“趣味教学法”在微生物学课堂中的应用及探讨

微生物学属于生命科学的重要分支,是生物、食品科学、临床医学等大学专业一门重要的基础课。该课程综合性强、知识涉及面广,所以如何有效调动学生的学习兴趣将直接影响课堂效果。为达到良好的教学效果,教师可在微生物学教学过程中综合运用多种方式提高学生学习兴趣与学习质量。因此,我们采用“趣味教学法”进行教学设计,并针对连续3个不同年级的相同专业班级做出教学改革,通过学生期末闭卷成绩、过程考核（签到率、课堂参与度、注意力集中程度等）成绩与学生反馈评语对教学成果进行验证。结果表明,采用“趣味教学法”进行教学改革的班级学生期末闭卷成绩中不及格率低于未改革的班级,“良好”与“优秀”学生比例均高于未改革的班级,过程考核成绩远高于未改革的班级,说明“趣味教学法”教学改革有效调动了学生的学习兴趣。我们认为,在大学微生物学课堂上,教师可在教学设计中适当引入趣味教学内容并适时展开,有助于改善教学气氛,调动学生学习积极性与主动性,提高教学质量。     

如何上好“绪论”第一课：以“普通植物病理学”课程为例

“绪论”是高校所有课程的第一课,上好“绪论”第一课可第一时间在学生心中播下对该门学科的使命感、进取心和责任心的“种子”。作者通过多年的教学研究与实践,认为“绪论”教学的首要目的是激发学生的好奇心和求知欲,点燃学生的进取心和紧迫感,进而喜欢和会学这门课程。为达到上述教学目的,我们构建了“绪论”第一课授课内容、方法与目的三者相吻合的教学模式：首先,采用生动有趣和灵活多样的手段导入情景和实物,并设问;随后通过循循善诱和启迪独立思考,师生共同探究和感悟该学科属性、形成发展历史、目前研究现状及未来发展前景,以及教与学的目的、任务和方法等,从而让学生树立上进心和责任心,增强学好该课程的决心和信心。本文以普通植物病理学课程为例,展示了采用“绪论”第一课的教学模式开展的教学过程。多年的教学实践证明,“绪论”第一课教学模式导入的“绪论”内容规范、系统、全面、与教学目标相契合。并且,其内涵丰富、可操作性强、实施效果好,对提高教学质量十分奏效,适合推广应用。     

Local advisers for the teaching of microbiology in schools

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of formal teaching of ethical issues related to science on middle school students' attitudes towards science and science achievement. A total of 132 Grade 8 (age 13 – 14years) students in Seoul participated, who were divided into the control and the experimental group. Student attitude toward science was assessed using a questionnaire before and after the intervention which composed of five sub-categories: students' interest level in science, students' perception of the practicality of science knowledge, student's opinion on how science is defined, students' perception of the relationships within science, scientists and society, and students' perception of the value of science. The study further examined whether teaching ethical issues in science had any effect on students' achievement level by means of a pre- and post-test evaluation.

The results of this study showed that teaching ethical issues in science had a positive influence on the students' attitudes toward science, specifically, the interest level in science (p = 0.028) and perception of practicality of science knowledge (p = 0.044). However, there was no statistically significant difference in science achievement level between the control and experimental groups. The results imply that there is a need to explore ethical issues in science education, and that incorporating various materials on the ethical perspectives of science and technology in educational material will promote students' positive attitude towards science.     

师生共建实验室模式的探索

目的:探索新的人体解剖学实验教学模式和促进解剖学实验室标本建设,在提高解剖学实验教学质量同时,使实验室具有数量可观、质量上乘,能立体、全面反映人体形态构造的标本,实现解剖学教学质量和实验室建设的共同发展。方法:组建具备良好的职业道德、崇高的敬业精神和扎实的解剖学理论知识,又能激励和启迪学生的教学团队,遴选具有强烈的事业心,高度的责任感和吃苦耐劳精神学生,师生互动,学生自主动手解剖尸体,制作标本,进行师生共建实验室模式的探索。结果:学生观察能力、动手能力、学生综合素质和知识结构得到提高和强化,教师业务水平得到提高,实验室教学标本得到大量有效补充。结论:师生共建实验室活动取得了良好效果。在推广过程中,加大对学生的人文关怀,使教师不仅是"课程的组织者、情感的支持者、学习的参与者、信息的咨询者"更是学生"生活的关怀者",将使本探索将更具推广意义。     

Gravity is a pull! Exploring forces and motion with English learners

English learners (ELs) benefit from inquiry-based science instruction that includes explicit attention to language learning goals. The purpose of this article is to share a third-grade unit on forces and motion which integrates science inquiry and writing in science notebooks with the goal of developing ELs' engagement in science, conceptual understanding, and academic language and literacy skills. We demonstrate how to engage diverse students' background knowledge and use classroom activities and discussion to create bridges between everyday and academic language. We utilize excerpts from Peter, Lucia, and Andrea's science notebooks to explore and highlight how teachers can use this resource as a means of communicating science, during instruction. Through these EL students' journals, we discuss the importance of developing language goals at the word, sentence, and discourse level while promoting and supporting ELs' use of the language of science.     

传统教学与PBL结合的教学模式在老年医学教学中的应用

传统的医学教育主要强调学科的系统性和完整性,注重知识的广度及其深度。采用的主要方式是:教师讲、学生听。以问题为导向的教学方法 PBL(problem based learning,PBL)提倡在教学相关环节中以问题为中心展开讨论,促进师生间的互动交流,激发学生的兴趣。两种教学模式相结合,既可以将医学知识系统、完整地传授给学生,又能够调动学生们学习的主动性,提高了学生综合分析问题以及解决问题的能力。在老年医学的教学活动中,我们尝试传统教学与PBL结合的教学模式,认为采用这2种教学方式相结合的方式,可以弥补各自的不足。     

Perspective: evolution's struggle for existence in America's public schools

The ongoing creation-evolution controversy in North America thrives on the widespread special creationist beliefs of a significant portion of the public. Creation science supports a literal interpretation of the Judeo-Christian Bible, an earth that is no more than 10.000 years old and created ex nihilo in six days by a monotheistic God, with no new kinds arising since the period of creation, and with a single flood of staggering force shaping layers of rocks and trapping the organisms fossilized within them. Despite decisions in numerous court cases that specifically exclude creationism and creation science from primary and secondary biology classes in America's public schools, creationists now work locally to minimize or remove evolution from science teaching standards. The nationally organized movement to resist the teaching of evolution has proven highly effective, influencing state and district school boards in addition to individual teachers and schools. Thus, if teaching about evolution and the nature of science is to survive in America's primary and secondary schools, scientists must likewise work with teachers and reach out to state and local school boards. In this perspective we outline the typical creationist arguments we encounter from students, teachers, school board members, and neighbors. We explain briefly how knowledge of both microevolution and macroevolution is important in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. We describe a science education controversy that arose within our own school district, how we responded, and what we learned from it. Finally, we argue that even modest outreach efforts to science teachers will be richly repaid.     

Improving the public understanding of science: New initiatives

The United States may be on the brink of losing its global edge in science. Many American students are underprepared for and uninterested in the scientific and technical careers they may be asked to take on. Furthermore, these students, their teachers, and the broader public lack basic understandings of what science is and how it works, which may negatively impact their ability to make reasoned and informed decisions about science-related issues. We describe two unique and recently developed projects designed to help tackle these problems by improving public understanding of and interest in science. The Coalition on the Public Understanding of Science is a grassroots effort to lower the barriers between the scientific community and the public. It aims to inspire broad appreciation of science, inform the public about the nature and process of science, and make science accessible to everyone. Understanding Science is a web-based project that aims to improve teacher understanding of the nature of the scientific enterprise, to provide resources that encourage and enable kindergarten through undergraduate (K-16) teachers to reinforce the nature of science throughout their teaching, and to serve as a clear and accessible reference that accurately portrays the scientific endeavor. The botanical and broader scientific communities are invited to participate in these efforts.     

“环境污染的生物修复”课程教学改革探索与实践

“环境污染的生物修复(Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution)”是环境科学、环境工程、农业资源与环境等专业的专业选修课,在专业人才培养体系中具有重要地位。针对课程前期教学中存在的问题,任课教师结合高质量人才培养需求,从课程教学目标优化、课程教学内容重构与知识整合、教学方法改革与创新等环节对课程教学进行了改革探索。实践结果表明,改革后的课程教学不仅显著提升了课程教学目标的达成度,还有效提高了学生自主学习能力、思维能力和知识综合运用能力,取得了较好的教学效果。     

“发酵工程原理与技术”混合式教学研究与实践：以“抗生素发酵生产工艺与工程实践”内容为例

“发酵工程原理与技术”是理工科高校生物专业的核心课程之一,具有较强的应用性和实践性。然而目前以线下教学为主的传统教学方式不利于学生对知识的理解和掌握。同时,该课程实验教学环节存在发酵设备更新不及时、缺乏大型工艺设备、易受场地限制等问题,严重影响实践教学效果。线上线下相结合的混合式教学模式是丰富教学资源和提升教学质量的重要手段。我们以“抗生素发酵生产工艺与工程实践”内容为例,基于虚拟仿真平台设计并构建虚拟仿真实验项目,同时结合课堂教学和实验室教学等线下教学方式,形成线上线下高度融合的混合式教学新模式。混合式教学强化了课堂教学与在线教学、虚拟实验与实体实验的有机结合,促进了学生扎实掌握理论知识和实验技能,培养了学生的创新精神和实践能力,提高了学生的综合素质。     

Sterilization the Sane “Pesticide”

Unpacking, an effective lesson-planning technique, can help students use scientific inquiry to understand the power behind hurricanes. Teachers identify a concept and then guide students to "unpack" it and look for new discoveries. The activity provides a means for students to develop the abilities to do scientific inquiry, demonstrate how it is applied, and develop understanding about the method. Additionally, students demonstrate abilities of technological design and understanding about science and technology. This activity promotes students' knowledge of the Earth's constant change, pattern recognition to enable prediction, statistical analysis and graphical display to reveal patterns in data, and the science behind hurricane rotation.     

Preservice Teacher Understanding and Vision of how to Teach Biological Evolution

The learning and teaching of biological evolution is conceptually challenging. To fully comprehend evolution, it is posited that individuals also need to understand the roles that the nature of science and situations of chance play in the process. The consistent detection of misconceptions of evolution suggests that new approaches to increasing understanding need to be explored. I predicted that preservice teachers’ ideas for teaching biological evolution could be influenced by three brief web-based interventions, one focused on the common misconceptions of evolution, one on the nature of science, and one on situations of uncertainty in the context of evolution. An experimental group received a combination of the three web-based tutorials while a control group received the misconceptions and nature of science instruction and a time on task filler tutorial. Participants were directed to develop a lesson idea applying the knowledge they learned from the tutorials. The lesson ideas were examined for evidence of the influence of the web-based instruction, participant understanding and misconceptions of concepts, and their ideas about teaching evolution. The results of this study revealed that the participating preservice teachers held a wide range of conception and misconception of evolution, were somewhat influenced by the tutorials, and had an array of visions for teaching evolution. The outcomes support the need for further investigation into the multifaceted nature of preparing preservice teachers to teach evolution.     

利用文献精读教学新模式优化遗传学教学

《遗传学》是生命科学相关专业本科阶段最重要的课程之一。近年来,随着生命科学领域研究的不断深入,新知识与新技术也在不断更新。但遗传学的教学模式目前仍以理论讲授为主,这使得抽象的原理难以被学生理解接受,直接影响了教学效果。因此探索新的教学模式尤为必要。2010年以来我校在生物技术专业《微生物遗传学》教学中开展了新教学模式——文献精读,文章从文献精读的前期课程基础,如何选择专业文献,怎样组织教学过程,开展文献精读对学生和教师的意义等方面全面分析了实施情况和应用价值,指出该教学模式体现了“前沿”和“经典”的结合,使书本的知识在实践中具体化,既提高学生的学习效果,激发学习兴趣,又开拓了学生的思路,锻炼其能力。这种教学模式为《遗传学》教学授课不断探索新的模式、在“精准医疗”时代下如何培养兼具临床与科研能力的医疗人才提供新思路。     

Gas Law for the Classroom

The author provides information on how science teachers can write science literacy objectives that help English language learners (ELLs) develop the scientific literacy needed for academic success in the science classroom. The article offers suggestions on how teachers can determine the vocabulary, language functions, and sentence structures that their students need to engage in critical thinking in science. An approach for collaboration with students' English as a second language (ESL) teacher is discussed.     

Equipment Review

The findings of this research indicate that it is important for teachers to be aware of students' concepts in genetics before they start teaching them. It also showed that once students had resolved any difficulty with the relationship between gene and allele, their performances in genetics showed a significant improvement. This research found that the use of a chromosome model as a conceptual challenge tool was a most effective way of resolving these difficulties, especially if teachers were aware of students' concepts, and had undergone some staff development in the model's use.     

Relationships among Teachers’ Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding the Teaching of Evolution: A Case for Turkey

The research study investigated the possible associations among science and biology teachers?? knowledge and belief variables concerning teaching evolution in science and biology classes. Specifically, this study examined how a set of variables including teachers?? understanding of evolution and nature of science (NOS) is related to the set of variables including teachers?? acceptance of evolution and perceptions of teaching evolution (i.e., perceptions of the necessity of addressing evolution in their classrooms, perceptions of the factors that impede addressing evolution in their classrooms, and personal science teaching efficacy beliefs regarding evolution). Data were collected from science and biology teachers through administration of Evolution Content Knowledge Test, Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution, Nature of Science as Argument Questionnaire and Teachers?? Perceptions of Teaching Evolution Scale. Canonical correlation analysis findings suggested that teachers who had thorough understanding of evolution and NOS were likely to both accept the scientific validity of evolution and believe the necessity of addressing evolution in the classrooms. On the other hand, teachers with thorough understanding of evolution and NOS did not necessarily believe that they have a stronger sense of self-efficacy beliefs regarding teaching evolution and that there are fewer obstacles to addressing evolution in the classroom. The research is significant in that it provides empirical evidence clarifying the interactions between teachers?? understanding and beliefs in teaching evolution. Implications for science teacher education are discussed.     

Issues in performing arts teacher preparation program evaluation policy

Solid, well-grounded teachers can be instrumental in solving the problems facing our schools and students because it is successful teachers who are the most valuable, in-school contributors to our students' success. The importance of teacher preparation programs (TPPs) in developing quality teachers has been reinforced by researchers who have demonstrated that preparation linked directly to practice benefits teachers in their first year of teaching. In contrast, federal legislation and government officials' statements suggest that TPPs are responsible for many of the problems facing public education, which has resulted in additional regulations and systems designed to evaluate TPPs' success in preparing effective teachers, including graduates' knowledge of appropriate content. In order to analyze the status of TPP evaluation as it relates to arts education, past models for TPP assessment are reviewed, newer models are discussed, and the possible effects on teacher evaluation processes are outlined. Early research and scholarly writing into the noted and projected effect of these models are discussed as well as suggestions and implications for future models and research into TPP effectiveness.     

PBL+LBL教学模式在留学生医学微生物学教学中的实践

由于留学生的特殊性导致他们对传统教学模式的不适应,医学微生物学的课程特点使留学生学习掌握相关知识较困难,有必要探索好的教学方法,提高教学质量。我国传统的LBL教学模式和国际上流行的PBL教学模式各有优缺点,我们融合PBL和LBL的优点,互补其缺点,对留学生医学微生物学课程采取PBL+LBL教学模式,既发挥PBL教学法打破学科界限,容易调动学生学习积极性,注重培养学生自主学习和团结协作能力的特点,又结合LBL教学法传授知识系统、完整,培养学生基础理论扎实等优势。教学实践证明,PBL+LBL教学法运用于留学生医学微生物学教学,能激发留学生学习兴趣,在增强留学生对医学微生物学基础理论和基本技能掌握的同时,培养留学生知识整合的能力及创新思维的医学综合能力,提高教学质量。     

设计性实验课中卡氏肺孢子菌的动物模型建立与教学改革之探讨

目的探索设计性实验课在病原生物学实验教学改革中的模式。方法通过卡氏肺孢子菌的动物模型建立,设计免疫功能低下的小鼠感染卡氏肺孢子菌及相关免疫低下指标的检测,使学生通过课堂指导,课后自己查找资料设计相关实验。结果拓展学生知识面,提高分析问题、解决问题的能力,激发学生创新意识。结论该设计性实验为病原生物学实验的教学改革做出了初步探索。     

新工科背景下“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验教学模式探索：以“微生物絮凝剂合成机制及应用”为例

微生物生理学是哈尔滨工业大学微生物学及环境科学与工程学科领域的硕士研究生精品核心课程,但由于传统微生物学实验教学耗时长、过程不确定及不可逆等因素,难以开展“微生物生理学”综合性研究生专业课程实验。将先进的虚拟仿真和互联网技术相结合构建“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验系统,可以有效突破课程实验教学的时空障碍,推进微生物学及环境科学与工程的研究生教育改革。本文以“微生物絮凝剂合成机理研究及应用”为例,从微观尺度到宏观尺度逐渐展开,实验内容涵盖微生物絮凝剂合成机理和微生物絮凝剂的应用,以培养学生综合利用所学知识探索微生物絮凝剂合成及应用的内在机理的能力,并鼓励学生独立思考,激发其科研热情。