421例重症心脏瓣膜替换术中的体外循环探讨

本文报告1993－1996年12月施行421例重症心脏瓣膜术替换术的体外循环经验。病人年龄26－66岁,体重39－88kg。其中作二尖瓣替换术208例;二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣替换术148例;主动脉瓣替换术59例;其余6例行双瓣伴作冠状动脉搭桥手术。体外循环转流时间90－357min,主动脉阻断时间50－170min,心脏停跳时间54－175min。术中灌注压8－12kPa,中心静脉压0－0．98kPa。自动复跳245例,占60％。全组421例中,手术死亡数16例,病死率为3．8％。为了提高重症心脏手术的体外 循环质量,增加手术成功率,作者强调：①选用优质模式肺,以保证长时间转流,②长时间转流必须采用高流量灌注,维持良好动脉压;③选用顺灌伴逆灌的心肌保护方法;④适当延长辅助循环时间。     

1600例重症心脏瓣膜置换术中的体外循环管理

目的报告1600例重症心脏瓣膜置换术中的体外循环管理技术。方法CPB中采用低液面预充、中度血液稀释、浅低温、HCT22～25％,心肌保护为高钾含血停跳液灌注。对心胸比例超过85％,合并肝大、腹水、肺长期淤血的患者,CPB中采用超滤法。结果体外循环时间90～357min,主动脉阻断时间50～170min,心脏停跳时间54～175min,术中灌注压55～70mmHg,中心静脉压0～5cm H2O,尿量平均200～800ml,自动复跳1047例,占65％。结论为了提高重症心脏瓣膜手术的体外循环质量,增加手术成功率,强调：(1)中度血液稀释,提高胶体渗透压;(2)CPB中用高钾含血停搏液作为心肌保护,必须做到按时、足量灌注;(3)及时补充碱性药物和电解质;(4)补充充足的镁离子可增加细胞内的钾离子浓度。     

177例双瓣替换术的心肌保护和辅助循环的探讨

目的：本文报告了177例双瓣替换术的心肌保护和辅助循环方法。临床9资料：本组病例包括165例主动脉和二尖瓣替换术,8例同时行三尖瓣成形术;4例同时行冠状动脉搭桥术。术前心功能Ⅲ-Ⅳ级,心胸心率54－89％,结果：升主动脉阻断时间48－265分。自动复跳114例,9例作IABP辅助,IAPP时间6－162小时,7例成活,成功率为78％,全组177例住院死亡6例,占死亡3．40％,结论：在体外循环中采用综合的心肌保护和辅助循环的方法的手术成功的关键。     

超滤方法在体外循环中应用的探讨

目的：观察和研究超滤方法在体外循环心内直视手术中应用的效果。方法：统计自1989年9月至2002年1月间共实行8622例体外循环心内直视手术中应用超滤方法,其中男性4825例,女性3837例。体外循环中超滤法是在心内操作基本完成,且在机体给予复温时进行的。结果：全组病例超滤时间10-46分,超滤液量为300-1800ml,监测超滤液中未发现细胞成分,蛋白定性为阴性。超滤后血液得到浓缩,检测血液尿素氮,肌酐及炎性介质均比以前降低。结论：体外循环中应用超滤方法可以减轻病人术后组织水肿,并能迅速地浓缩血液,提高病人的血细胞压积,血红蛋白和各种凝血物质,超滤方法还能降低体外循环中的炎性介质的浓度,有利于患者术后的康复。     

国产膜式人工肺临床应用633例的观察和临床估价

本文总结上海市胸科医院自１９８４年９月到１９９７年１２月应用复旦大学研制的ＦＤＭＯ膜肺为６３３例病儿行心脏直视手术的实际经验。体外循环方法采用中度低温和中深度血液稀释,稀释后血球压积维持在０．１６－０．２２,心肺转流中采用高流量灌注,每分钟为２．８－３．２Ｌ／Ｍ＾２,心肺转流时间２８－３５８分钟,平均９４分钟,平均９４分钟。     

高龄心脏手术患者体外循环管理

目的:总结高龄心脏手术体外循环管理的要点及处理。方法:对64例60岁以上的患者进行心脏手术,就体外循环管理和心肌保护的方法,并发症的预防和处理进行讨论。结果:64例患者体外循环时间为104.6±56.2(25—332)分钟,主动脉阻断51.5±128(13～128)分钟。自动复跳14例(14/56,25％),电激一次36例(36/56,64.3％)。两例进行左心转流,时间分别为136和65分钟,均存活。64例患者中死亡1例,死亡原因为全心衰竭,死亡率为1.6％。结论:高龄心脏手术患者应注意保护肺、肾等脏器功能的同时,尤要加强心肌保护,为手术的成功创造有利条件。     

不停跳心脏直视手术的体外循环探讨

目的本文总结了浅低温不停跳心脏直视手术的体外循环管理经验.本院在1999年10月至2000年11月间共施行了浅低温不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术36例.其中男性32例,女性4例,年龄59±17岁,体表面积1.76±0.24 M2,心功能3.6±0.4级.皆因左冠状动脉前降支、回施支和右冠状动脉主支狭窄而接受冠状动脉旁路移植手术.术中保持患者鼻咽部温度30～34℃.不阻断主动脉,不灌注停搏液,在心脏慢跳(心率60次/分钟左右)、空跳的状态下完成手术操作.患者均安返病房.根据我们开展不停跳心脏直视手术体外循环的体会,我们认为,不停跳心脏直视手术方法简单,无需复杂的仪器设备,疗效确实,且又安全有效,有很高的临床推广价值.     

大鼠心脏低温保存及高钾停跳保护作用的ESR研究

用ESR研究大鼠离体心脏低温长时间缺血后再灌注时产生的自由基,并观察心肌超微结构的变化;对临床心脏直视手术中常用的高钾停跳液的保护作用机理进行了分析。实验结果表明超氧自由基信号强度随缺血温度的降低而明显减弱。高钾停跳液保护的大鼠离体心脏于低温(4℃)缺血后再灌15s,4h内超氧自由基信号强度变化不明显。缺血4h后再灌注,实验组心脏全部于15s内自动复跳,超微结构的变化轻微。以上改变与对照组比较有明显的差异。本实验为低温保存心脏及高钾停跳液的临床应用提供了实验依据。     

体外循环心内直视手术中甲基强的松龙对肺保护作用的临床研究

目的：研究在体外循环心脏手术中应用甲基强的松龙的肺保护效果。方法：2000年1月至2001年5月,85例患者在体外循环中应用了甲基强的松龙,作为研究组;1996年9月至1999年12月,143例患者未在体外循环中应用甲基强的松龙,作为对照组。两组病例均静脉复合麻醉,气管插管,中度低温,中深度血液释释,应用冷晶体心肌保护液进行心肌保护。结果：研究组患者体外循环结束时的气道压力、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差的升高幅度和机械通气时间明显少于对照组患者。结论：在体外循环心内直视手术中应用甲基强的松龙,可有效减轻肺损伤,取得良好的肺保护效果。     

心内直视手术中七十岁以上患者的体外循环管理

目的总结分析心内直视手术中七十岁以上患者的体外循环特点和管理方法。方法 2005年3月至2008年7月间7000余例手术中70岁以上患者共有194例,分类进行心内直视手术。体外循环时全部应用进口膜肺,勃脉力A和胶体预充,常规加入白蛋白、激素和乌司他丁;心肌保护采用间断灌注4：1冷含血停搏液,顺灌逆灌和桥灌相结合;常规监测混合静脉氧饱和度和血细胞压积,积极应用超滤技术。结果术中转流平稳,血流动力学稳定,监测指标均在正常范围,平均体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间分别为111.5±40.4m in和63.6±21.0m in,自动复跳率52.6%,平均搭桥数目3.4±0.8支,术后平均气管拔管时间24.0±12.7h,平均ICU时间4.7±3.5d。结论 70岁以上患者以瓣膜和冠状动脉病变为主、病变复杂,体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间较长,各脏器保护要求高,针对高龄患者的特点,制定相应的体外循环管理方法,是保证手术成功的重要因素。     

肥厚梗阻性心肌病的外科治疗

目的:总结肥厚室间隔切除术治疗肥厚梗阻性心肌病的手术效果,探讨外科治疗策略。方法:2002年3月至2010年10月,外科手术治疗33例肥厚梗阻性心肌病病人。其中男16例,女17例;年龄13～59岁,平均(42.7±13.6)岁;左室流出道压差(LVOTGP)70～120 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133Kpa),平均(95.0±22.6)mmHg。其中合并二尖瓣关闭不全24例,主动脉瓣关闭不全7例,升主动脉增宽3例,冠心病2例。手术在全麻低温体外循环下完成,按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术,同期完成二尖瓣置换术(MVR)7例,二尖瓣成形术(MVP)7例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形术(MVP+AVP)5例,二尖瓣、升主动脉成形术3例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形、冠状动脉旁路移植术(MVP+AVP+CABG)2例。分析比较病人术前超声心动图(UCG),术中经食管心脏超声(TEE),以及术后1周、3月、6月、1年超声心动图结果。结果:手术死亡1例(3.0%,1/33例),主要死因为严重低心排综合症以及多脏器功能衰竭。二次开胸止血1例(3.0%,1/33例)。术中经食管心脏超声示所有病人二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动现象(SAM征)消失。存活病人手术效果良好,解剖狭窄解除,峰值压差降低,SAM现象基本消失。远期随访生存病人症状消失,生活质量明显改善,心功能I～II级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论:外科治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病具有良好的手术效果。了解病生理过程、术中仔细探察、手术切除彻底是手术成功的关键。     

Ulinastatin Protects against Acute Kidney Injury in Infant Piglets Model Undergoing Surgery on Hypothermic Low-Flow Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Objective

Infants are more vulnerable to kidney injuries induced by inflammatory response syndrome and ischemia-reperfusion injury following cardiopulmonary bypass especially with prolonged hypothermic low-flow (HLF). This study aims to evaluate the protective role of ulinastatin, an anti-inflammatory agent, against acute kidney injuries in infant piglets model undergoing surgery on HLF cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods

Eighteen general-type infant piglets were randomly separated into the ulinastatin group (Group U, n = 6), the control group (Group C, n = 6), and the sham operation group (Group S, n = 6), and anaesthetized. The groups U and C received following experimental procedure: median thoracotomy, routine CPB and HLF, and finally weaned from CPB. The group S only underwent sham median thoracotomy. Ulinastatin at a dose of 5,000 units/kg body weight and a certain volume of saline were administrated to animals of the groups U and C at the beginning of CPB and at aortic declamping, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected at 3 different time points: after anesthesia induction in all experimental groups, 5 minutes, and 120 minutes after CPB in the Groups U and C. Markers for inflammation and acute kidney injury were tested in the collected plasma. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) from urine, markers of oxidative stress injury and TUNEL-positive cells in kidney tissues were also detected.

Results

The expressions of plasma inflammatory markers and acute kidney injury markers increased both in Group U and Group C at 5 min and 120 min after CPB. Also, numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and oxidative stress markers in kidney rose in both groups. At the time point of 120-min after CPB, compared with the Group C, some plasma inflammatory and acute kidney injury markers as well as TUNEL-positive cells and oxidative stress markers in kidney were significantly reduced in the Group U. Histologic analyses showed that HLF promoted acute tubular necrosis and dilatation.

Conclusions

HLF cardiopulmonary bypass surgery could intensify systemic inflammatory responses and oxidative stress on infant piglets, thus causing acute kidney injury. Ulinastatin might reduce such inflammatory response and oxidative stress and the extent of kidney injury.     

Predictors of Operative Mortality for Coronary Bypass Grafting in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Predictors for operative mortality (OM) were studied in 172 consecutive patients (pts) undergoing coronary artery grafts (CAG) for angina pectoris.Seventy eight pts had Class IV angina; of the 147 patients given propranolol, 41 were gradually withdrawn from propranolol and finally discontinued 24 hours before surgery, and 106 were abruptly withdrawn from propranolol 24 hours before CAG; 20 pts had left main coronary disease; 156 pts had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time shorter than 20 minutes, and 16 pts had a CPB longer than 120 minutes.The operative mortality was 5.2% (9/172) for the entire group. Class IV angina (OM 7%), abrupt propranolol withdrawal (OM 6.6%), left main coronary artery disease (OM 25%), and CPB longer than 120 minutes (OM 50%), all significantly increased OM. These variables were interdependent, however, as many pts belonged to several predictor categories, combinations of predictors were examined, in order to more accurately predict the risk of individual pts. The combination of left main coronary artery disease and CPB longer than 120 minutes; and Class IV angina and CPB longer than 120 minutes were significantly associated with higher operative mortality.We conclude that Class IV angina, abrupt propranolol withdrawal, left main coronary artery disease and prolonged CPB are potent, interdependent predictors of OM in pts undergoing CAG. Consideration of these predictors, alone and in combination, allows effective prediction of OM for CAG in patients with stable angina pectoris.     

HTK液与冷血停搏液在心脏瓣膜手术中应用对比：倾向得分匹配分析

目的:比较HTK液与冷血停搏液在心脏瓣膜手术中应用效果,为临床心肌保护灌注策略提供依据。方法:采用单中心数据回顾性分析,选取2015年5月-2018年8月在体外循环下(CPB, Cardiopulmonary Bypass)应用灌注停跳液停跳的瓣膜手术患者529例,分为冷停液组(n=326)及HTK液组(n=203),采用倾向得分匹配方法将上述两组资料进行匹配,确定选取73对可匹配病例进行比较。采集的临床结果主要为CPB时间,阻断时间,ICU停留时间(intensive care unit length of stay,ICU LOS)以及血清钠术中术后浓度变化等参数。其次为,术后呼吸机辅助时间,IABP(Intra aortic ballon pump)的使用及新发透析,30天死亡率与术后主要并发症情况。结果:匹配后两组中冷停液组较HTK液组的主动脉平均阻断时间及CPB时间长,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),HTK液组存在短暂性低血钠血症(P0.05),ICU LOS以及其余各临床结果无显著差异。结论:心脏瓣膜手术中应用HTK液与冷血停搏液临床早期结果一致,可根据手术操作流程及病人经济水平进行合理选择。     

Development of post-pump syndrome in a sheep after mitral valve stenting

A one-year-old healthy sheep received an implant stenting the mural ('posterior') leaflet of the mitral valve. The experiment was authorized by the Cantonal Ethical Committee. The surgery was performed on the open, beating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Management of anaesthesia was based on isoflurane with mechanical intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) of the lungs, combined with intercostal nerve blocks and intravenous fentanyl and lidocaine. Marked cardiovascular depression occurred towards the end of CPB time and required high doses of dopamine, dobutamine, lidocaine and ephedrine to allow for weaning off the CPB pump. Moreover, severe pulmonary dysfunction developed when IPPV was re-initiated after CPB. Hypoxaemia persisted throughout the recovery from general anaesthesia. Multiple organ failure developed gradually during the three postoperative days, leading to euthanasia of the animal. As described in this case, marked lung injury associated with some degree of failure of other vital organs may occur in sheep after CPB. Intraoperative cardiorespiratory complications when weaning-off may indicate the development of 'post-pump syndrome'.     

同期施行冠状动脉搭桥和心脏瓣膜手术的体外循环

目的总结和分析同期施行冠状动脉搭桥和心脏瓣膜手术的体外循环方法。方法125例患者分为3组:M组(冠脉病变及二尖瓣病变)75例,A组(冠脉病变及主动脉瓣病变)34例,D组(冠脉病变及二尖瓣和主动脉瓣病变)16例。心肌保护采用4:1冷含血停搏液,应用单纯顺灌、顺灌逆灌结合、顺灌桥灌结合、顺逆灌和桥灌结合技术。结果术中转流平稳,血流动力学稳定,监测指标均在正常范围,无手术死亡。结论同期施行冠状动脉搭桥和心脏瓣膜手术,术中良好的心肌保护方法和合理的体外循环灌注是保证手术顺利成功的重要因素。     

Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valve: Hemodynamic evaluation and early clinical follow-up of 326 patients

Dissatisfaction with the hemodynamic characteristics of available porcine valves prompted a clinical trial of the Ionescu-Shiley percardial xenograft (ISPX) valve. Three hundred fifty-six ISPX valves were implanted consecutively in 326 patients. Operative mortality was 2.6% (2/75) for aortic valve replacement alone and 7.7% (12/155) for aortic valve replacements that included reoperations and combined procedures such as mitral commissurotomy, annuloplasty, and coronary artery bypass. Operative mortality for all patients who underwent mitral valve replacement was 9.5% (14/147). The mean peak systolic gradient pressure in the aortic position was 5.4 mm Hg overall and 4.27 mm Hg with the size 19 mm valve. There were no embolic episodes in patients who received the ISPX valve in the aortic position. The available data indicate that the rate of peripheral embolism with the ISPX valve compares favorably with that of porcine valves. Considering its hemodynamic advantage, if the longterm durability of the full-orifice Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valve continues to be confirmed by follow-up studies, it is our opinion that it is the biologic valve of choice.     

Urine and Serum MicroRNA-1 as Novel Biomarkers for Myocardial Injury in Open-Heart Surgeries with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

MicroRNA-1 (miR-1) is a cardio-specific/enriched microRNA. Our recent studies have revealed that serum and urine miR-1 could be a novel sensitive biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. Open-heart surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are often accompanied with surgery injury and CPB-associated injury on the hearts. However, the association of miR-1 and these intra-operative and post-operative cardiac injures is unknown. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that urine and serum miR-1 might be a novel biomarker for myocardial injuries in open-heart surgeries with CPB. Serum and urine miR-1 levels in 20 patients with elective mitral valve surgery were measured at pre-surgery, pre-CPB, 60 min post-CBP, and 24h post-CBP. Serum cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) was used as a positive control biomarker for cardiac injury. Compared with these in pre-operative and pre-CPB groups, the levels of miR-1 in serum and urine from patients after open-heart surgeries and CPB were significant increased at all observed time points. A similar pattern of serum cTnI levels and their strong positive correlation with miR-1 levels were identified in these patients. The results suggest that serum and urine miR-1 may be a novel sensitive biomarker for myocardial injury in open-heart surgeries with CPB.     

肥厚梗阻性心肌病的外科治疗

目的：总结肥厚室间隔切除术治疗肥厚梗阻性心肌病的手术效果,探讨外科治疗策略。方法：2002年3月至2010年10月,外科手术治疗33例肥厚梗阻性心肌病病人。其中男16例,女17例;年龄13～59岁,平均（42.7±13.6）岁;左室流出道压差（LVOTGP）70～120 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133Kpa）,平均（95.0±22.6）mmHg。其中合并二尖瓣关闭不全24例,主动脉瓣关闭不全7例,升主动脉增宽3例,冠心病2例。手术在全麻低温体外循环下完成,按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术,同期完成二尖瓣置换术（MVR）7例,二尖瓣成形术（MVP）7例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形术（MVP＋AVP）5例,二尖瓣、升主动脉成形术3例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形、冠状动脉旁路移植术（MVP＋AVP＋CABG）2例。分析比较病人术前超声心动图（UCG）,术中经食管心脏超声（TEE）,以及术后1周、3月、6月、1年超声心动图结果。结果：手术死亡1例（3.0%,1/33例）,主要死因为严重低心排综合症以及多脏器功能衰竭。二次开胸止血1例（3.0%,1/33例）。术中经食管心脏超声示所有病人二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动现象（SAM征）消失。存活病人手术效果良好,解剖狭窄解除,峰值压差降低,SAM现象基本消失。远期随访生存病人症状消失,生活质量明显改善,心功能I～II级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论：外科治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病具有良好的手术效果。了解病生理过程、术中仔细探察、手术切除彻底是手术成功的关键。     

Full recovery of a patient after oxygenator replacement during open-heart surgery

During an open-heart procedure in a 69-year-old man, a damaged mitral valve was being examined when suddenly the venous return line from the oxygenator of the heart-lung machine became filled with gas. After the venous line had been flushed and cardiopulmonary bypass had been reinstated, the line again filled with gas, and the aortic line also had to be clamped to prevent a massive air embolism. The oxygenator was immediately exchanged, bypass was resumed after 7 to 8 minutes, and the surgical procedures were completed. The patient survived, and a year and a half later continues in good health. His survival was attributed to three factors: intraaortic balloon support, hypothermia to 28 degrees C, and the prompt exchange of oxygenators.