digestive phospholipase A2 (mSDPL) was purified from delipidated hepatopancreas. Unlike known digestive phospholipases A2, which are 14 kDa proteins, the purified mSDPL has a molecular mass of about 30 kDa. It has a specific activity of about 180 U/mg measured at 50 °C and pH 8.5 using phosphatidylcholine liposomes as a substrate in the presence of 4 mM NaTDC and 6 mM CaCl2. The N-terminal amino-acid of the purified mSDPL does not share any homology with known phospholipases.Moreover, the mSDPL exhibits hemolytic activity in intact erythrocytes and can penetrate phospholipid monolayers at high surface pressure, comparable to snake venom PLA2. These observations suggest that mSDPL could be toxic to mammal cells. However, mSDPL can be classified as a member of a new family of enzymes. It should be situated between the class of toxic phospholipase A2 from venoms and another class of non toxic pancreatic phospholipase A2 from mammals. 相似文献
16.
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. Prxs are ubiquitous enzymes with representatives found in Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Many 1-cysteine peroxiredoxins (1-CysPrx) are dual-function enzyme with both peroxidase and acidic Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) activities. The functions proposed for 1-CysPrx/aiPLA2 include the protection of cell membrane phospholipids against oxidative damage (peroxidation) and the metabolism (hydrolysis) of phospholipids, such as those of lung surfactant. The peroxidase active site motif PVCTTE of 1-CysPrx contains the conserved catalytic cysteine residue, and the esterase (lipase) motif GXSXG of the enzyme contains the conserved catalytic serine residue. In addition to the classic lipase motif GXSXG, various 1-CysPrx/aiPLA2s have closely related variant putative lipase motifs containing the catalytic serine residue. The PLA2 moieties are prevalent and highly homologous in vertebrate and bacterial 1-CysPrx/aiPLA2s that is consistent with a high degree evolutional conservation of the enzyme. 相似文献
17.
Julián Fernández José María Gutiérrez Yamileth Angulo Libia Sanz Paula Juárez Juan J. Calvete Bruno Lomonte 《Biochimie》2010
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are major components of snake venoms, exerting a variety of relevant toxic actions such as neurotoxicity and myotoxicity, among others. Since the majority of toxic PLA2s are basic proteins, acidic isoforms and their possible roles in venoms are less understood. In this study, an acidic enzyme (BaspPLA2-II) was isolated from the venom of Bothrops asper (Pacific region of Costa Rica) and characterized. BaspPLA2-II is monomeric, with a mass of 14,212 ± 6 Da and a pI of 4.9. Its complete sequence of 124 amino acids was deduced through cDNA and protein sequencing, showing that it belongs to the Asp49 group of catalytically active enzymes. In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that BaspPLA2-II, in contrast to the basic Asp49 counterparts present in the same venom, lacks myotoxic, cytotoxic, and anticoagulant activities. BaspPLA2-II also differed from other acidic PLA2s described in Bothrops spp. venoms, as it did not show hypotensive and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Furthermore, this enzyme was not lethal to mice at intravenous doses up to 100 μg (5.9 μg/g), indicating its lack of neurotoxic activity. The only toxic effect recorded in vivo was a moderate induction of local edema. Therefore, the toxicological characteristics of BaspPLA2-II suggest that it does not play a key role in the pathophysiology of envenomings by B. asper, and that its purpose might be restricted to digestive functions. Immunochemical analyses using antibodies raised against BaspPLA2-II revealed that acidic and basic PLA2s form two different antigenic groups in B. asper venom. 相似文献
18.
A phospholipase A2 was isolated from the snake venom of Chinese Agkistrodon blomhoffii Ussurensis by column chromatography using DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography and Mono Q ion-exchange chromatography, and designated as Akbu-PLA2. It showed an average molecular mass of 13,980 ± 3 amu determined by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. Protein identification results from HPLC-nESI-MS/MS analysis indicated that the Akbu-PLA2 was a new snake venom acidic PLA2. Seven peptides were sequenced from Akbu-PLA2 by HPLC-nESI-MS/MS analysis. Sequencing alignment indicated that Akbu-PLA2 shared homolog peptides of phospholipases A2 from the venoms of Gloydius ussurensis, Gloydius halys, Gloydius halys (halys viper), Deinagkistrodon acutus and Agkistrodon halys Pallas. Akbu-PLA2 has an optimum hydrolytic activity temperature of ∼45 °C. The intrinsic fluorescences of Tyr and Trp residues of Akbu-PLA2 showed emission wavelengths red-shifted by 13.6 and 1.6 nm from those of free Tyr and Trp, respectively. Akbu-PLA2 was shown to contain one Ca2+ per monomer by ICP-AES measurement. The Ca2+ ion was found to be critical for both the hydrolytic activity and the structure of Akbu-PLA2. Ca2+ increased the emission fluorescence intensity and the hydrophobicity of the environment of Akbu-PLA2. The hydrolytic activity of Akbu-PLA2 was accelerated due to the addition of Ca2+ ion by enhancing the substrate binding. However, a protein component with the molecular weight two-fold relative to that of Akbu-PLA2 was found to be difficult to eliminate for the purification of Akbu-PLA2. HPLC-nESI-MS/MS detected the same peptides from it as from Abku-PLA2, which indicated that it should be a homodimer of Akbu-PLA2. A proteomic approach, 2D SDS-PAGE coupled to HPLC-nESI-MS/MS, supported the co-existence of the Akbu-PLA2 monomer and dimer in the crude snake venom. Results from the combination of phosphoprotein and glycoprotein specific stains combined with the HPLC-nESI-MS/MS method indicated that both the Akbu-PLA2 monomer and dimer were both phosphorylated and glycosylated. The addition of exogenous Ca2+ ion was found to be able to promote the dimer formation of Akbu-PLA2. We conclude that a novel PLA2 was successfully obtained. The systemically biochemical, proteomic, structural and functional characterization results from Akbu-PLA2 reveal new threads and provide valuable inputs for the study of snake venom phospholipases A2. 相似文献
19.
Reaction progress curves for the hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine by pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 exhibits a latency phase. Addition of 1-palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine to the preformed vesicles reduces the latency phase and enhances the binding of phospholipase A2 to the vesicles. In contrast, the binary codispersions prepared from diacylphospholipids premixed with lysophosphatidylcholine do not exhibit such enhanced susceptibility to the phospholipase. This effect appears to be due to organizational defects created by asymmetrical incorporation of lysophospholipid molecules into the outer monolayer of the vesicles, and the action of phospholipase is not observed when the additive is equilibrated in both the monolayers of the vesicles. 相似文献
20.
Thomas Kaasgaard Thomas L. Andresen Simon S. Jensen Lotte T. Jensen 《Chemistry and physics of lipids》2009,157(2):94-103
Two lipophilic methotrexate analogues have been synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against KATO III and HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Both analogues contained a C16-alkyl chain attached to the γ-carboxylic acid and one of the analogues had an additional benzyl group attached to the α-carboxylic acid. The cytotoxicity of the γ-alkylated compound towards KATO III (IC50 = 55 nM) and HT-29 (IC50 = 400 nM) cell lines, was unaffected by the alkylation, whereas the additional benzyl group on the α-carboxyl group made the compound nontoxic. The γ-derivative with promising cytotoxicity was incorporated into liposomes that were designed to be particularly susceptible to a liposome degrading enzyme, secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), which is found in high concentrations in tumors of several different cancer types. Liposome incorporation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and sPLA2 hydrolysis was examined by fluorescence spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the methotrexate (MTX)-analogue could be incorporated into liposomes that were degradable by sPLA2. However, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the MTX-liposomes against KATO III and HT-29 cancer cells was found to be independent of sPLA2 hydrolysis, indicating that the alkylated MTX-analogue was available for cancer cell uptake even in the absence of liposome hydrolysis. Using a DSC based method for assessing the anchoring stability of alkylated compounds in liposomes, it was demonstrated that the MTX-analogue partitioned into the water phase and thereby became available for cell uptake. It was concluded that liposomes containing alkylated MTX-analogues show promise as a drug delivery system, although the MTX-analogue needs to be more tightly anchored to the liposomal carrier. Also, the developed DSC-assay for studying the anchoring stability of alkylated drugs will be a useful tool in the development of liposomal drug delivery systems. 相似文献