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1.
The main objective of our research is characterization of various motor profiles among primary school age children. We examined 89 Moscow schoolchildren of 8-10 years old, not involved in sports. We analyzed 25 indices from psychomotor, psychophysiologic, posturography and locomotor testing during our research. Children were divided in 4 groups according to its motor coordination character similarity by applying cluster analysis (k-means method). Thereby we obtained 4 clusters which, as we suppose, can be identified as different types of motor coordination or "individual motor profiles" of 8-10 years old children. The results of our research shows that there are no significant differences in age, gender, body composition within clusters, thus it can be used during sport-selection process. The most typical features of 1st cluster representatives are: the ability to anticipate and a high wrist speed; the 2nd cluster representatives are more successful in rapid, rhythmic, automatic actions, based on a mechanism of intrinsic programming. Representatives of the 3rd cluster are notable for a low level of postural control, smooth, accurate and rhythmic arm actions based on a visual feedback, and advanced sense of tempo and space sense. Representatives of the 4th cluster shows highest level of development of coordination ability, which are significant for them in reaching results in various hard-coordination sports and labor activities. 相似文献
2.
Srhoj Lj 《Collegium antropologicum》2002,26(2):539-543
A battery of 21 motor tests as predictor variables and evaluation of motor performance of cicilion, a Croatian folk dance from the island of Hvar as a criterion variable, were used in a sample of 101 female fifth-grade students aged 11 years. Regression analysis showed the changed group of motor variables to be a good predictor of success in performing the cicilion folk dance with multiple correlation of 0.63. The flexibility variable of astride trunk bending forwards and frequency variable of hand tapping had greatest impact on the criterion. A considerable favorable impact was also recorded for the variables for assessment of rhythmic coordination, balance, agility on ground, and repetitive strength of the trunk. 相似文献
3.
O. A. Tarasova 《Neurophysiology》2008,40(2):121-129
Electroencephalographic examination of 7-to 9-year-old children with sensorineural deafness of degrees II and III included
EEG recording in the resting state, in the course of reaction of activation (at opening of the eyes), under conditions of
rhythmic photostimulation with frequencies of 4, 6, 9, and 12 sec−1 and under those of the hyperventilation test. The results allow us to conclude that systems responsible for generation of
EEG in hard-of-hearing children demonstrate some functionally immaturity. The following facts confirm the above conclusion.
As compared with the norm, greater normalized spectral powers (SPs) of the delta and theta rhythms, a higher intensity of
electrogenesis (integral power of oscillations) within all frequency ranges, and a smaller mean frequency of the dominant
rhythm were typical of hard-of-hearing children. In these children, the reaction of activation in the majority of cases looked
like incomplete suppression of the alpha rhythm. Upon rhythmic photostimulation, hard-of-hearing boys and girls demonstrated
following of the rhythm at frequencies of 4 and 6 sec−1 while children with normal hearing demonstrated that at 9 and 12 sec−1 frequencies. The characteristics of EEG reactions under the conditions of the hyperventilation test reflected the immaturity
of the fronto-thalamic controlling system, as well as certain dysfunction of lower brainstem regions in children with disorders
of hearing.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 137–146, March–April, 2008. 相似文献
4.
S. R. Soffe 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(6):711-715
Young Xenopus tadpoles were used to test whether the pattern of discharge in specific sensory neurons can determine the motor response
of a whole animal. Young Xenopus tadpoles show two main rhythmic behaviours: swimming and struggling. Touch-sensitive skin sensory neurons in the spinal cord
of immobilised tadpoles were penetrated singly or in pairs using microelectrodes to allow precise control of their firing
patterns. A single impulse in one Rohon-Beard neuron (= light touch) could sometimes trigger “fictive” swimming. Two to six
impulses at 30–50 Hz (= a light stroke) reliably triggered fictive swimming. Neither stimulus evoked fictive struggling. Twenty-five
or more impulses at 30–50 Hz (= pressure) could evoke a pattern of rhythmic bursts, distinct from swimming and suitable to
drive slower, stronger movements. This pattern showed some or all the characteristics of “fictive” struggling. These results
demonstrate clearly that sensory neurons can determine the pattern of motor output simply by their pattern of discharge. This
provides a simple form of behavioural selection according to stimulus.
Accepted: 28 November 1996 相似文献
5.
Initiation of rapid discrete flexion movements is significantly altered when a secondary rhythmic movement is performed simultaneously
with the same limb; the onset of a stimulus-evoked discrete movement tends to occur time-locked to the oscillation: i.e.,
the rhythmic movement entrains the discrete response. This nonlinear interaction may reflect a specific principle of coordination
of motor tasks which are simultaneously executed with the same effector. This part II of a tripartite research report on such
single-muscle multiple-task coordination investigates the contribution of the dynamic properties of the muscle and its reflex
circuitry to phase entrainment. Assuming a simple threshold-linear relationship between the control signals generated by the
central nervous system and the observable kinematic and electromyographic signals, a secondary rhythmic movement will cause
an additional phase-dependent delay between the central “go” command and the first observable change in actual kinematics
of the compound movement. Several indicators for such threshold-linear interaction are derived and tested on real data obtained
in psychophysical experiments. Four healthy subjects performed rapid lateral abductions of the index finger in response to
a visual “go” signal. During a portion of the experiments, subjects produced additional low-amplitude oscillatory movements
before stimulus presentation with either the same finger (one-handed task), or with the index finger of the other hand (two-handed
task). Results showed phase entrainment and modulation of reaction times when the cyclic and the discrete movements were simultaneously
executed by the same finger. But there was no entrainment in the bimanual execution of the tasks. The model was capable of
reproducing the observed effects. It is concluded that coordination of voluntary movements which are concurrently performed
by the same effector involves specific discontinuous operations, which represents an essential part of the mechanism of motor
coordination. Phase entrainment reflects this characteristic discontinuous behavior of the lower stages of motor execution
and does not necessarily require nonlinear interaction of motor commands at higher levels of motor processing.
Received: 5 September 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 19 December 2001 相似文献
6.
Background Studies have shown that pets are very important sensitizing agents in patients with asthma. Respiratory disorders and allergic
diseases are common in the State of Qatar.
Objective The aim of the present study was to determine whether exposure to pets and domestic animals plays a significant role in the
development of asthma and allergic rhinitis among Qatari school children aged 6–14 years.
Design A cross-sectional prospective study.
Setting Public schools for boys and girls in urban and semi-urban areas.
Subjects A total of 3,500 Qatari school boys and girls aged 6–14 years were approached. After exclusion of those who did not give consent
for the study and incomplete questionnaires, 3,283 (98.3%) participants were included in the data analysis.
Methods A multistage sampling technique was used and different schools from urban and semi-urban areas were selected. A standard questionnaire
was distributed to parents of randomly selected school children aged 6–14 years between February 2003 and February 2004.
Results The overall prevalence of asthma was 19.8% and the mean age of the children was 9.0 ± 2.0 years. The male and female percentages
were 52.3% and 47.7% respectively. Nine hundred and ninety-six families out of 3,283 (30.3%) owned pets. It was found that
among children with no family history of asthma, the relative risk (RR) of asthma with pets at home was 1.19 and the 95% confidence
interval (CI) was 1.0–1.4 (P = 0.025). The RR of having allergic rhinitis was 1.60 (95% CI = 1.4–1.8; P < 0.001) and risk of having eczema was also significantly higher in participants with pets at home (RR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.1–1.5;
P < 0.001).
Conclusion In the present study, the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema was significantly more common in families with
domestic animals than in those without. 相似文献
7.
Ann E. Kammer Sue C. Kinnamon 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1979,130(1):29-37
The development of the flight motor pattern was studied by recording acutely with fine wire electrodes inserted in the thoracic
muscles of pharate moths of known age and by recording chronically for up to 8 days with implanted electrodes. Externally
visible morphological characteristics by which the age of a pharateManduca sexta can be established were identified (Table 1).
Bouts of activity lasting approximately 30 min to 2 h and alternating with inactive periods of similar duration were recorded
as early as the ninth day after pupation and on all successive days until early on the day of eclosion, typically 19 days
after pupation (Figs. 1,5). During the 3 days preceding the day of eclosion a rhythmic flight motor pattern was produced (Fig.
2). The rhythmic activity ceased 51/2–101/2 h before eclosion and only an occasional, large potential change was recorded from the thoracic muscles during this time
(Fig. 3).
During the 3 days of rhythmic activity the percent-age of time that the animal was active did not change (Fig. 4). The flight
motor pattern matured, in that the cycle-time decreased and became less variable (Fig. 6). The approximate flight phase relationship
between an elevator muscle and the dorsal longitudinal depressor muscle did not become less variable as the cycle-time improved.
The flight motor pattern produced by pharate moths caused neither movement of the scutum nor an increase in thoracic temperature
in marked contrast to the consequences of adult motor activity (Fig. 7).
Intracellular recording from the dorsal longitudinal muscle of pharate moths 20–30 h before eclosion showed that, after repeated
stimulation of the motor nerve at 2/s, only small junctional potentials were elicited (Fig. 8). A burst of 6 stimuli at 50/s
elicited 2–5 active membrane responses and a contraction. These observations explain the absence of thoracic movement in immature
animals producing the flight motor pattern and the presence of movement in immature animals stimulated to eclose. They also
show that the neuromuscular junction matures rapidly during the day before eclosion. 相似文献
8.
I. Tzovenis E. Fountoulaki N. Dolapsakis I. Kotzamanis I. Nengas I. Bitis Y. Cladas A. Economou-Amilli 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(4):457-469
Mediterranean mariculture uses imported strains of marine phytoplankton, raising questions of ecological risk and ability
to adapt to local conditions for mass culture outdoors. In this context, we report here on the mass-culture potential and
chemical composition of six strains of Prasinophyceae (five strains of Tetraselmis sp. and one Pyramimonas sp.) isolated from a Greek coastal lagoon. Proximate composition had a pattern of 10–20% ash, 35–65% protein, 6–10% lipids,
and 25–45% other organics including carbohydrates. The amino acid profiles were typical for the marine representatives of
the class. All strains had a high PUFA content with dominant the ω3 fraction in four of them. The fatty acid profiles indicated
a Tetraselmis strain with high EPA (14%) and a Pyramimonas strain with high DHA (6%). These strains might be a good alternative for the common commercial strains used in Mediterranean
aquaculture. 相似文献
9.
The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of special programmed physical education including dance, aerobics and rhythmic gymnastics on the development of motor and functional abilities and morphological characteristics of female fourth-grade high-schoolers in Zagreb. A total sample of 220 high-schoolers aged 16-18 years were divided into two groups: experimental group of 115 students attending the program composed of dance structures and aerobics, and control group of 105 students attending classic program of physical education. A set of 3 morphological variables, 6 motor variables and one functional variable were applied in both groups on three occasions during an academic year (initial, transient and final measurements). Two-factor analysis of variance (MANOVA repeated measure design) showed the experimental program to significantly influence the development of coordination/agility and specific rhythm coordination, functional aerobic ability, repetitive and explosive strength and flexibility, along with significant reduction of overweight and adipose tissue. Study results clearly indicate that the existing programs of physical education should be revised and replaced by more appropriate ones. 相似文献
10.
Takashi Torigoe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(4):497-506
A captive troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) was presented with a nylon rope, a wooden cube, and an iron tube, and their subsequent manipulations were observed in detail.
In total, 202 manipulation patterns were distinguished on the basis of three components: the actions performed, body-parts
used, and relations to other objects. The developmental changes in these modes of manipulation were analyzed cross-sectionally,
revealing four characteristics: (1) the most manipulative members of the troop were those aged 2–3 and 4–6 years old; (2)
most of the manipulatory repertoire appeared by 4–6 years old; (3) actions such as Roll, Rub, and Slide and the use of bodyparts
continued to increase in variety until 4–6 years old, while the variety of other actions showed plateaus after 2–3 years old
or an earlier age; and (4) secondary manipulations appeared at 1 year old and continued to increase in variety even after
4–6 years old. 相似文献
11.
Katrijn Opstoel Johan Pion Marije Elferink-Gemser Esther Hartman Bas Willemse Renaat Philippaerts Chris Visscher Matthieu Lenoir 《PloS one》2015,10(5)
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate to what extent 9 to 11 year old children participating in a specific sport already exhibit a specific anthropometric, physical fitness and motor coordination profile, in line with the requirements of that particular sport. In addition, the profiles in children with a different training volume were compared and possible differences in training hours per week between children from a low, moderate, and high level of physical fitness and motor coordination were investigated.DiscussionThe study showed that in general, children at a young age do not exhibit sport-specific characteristics, except in children with a high training volume. It is possible that on the one hand, children have not spent enough time yet in their sport to develop sport-specific qualities. On the other hand, it could be possible that they do not take individual qualities into account when choosing a sport. 相似文献
12.
13.
Magnesium chelatase is the first unique enzyme of the bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. It consists of three subunits
(BchI, BchD, and BchH). Amino acid sequence analysis of the Rhodobacter capsulatus BchH revealed a novel cysteine motif (393CX2CX3CX14C) that was found in only six other proteobacteria (CX2CX3CX11–14C). The cysteine motif is likely to coordinate an unprecedented [Fe–S] cluster. Purified BchH demonstrated absorbance in the
460 nm region. This absorbance was abolished in BchH proteins with alanine substitutions at positions Cys396 and Cys414. These
modified proteins were also EPR silent. In contrast, wild type BchH protein in the reduced state showed EPR signals resembling
those of a [4Fe–4S] cluster with rhombic symmetry and g values at 1.90, 1.93, and 2.09, superimposed with a [3Fe–4S] cluster centered at g = 2.02. The [3Fe–4S] signal was observed independently of the [4Fe–4S] signal under oxidizing conditions. Mg-chelatase activity
assays showed that the cluster is not catalytic. We suggest that the [4Fe–4S] and [3Fe–4S] signals originate from a single
coordination site on the monomeric BchH protein and that the [4Fe–4S] cluster is sensitive to oxidation. It is speculated
that the cluster participates in the switching between aerobic and anaerobic life of the proteobacteria. 相似文献
14.
D. A. Starkova T. F. Otten I. V. Mokrousov A. A. Vyazovaya B. I. Vishnevsky O. V. Narvskaya 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2013,49(9):909-914
Mycobacterium avium are typical environmental, non-tuberculosis microorganisms that occasionally cause mycobacteriosis, an infectious disease in wild and domestic animals, birds, and humans. Here, we report the results of the first study on the genetic diversity of the Russian population of M. avium. A total of 85 M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) clinical strains were isolated from patients (including 30 HIV-positive individuals) with mycobacteriosis in St. Petersburg, 2008–2011. The identification of the microorganisms was carried out using biochemical tests and the PCR detection of the mobile elements IS901 and IS900, as well as of the polymorphism of restriction fragments of the hsp65 gene. The genetic diversity of the isolates was evaluated by VNTR typing based on eight variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) (292, X3, 25, 47, 3, 7, 10, and 32 [Thibault et al., 2007]). The MAH population studied was characterized by 15 VNTR types, including nine unique patterns and six clusters of isolates with identical eight-digit profiles. The largest clusters (22221128 and 24221128) included 45 (59.2%) and 15 (19.7%) isolates, respectively; the others contained 2–7 strains. The strains of the cluster 2533112’8 possessed a truncated TR10 locus (allele 2′). Taking into account the absence of the epidemiological links between the patients and the fact that the infection was presumably delivered from the environment, the high rate of clustering of MAH isolates can be explained by the low discriminatory power of the eight-locus VNTR-typing scheme (HGDI 0–0.61). 相似文献
15.
Claudio Tennie Kathrin Greve Heinz Gretscher Josep Call 《Primates; journal of primatology》2010,51(4):337-351
Individuals observing a proficient model can potentially benefit by copying at least one of the following three elements:
motor movements (i.e., actions), goals, and results. Although several studies have investigated this issue in human infants,
there are still very few studies that have systematically examined great apes’ ability to spontaneously copy each of these
three elements (particularly in comparison with human infants). We tested great apes and human children with eight two-target
puzzle boxes—with varying levels of difficulty—to isolate the aspects that the various species may be more prone to copying.
We found first trial evidence for observational learning of actions, goals, and results in children. Some copying was found
for apes as well, but only if their performance was averaged across trials. 相似文献
16.
Ebrahim Norouzi Fatemehsadat Hossieni Mehran Solymani 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》2018,43(4):283-292
It is generally accepted that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have poor motor control, especially in bimanual coordination tasks. Such children characteristically have impaired fine motor ability, problems with force control, and poor motor coordination. They are at particular risk of loss of motor control and reduced bimanual coordination. We tested whether, compared to a control condition, neurofeedback training (NFT) could improve bimanual coordination among children with ADHD. 20 Children with ADHD (mean age 7.9 years; SD 2.11) were randomly assigned either to NFT or to a control condition. All participants completed a bimanual coordination test at the following time points: baseline, assessment 1, assessment 2, assessment 3, and again 12 session later at posttest. NFT consisted of Sensory Motor Rhythm (SMR) training to achieve increased SMR in C3 and C4, while participants in the control condition were under mock NFT conditions. Bimanual coordination accuracy and consistency improved from baseline to completion of the intervention (significant Time effect), but in the NFT condition (significant time?×?group interaction). Compared to the control condition, the NFT group had fewer errors in both patterns of bimanual coordination (significant Group effect). Among children with ADHD, SMR neurofeedback training (NFT) led to significant improvements in a bimanual coordination task. The SMR NFT thus appears to have the potential to improve and enhance the motor control of ADHD patients. 相似文献
17.
Right-handed subjects from four age groups, including children aged 5–6, 8–9, and 11–12 years and adults, performed simple
cyclical graphic movements of different degrees of coordination and serial complexity at the maximum possible rate with the
right and left hands holding the stylus either with their fingers or in the fist. The period of the cyclical movement decreased
with age, the decrease depending on which hand (the right or the left) was used and how the stylus was held. The frequency
of submovements only slightly depended on the age, was the same for the right and left hands, but did not depend on the type
of movement or the way of holding the stylus. The age-related increase in the maximal rate of graphic movements may have been
almost entirely accounted for by a decrease in the number of submovements constituting the movement cycle. The results are
discussed in terms of the notion of submovements as “elementary units” of graphic movements. 相似文献
18.
We investigated invariant perception to sizes of images. Observers were secondary school students aged 7–17 years and adults.
Two types of stimuli were used: fragmented line drawing of common objects and discs with deleted sectors which represented
illusory Kanizsa contours, when discs were in particular positions. In experiments with fragmented images, we found an improvement
in image recognition with observer’s age, increasing up to 13–14 years. The probability of recognition of fragmented line
drawings increased significantly with decreasing stimulus size for children aged 7–12 years, indicating that size invariance
at recognition for fragmented line drawings was absent in these children. However, size invariance was found for observers
aged 7–12 years and for adults in this task. Upon the Kanizsa illusion appearance, the ratio of the separation between discs
and disc diameter was smaller when we used larger disc diameters. This ratio increased with increasing age of observers. The
obtained results provide evidence for the absence of size invariance when perceiving the Kanizsa illusion under our experimental
conditions. 相似文献
19.
The aim of the study was to determine the relation of motor abilities and belly dance performance in female high school students, 1st to 4th graders aged 15-18 years. A battery of 19 motor tests were used and nine belly dance elements evaluated in the study sample that included 148 students aged 15-16 (1st and 2nd graders) and 123 students aged 17-18 (3rd and 4th graders). Factor analysis of the motor space isolated six factors in either study group: in 1st and 2nd graders, the first factor integrated coordination, trunk strength, aerobic and muscle endurance, and speed of lower extremity movements; second factor defined explosive strength; third factor defined flexibility; fourth factor defined rhythm coordination; fifth factor defined equilibrium; and sixth factor defined back musculature strength; in 3rd and 4th graders, the first factor integrated coordination and lower extremity explosive strength; second factor defined flexibility; third factor integrated trunk strength and aerobic-muscular endurance; fourth factor defined equilibrium; fifth factor defined rhythm coordination; and sixth factor defined lower extremity strength. Factor analysis of the scores allocated to particular belly dance elements isolated only one factor as a factor of the general specific ability for belly dance performance. Regression analysis in the latent space indicated the factor of flexibility, which is responsible for muscle tone regulation, to be the best predictor of belly dance performance in 1st and 2nd graders. In 3rd and 4th graders, the factor of rhythm coordination was found to be superior in predicting belly dance performance, followed by the factor of trunk strength and aerobic-muscular endurance, the factor integrating coordination and lower extremity strength, and factor of equilibrium. 相似文献
20.
Kamaldeep K. Gill Jeffy Rajan Soundara Rajan Daniel Goldowitz Jill G. Zwicker 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2020,19(4)
Motor impairments are a common feature of many neurodevelopmental disorders; in fact, over 50% of children with Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Autism Spectrum Disorder may have a co‐occurring diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). DCD is a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology that affects motor coordination and learning, significantly impacting a child's ability to carry out everyday activities. Animal models play an important role in scientific investigation of behaviour and the mechanisms and processes that are involved in control of motor actions. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach in the mouse directed to gain behavioral and genetic insights into DCD that is designed with high face validity, construct validity and predictive validity. Pre‐clinical and clinical expertise is used to establish a set of scientific criteria that the model will meet in order to investigate the potential underlying causes of DCD. 相似文献