1007型THUMPER心肺复苏机在急诊心肺复苏中的临床观察

目的观察1007型THUMPER心肺复苏机（萨勃机）在急诊心肺复苏中的临床效果。方法将114例心肺骤停患者分为萨勃机组59例和徒手心肺复苏组55例,两组患者均使用电除颤和药物治疗,比较两种方法在心肺复苏中的有效率。结果萨勃机组在心肺复苏中的有效率明显高于徒手心肺复苏组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但对患者的存活率无明显优势（P〉0.05）。结论 1007型THUMPER心肺复苏机在心肺复苏抢救中有效率得到提高,值得临床推广。     

影响心脏骤停患者心肺复苏成功率的因素分析

目的:分析我院心脏骤停患者心肺复苏的成功率,并探讨其影响因素。方法:选取198名行心肺复苏的心脏骤停患者为研究对象,实施心肺复苏,并记录患者一般情况、复苏开始时间和地点、复苏过程和复苏结局等多项指标,统计分析复苏效果。结果:1198名患者,72例取得最终复苏成功,心肺复苏成功率为36.4%;2不同年龄(=15.380,P0.001)、基础性疾病(x~2=11.465,P=0.043)、复苏开始时间(x~2=57.968,P0.001)、地点(x~2=61.384,P0.001)患者心肺复苏成功率差异有统计学意义,年龄16~60岁、非心血管疾病、心脏骤停5分钟内、院内开始心肺复苏者成功率较高;3复苏成功者和失败者复苏持续时间(t=-5.961,P0.001)和气道建立时间(t=-4.045,P=0.004)的差异具有统计学意义,成功者复苏持续时间要短于失败者,而气道建立时间要早于失败者。结论:快速建立人工气道,不盲目延长心肺复苏时间,提高心脏骤停患者心肺复苏的成功率。     

心肺复苏后大鼠神经元氧自由基的变化及卡尼汀的干预作用

目的:研究心肺复苏后大鼠脑细胞氧自由基的改变及卡尼汀的干预作用。方法:本实验采用窒息合并冰氯化钾停跳液致大鼠心跳骤停5min后开始心肺复苏的动物模型,SD大鼠88只,随机分为11组:对照组(假手术组)、复苏后3、12、24、48、72h组(每组8只),复苏后卡尼汀干预3、12、24、48、72h组(每组8只)。各组抽静脉血测定血液中丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果:心跳骤停/心肺复苏后各组大鼠血清中MDA含量较对照组显著升高(p<0.05),SOD活力显著降低(P<0.05)。使用卡尼汀干预后,血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),SOD活力基本正常(P<0.05)。结论:心肺复苏后大鼠氧自由基产生增多,清除减少;卡尼汀干预后,氧自由基产生减少。卡尼汀对心肺复苏后大鼠具有保护作用。     

心肺脑复苏(CPCR)成功11例体会

心跳呼吸骤停是临床急救医学最紧急而又困难并具有挑战意义的问题之一。如何提高心肺脑复苏（CPCR）的成功率,是临床急救医务人员所关注的问题。我院按照2005版国际心肺复苏指南的要求进行抢救的11例心跳呼吸骤停患者收到一定的效果,现报告如下。     

医院外突发急症现场自救互救知识讲座（五）：—心肺复苏（１）

(上接2000年第12期第13页)3　心肺复苏简介心肺复苏简称“CPR”(CardioPulmonaryResuscitation),是指用人工的方法对患者持续实施胸外心脏按压和口对口吹气人工呼吸。也就是说用挤压胸壁的方法迫使心脏被动向全身泵血,用口对口吹气的方法向患者肺部输送氧气,两者结合,代替了患者心脏和呼吸系统的工作,使患者的全身重要脏器尤其是大脑保持含氧的血液供应,避免了因缺氧而发生的脏器坏死。现场急救时心肺复苏必须持续进行,不能停顿,直到患者心脏恢复功能或专业急救人员到达。4　人工徒手心肺复苏术4.1　胸部捶击　胸部捶击是抢救心脏聚停的…     

心肺脑复苏后如何进行早期氧疗

心肺脑复苏（Cardiopulmonary—cerebralResuscitation,CPCR）是抢救心跳骤停（CardiacArrest）患者的重要手段,而早期氧疗（AcuteOxygenTherapy）是提高心肺脑复苏成功率的重要辅助措施。以往人们一直认为CPCR后应尽早给予患者高浓度氧疗;然而,近年认为早期氧疗不当非但达不到挽救心跳骤停患者生命、降低致残率之目的,反而会降低复苏成功率。基础研究和临床研究提示,与暴露于正常空气或低浓度氧气组相比,大脑缺氧后早期暴露于高浓度氧气中的动物或患者,脑组织损伤更加严重。其可能机制主要有高浓度氧含量引起的氧化应激和乳酸堆积造成的脑组织损伤。此外,复苏后高浓度氧疗还可造成心肌损伤,其主要机制有大量活性氧簇（ReactiveOxygenSpecies,ROS）造成心脏的继发性损伤、Ca2＋通道激活,引起血管收缩加重心肌缺血、K＋ATP通道关闭,造成心肌受损、血管紧张素Ⅱ释放增多和缩血管物质20-HETE生成增多,加重心肌缺血等。因此,在对复苏后病人进行氧疗过程中,目前主张限制复苏后早期氧疗。     

心肺复苏后脑复苏的研究进展

在过去的10年里,美国心脏学会进行了大量的基础和临床研究,于2010年10月颁布了《2010美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》［1］。新指南强调了早期心脏按压的重要性,简化了心肺复苏的流程,对心脏按压的质量提出了新的要求。随着医疗技术的发展,近年来心脏骤停后自主循环恢复的成功率虽然已经有了一定的提高,但是患者长时间存活率并未提高,仍有25％~50％的心跳骤停患者虽然恢复了自主循环,但仅有2％～10％的患者不出现神经功能缺陷［2］。临床上心肺复苏后脑功能完全恢复非常少见。     

心肺复苏的院前急救进展

<正>心脏骤停是指心脏突然停止跳动,造成有效排血停止,引起各脏器包括心脏本身缺血缺氧,从而导致患者突然死亡[1]。心肺复苏(CPR)是指各种原因所引起的心搏、呼吸骤停时实施的基本急救措施,其目的是保护心脏和脑等重要器官,并尽快恢复自主呼吸和循环功能,保持完善的脑功能[2]。有研究显示,心脏骤停10min后实施CPR的成功率几乎为零[3],每早1min复苏成功率提高10%。但目前我国的院前     

多媒体教学软件结合带领教学法在心肺复苏培训中的应用研究

目的：探讨采用多媒体教学软件结合带领教学法对医护人员进行心肺复苏培训的效果。方法：将参加心肺复苏培训的120名医护人员随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用传统的教学法,观察组采用多媒体教学软件结合带领教学法,培训结束后,对培训时间、技能考核情况和学生的反馈意见进行分析和评估。结果：对照组和观察组每次培训时间分别为（3．23±1．13）h和（2．75±0．75）h,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组学员的考核通过率分别为66．7％和83.3％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但前者在完成颈动脉检查这一环节上优于后者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。就学员的反馈意见而言,后者在教学效果主观评价要高于前者。结论：通过多媒体教学软件结合带领教学法进行心肺复苏培训,医护人员能有效掌握心肺复苏技能,有利于开展较大规模的培训活动,值得在院内培训中推广应用。     

心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤治疗理念及相关动物模型研究进展

心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤是一个复杂的病理生理变化过程,由多种损伤机制共同参与。自心肺复苏后系统性综合治疗和亚低温治疗在临床上广泛应用后,目前已有多种治疗理念在不同的动物实验和动物模型基础上被提出,包括缺血预处理、药物预处理、缺血后处理、和药物后处理,而后吸入麻醉药对心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用受到了人们的重视,而七氟烷后处理已经成为目前研究的热点之一。为了指导临床上的心肺复苏,人们一直在利用不同动物模型,探究不同保护方法,寻找有效的脑保护药物。而各种治疗理念的提出均是建立在动物实验和动物模型的基础上,窒息性心肺复苏模型模拟围术期气道梗阻,能较贴切的复制临床上由窒息引起的心肺复苏后脑损伤,对将来指导临床复苏具有重大意义。     

Examination of Physiological Function and Biochemical Disorders in a Rat Model of Prolonged Asphyxia-Induced Cardiac Arrest followed by Cardio Pulmonary Bypass Resuscitation

Background

Cardiac arrest induces whole body ischemia, which causes damage to multiple organs particularly the heart and the brain. There is clinical and preclinical evidence that neurological injury is responsible for high mortality and morbidity of patients even after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A better understanding of the metabolic alterations in the brain during ischemia will enable the development of better targeted resuscitation protocols that repair the ischemic damage and minimize the additional damage caused by reperfusion.

Method

A validated whole body model of rodent arrest followed by resuscitation was utilized; animals were randomized into three groups: control, 30 minute asphyxial arrest, or 30 minutes asphyxial arrest followed by 60 min cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) resuscitation. Blood gases and hemodynamics were monitored during the procedures. An untargeted metabolic survey of heart and brain tissues following cardiac arrest and after CPB resuscitation was conducted to better define the alterations associated with each condition.

Results

After 30 min cardiac arrest and 60 min CPB, the rats exhibited no observable brain function and weakened heart function in a physiological assessment. Heart and brain tissues harvested following 30 min ischemia had significant changes in the concentration of metabolites in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, the brain had increased lysophospholipid content. CPB resuscitation significantly normalized metabolite concentrations in the heart tissue, but not in the brain tissue.

Conclusion

The observation that metabolic alterations are seen primarily during cardiac arrest suggests that the events of ischemia are the major cause of neurological damage in our rat model of asphyxia-CPB resuscitation. Impaired glycolysis and increased lysophospholipids observed only in the brain suggest that altered energy metabolism and phospholipid degradation may be a central mechanism in unresuscitatable brain damage.     

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rat

A standardized method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rodents has been developed for anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and maintained by an alternating current delivered to the right ventricular endocardium. After 4 min of ventricular fibrillation, the chest was compressed with a pneumatic piston device. Eight of 14 animals were successfully resuscitated with DC countershock after 6 min of cardiac arrest. In confirmation of earlier studies from our laboratories in dogs, pigs, and human patients, this rodent model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation demonstrated large venoarterial [H+] and PCO2 gradients associated with reduced pulmonary excretion of CO2 during the low-flow state. Mean aortic pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, and end-tidal CO2 during chest compression were predictive of successful resuscitation.     

乌司他丁对体外循环法洛四联症患儿围心脏手术期循环和呼吸功能的影响

目的:探讨乌司他丁对体外循环法洛四联症患儿围心脏手术期循环和呼吸功能的影响。方法:选取我院于收治的60例法洛四联症婴幼儿参与研究,并将其随机分为对照组和试验组两组,每组患儿30例。其中试验组患儿在体外循环前以及患儿进行手术后的三天内每天均给予10000U/kg乌司他丁,而对照组患儿则在相应的时间点给予等量的生理盐水。分析比较两组患儿的体外循环时间、心脏停搏时间、手术时间、在监护室治疗的时间以及患儿术后住院时间和患儿肺部感染发生例数等临床病理情况。结果:所有入选患儿均痊愈出院,在两组患儿的手术操作情况和治疗效果对比中,对照组患儿的手术时间、体外循环时间和心脏停搏时间均显著低于试验组患儿,但重症监护时间及术后住院时间则高于试验组患儿;在两组患儿治疗后的循环功能指标比较中,试验组患儿超滤后CVP和血管活性药物均低于对照组患儿而超滤后MAP则显著高于对照组患儿;在两组患儿治疗后的呼吸功能指标的比较中,试验组患儿的动脉血氧分压明显高于对照组患儿以及试验组患儿的术后机械通气时间和肺部感染例数均低于对照组患儿,两组患儿的数据比较差异除手术时间、体外循环时间和心脏停搏时间外均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:乌司他丁对体外循环法洛四联症患儿围心脏手术期的循环和呼吸功能具有较好的保护作用,值得在临床上加以广泛推广和运用。     

可视喉镜气管插管对心跳骤停抢救患者血流动力学及心肺复苏质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨可视喉镜气管插管对心跳骤停抢救患者血流动力学及心肺复苏质量的影响。方法：选取联勤保障部队第九四〇医院于2020年4月~2022年5月期间收治的98例心跳骤停抢救患者为研究对象,根据插管方式将患者分为B组（可视喉镜气管插管,n=50）、A组（传统直接喉镜气管插管,n=48）。对比两组插管次数、声门暴露时间、插管时间、气道与牙齿损伤、心肺复苏质量及血流动力学指标变化情况,观察两组不良反应发生情况。结果：B组的插管次数少于A组,声门暴露时间、插管时间短于A组,气道与牙齿损伤比例少于A组（P<0.05）。B组的插管成功率、心肺复苏（CPR）成功率、存活率均高于A组（P<0.05）。B组插管后15 min的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）均低于A组同期（P<0.05）。B组的不良反应发生率低于A组（P<0.05）。结论：相比于传统直接喉镜气管插管用于心跳骤停抢救患者,可视喉镜气管插管可维持血流动力学稳定,提高插管成功率和心肺复苏质量,安全性较好。     

七氟醚对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肺功能的影响

目的:探讨七氟醚对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者心肺功能的影响。方法:选择行CABG治疗的冠心病患者60例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各30例,两组患者均采用静脉全麻,全麻后对照组仅给予面罩吸氧,生理盐水维持静脉通道通畅;观察组于体外循环心肺转流(CPB)开始即洗入1%七氟醚辅助麻醉,维持至CPB结束,观察麻醉前30min(T0)、术后2h(T1)、6h(T2)、24h(T3)、48h(T4)心肺功能变化。结果:1T1、T2、T3时间段观察组平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、左室射血分数(LVEF)低于对照组,T1-T4时间段观察组肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)低于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2T1、T2时间段两组患者潮气量(Vt)、肺活量(Vc)、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)降低,呼吸频率(RR)、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(PA-aO_2)呈增高趋势,T3、T4时间段下降;T1、T2时间段观察组Vt、Vc高于对照组,RR低于对照组,T1-T4时间段观察组PaO_2/FiO_2高于对照组,PA-aO_2低于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:七氟醚有助于维持CABG患者围术期心功能稳定,减轻心肌损伤,改善呼吸抑制。     

Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in swine: a research model

Similarities between humans and swine have been established on the basis of anatomic and physiologic characteristics. Consequently, the use of swine in biomedical research has increased over the last few decades. Most cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques in swine are only partial CPBs without cardiac arrest or aortic clamping. In addition, the post-operative period is often limited to a few hours. We decided to establish a swine model of total CPB with cardiac arrest and aortic clamping while allowing a post-operative period of 24 h. The purpose of this article is to describe our swine model that closely simulates the human situation in CPB surgery. Cardiac arrest with cardioplegia and aortic clamping was undertaken for 75 min. CPB was well-tolerated, and all pigs were weaned from it. Post-operative care was continued for 24 h. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes, characterized by reduced cardiac function, arrhythmias, and decreased oxygenation associated with ischemia-reperfusion and the inflammatory process under CPB, were recorded and compared to the same parameters in control pigs.     

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the mouse.

We sought to develop a model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation on mice that would be comparable to that of large mammals and would allow for more fundamental investigations on cardiopulmonary arrest and cardiac resuscitation. A model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation previously developed by our group on rats was adapted to anesthetized, mechanically ventilated adult male Institute of Cancer Research mice that weighed 46 +/- 3 g. The trachea was intubated through the mouth, and end-tidal PCO(2) (PET(CO(2))) was measured with a microcapnometer. Catheters were advanced into the aorta and into the right atrium, and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was computed. A 1.5-mA alternating current was delivered to the right ventricular endocardium, which produced ventricular fibrillation or a pulseless rhythm. Precordial compression was begun 4 min later. Ten sequential studies were performed, during which five animals were successfully resuscitated and five failed resuscitation efforts. Successful resuscitation was contingent on the restoration of threshold levels of CPP and PET(CO(2)) during chest compression. As in rats, swine, and human patients, threshold levels of mean aortic pressure, CPP, and PET(CO(2)) were critical determinates of resuscitability in this murine model of threshold level of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.     

纳洛酮对心搏骤停患者心肺复苏后氧化应激反应及缺血缺氧性脑病的影响

目的:探讨纳洛酮对心搏骤停患者心肺复苏(CPR)后氧化应激反应及缺血缺氧性脑病的影响。方法:将我院收治的78例骤停时间≤10 min的心搏骤停患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各39例。两组均按照美国心脏学会心肺复苏指南进行标准的心肺复苏,治疗组在此基础上静脉注射纳洛酮2 mg,复苏后用纳洛酮0.4 mg/(kg·d)微量注射泵24h持续泵入。比较两组的CPR成功率、血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,监测其不同时点脑氧摄取量(CEO2)的变化。结果:与对照组比较,治疗组自主循环恢复成功率、复苏后24 h存活率均显著升高(P<0.05)。自主循环恢复后,治疗组SOD、GSH-PX活性较对照组明显增加(P<0.05);复苏后24 h,两组MDA含量均显著升高,SOD、GSH-PX活性明显减弱,而治疗组各氧化应激指标明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者在复苏早期CEO2迅速升高,但在复苏后24 h开始下降,48~72 h处于相对稳定的水平,治疗组各时间点CEO2均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:纳洛酮可减轻心搏骤停患者CPR后体内氧化应激损伤和缺血缺氧性脑病,改善患者的预后。     

小型猪体外循环下心脏手术的麻醉

目的研究医学手术实验用小型猪体外循环下心脏手术的麻醉管理及麻醉效果。方法实验用小型猪34例,分为CPB下停跳组手术组（停跳组,18例）及CPB下并行手术组（并行组,16例）,行自体心包片三尖瓣置换术。记录实验中麻醉药物及血管活性药用量,基础麻醉、麻醉维持及麻醉苏醒时间,术后3天、一周存活状况等,并评价基础麻醉及全麻效果。结果 34例均在全麻下顺利完成手术,各期血流动力学平稳,仅停跳组一例术后3天内死亡,存活率97.1%,麻醉效果良好。结论合理的麻醉药物与血管活性药物的联合应用,仔细的临床观察与正确而迅速的处理是小型猪体外循环下心脏手术麻醉的关键。