木荷种源间光合作用参数分析

基于直角双曲线修正模型估算3个不同纬度的木荷种源(开平、太平和永丰种源)光补偿点、饱和点、最大净光合速率等参数,以便为评价不同木荷种源对环境的适应能力和优良种源选择等提供科学依据。结果表明:在3个不同纬度种源中,开平种源具有最高的净光合速率、最大净光合速率和较高的表观量子效率,且其生长速率最快;太平种源光饱和点最高,但其净光合速率、表观量子效率和最大净光合速率最低,其生长速率也最低;永丰种源具有较高的净光合速率、最大净光合速率和表观量子效率,其生长速率略高于太平种源。3个不同纬度木荷种源中,南部开平种源对当地环境具有较强的适应能力和生长潜力,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

曼陀罗光合特性研究

采用LI-6400型便携式光合测定仪对潜在能源植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)在6月份至9月份的光合特性指标(净光合速率、光合有效辐射强度和气孔导度)的日变化以及净光合速率和叶绿素含量的月平均值变化进行了研究,并采用非直角双曲线对曼陀罗叶片净光合速率的光响应曲线和C02响应曲线进行了拟合.结果表明:实验期间(6月份至9月份),光合有效辐射强度和曼陀罗叶片净光合速率的日变化均呈"单峰型",峰值出现在11:00左右;7月份的净光合速率峰值最高,为19.01μmol·m-2·s-1;气孔导度日变化呈"双峰型",最大峰值和次峰值分别出现在12:00和14:00.不同月份的净光合速率月平均值有极显著差异(P＜0.01),其中7月份的净光合速率月平均值最大,为9.41 μmol·m-2·s-1;不同月份叶绿素的月平均含量变化与净光合速率月平均值的变化相似,7月份叶绿素的月平均含量也最高,但叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素月平均含量有一定差异.曼陀罗叶片净光合速率的光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线相似,在光合有效辐射强度和CO2浓度较低的条件下呈线性升高,至饱和点后缓慢升高并趋于稳定;曼陀罗叶片的光补偿点为22.42 μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为689.26 μmol·m-2·s-1;CO2补偿点为74.06μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点为1 331.97μmol·mol-1.研究结果说明,曼陀罗为具有一定耐阴能力的阳性植物,但CO2同化能力较弱.     

不同光照环境下荷花叶片光合光响应模型比较

以上海荷花品种‘伯里夫人’为试验材料,设置全光照和林下遮荫(50%全光照)2种不同的光照环境,采用4种光响应模型拟合分析荷花叶片净光合速率光响应过程,比较不同光照下适宜的光响应模型,研究荷花品种对遮荫环境的适应规律.结果表明: 4种模型对荷花叶片光合作用光响应过程拟合效果的优劣顺序为：直角双曲线修正模型>指数模型>非直角双曲线模型>直角双曲线模型,后3种模型均为没有极值的函数,不能直接求得最大净光合速率(P_{n max})和光饱和点(LSP).直角双曲线修正模型对LSP、P_{n max}、暗呼吸速率(R_d)和光补偿点(LCP)等光响应参数表现出最佳的拟合效果,拟合值与实测值相对误差最小.随光强减弱,荷花主要的光合生理参数均降低,其中,R_d下降幅度显著,其他参数变化不显著.说明荷花对适度弱光环境具备一定的适应能力,表现出良好的光合适应性反应与调节,能够维持植株的正常生长.
     

北方粳稻光合速率、气孔导度对光强和CO2浓度的响应

 以东北地区主栽的粳稻（Oryza sativa var. japonica）品种为对象,用美国LI-cor公司生产的Li 6400光合作用测定仪控制光强、CO2浓度和温度等环境条件,阐述了光合作用和气孔导度对光和CO2浓度的响应特征及其耦合关系。结果表明,光合速率随光强或CO2浓度的提高而增大,均遵循米氏响应;在不同CO2浓度下,表观量子效率随CO2浓度的提高而增大,但CO2浓度达到800 μmol•mol－1以上时,表观量子效率有所减小;在不同光强下,表观羧化效率也随光的增强而增大,但光强达到1 600 μmol•m-2•s-1以上时,表观羧化效率也有所减小;在光强和CO2浓度协同作用下,光合速率的响应遵循双底物的米氏方程,在光强和CO2浓度均趋于饱和时,北方粳稻（品种：辽粳294）剑叶的潜在最大光合速率为71.737 8 μmol•m-2•s-1,表观量子效率为0.056 0 μmolCO2•μmol-1 photons,表观羧化效率为0.103 1 μmol•m-2•s-1/μmol•mol－1。气孔导度也随光的增强而增大,对光强的响应规律也可以用Michaelis-Menten曲线模拟,而叶面CO2浓度的提高会使气孔导度减小,气孔导度（Gs）对叶面CO2浓度（Cs）的响应可以用Gs=Gmax,c/(1+Cs/Cs0)的双曲线方程模拟。在光强(PFD)和CO2浓度协同作用下,气孔导度可以用式Gs=Gmax(PFD/PFDc)/［(1+PFD/PFDc)(1+Cs/Cs0)］+Gct估算,当CO2浓度趋于0而光强趋于饱和时,北方粳稻的潜在最大气孔导度（Gmax）为0.670 9 mol•m-2•s-1。在光强和CO2浓度协同作用下,Ball-Berry模型及其修正形式依然能很好地表达气孔导度-光合速率的耦合关系,并且用叶面饱和水汽压差（Ds）修正耦合关系中的相对湿度可以提高模拟精度。     

钝顶螺旋藻在不同光照条件下的放氧特性

钝顶螺旋藻在持续照光和中等频率 (0.01~20 Hz) 的光/暗交替照光下的放氧特性对光生物反应器的设计和操作具有重要意义。构建了一套可实现光/暗交替的光生物反应器系统对此进行研究,结果显示：根据与放氧速率的关系,可以将光强分为4个区：光限制区 (0~335 μmol/(m2·s)),过渡区 (335~875 μmol/(m2·s)),光饱和区 (875~2 775 μmol/(m2·s)) 以及光抑制区 (2 775 μmol/(m2·s)以上)。提高光/暗频率能否提高微藻光合速率取决于所采用的光强和     

Photosynthetic efficiency of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in flashing light

Efficient light to biomass conversion in photobioreactors is crucial for economically feasible microalgae production processes. It has been suggested that photosynthesis is enhanced in short light path photobioreactors by mixing‐induced flashing light regimes. In this study, photosynthetic efficiency and growth of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were measured using LED light to simulate light/dark cycles ranging from 5 to 100 Hz at a light‐dark ratio of 0.1 and a flash intensity of 1000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Light flashing at 100 Hz yielded the same photosynthetic efficiency and specific growth rate as cultivation under continuous illumination with the same time‐averaged light intensity (i.e., 100 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹). The efficiency and growth rate decreased with decreasing flash frequency. Even at 5 Hz flashing, the rate of linear electron transport during the flash was still 2.5 times higher than during maximal growth under continuous light, suggesting storage of reducing equivalents during the flash which are available during the dark period. In this way the dark reaction of photosynthesis can continue during the dark time of a light/dark cycle. Understanding photosynthetic growth in dynamic light regimes is crucial for model development to predict microalgal photobioreactor productivities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2905–2913. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

光合作用光响应模型的比较

 用美国Li-Cor公司生产的Li-6400光合作用测定仪控制CO₂浓度和温度, 测量了华北平原冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)的光响应数据。分别用C₃植物光响应新模型、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和Prado-Moraes模型拟合这些实测数据, 分析了由直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和Prado-Moraes模型拟合这些数据得到的最大净光合速率(The maximum net photosynthetic rate)远大于实测值, 而光饱和点(Light saturation point)远小于实测值的原因。结果表明, 由C₃植物光响应新模型拟合的结果与实测数据符合程度最高(R²=0.999 4和R²=0.998 7); 表观量子效率(Apparent quantum yield)不是一个理想的表示植物利用光能的指标, 建议用植物光响应曲线在光补偿点处的量子效率作为表示植物光能利用的指标。     

几种光合作用光响应典型模型的比较研究

光响应曲线是判定植物光合效率的重要方法,通过曲线可以获得植物光合特性的相关生理参数,但不同模型提取的光响应参数和指标存在差异。本文选择直角双曲线、非直角双曲线和两种指数曲线模型,分别对3个品系常绿杨光响应数据进行拟合,提取了各光响应曲线模型的主要特征参数,对比分析了各模型参数问的差异,并对光饱和点（LSP）的不同计算方法进行了讨论。最后用巨尾桉光响应数据对分析结果作了进一步验证。结果表明,直角和非直角双曲线模型拟合的最大净光合速率（P＇max）、表观量子效率（a）及暗呼吸速率（Rd）值高于指数模型拟合值,且直角双曲线拟合的各参数均比非直角双曲线拟合的各参数的值大,而两指数模型各参数拟合值基本一致;在LSP计算方法中,用光通量200μmol·m^-2·s^-1以下的点拟合的Pn-I直线与其它模型相结合得到光饱和点的方法不可靠,会使计算结果明显偏小,用接近最大总光合速率Pmax一定比例的方法估计LSP也存在较大偏差,而P＇max由于消除了Rd的影响,计算光饱和点时各模型的估计比例相对固定,是一个比较理想的LSP估计方法,初步得出直角、非直角及指数模型用P＇max来估计光饱和点时应选取的比例分别为（78±1）％、（82±1）％及（96±1）％。     

不同水分条件下胡杨光响应曲线拟合模型比较

本研究通过测量不同水分条件下胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）叶片的光响应曲线,并采用4种光响应模型对其光合特征参数拟合值与实测值进行比较,分析了不同水分条件下光响应曲线模型对胡杨适用性的影响机制。结果表明,当水分供应充足时,胡杨非直角双曲线模型对暗呼吸速率（R_d）的拟合效果最优,直角双曲线修正模型拟合光饱和点（LSP）、最大净光合速率（P_nmax）、光补偿点（LCP）的结果与实测值较接近;但当胡杨受到水分亏缺后,直角双曲线修正模型对P_nmax和光饱和点（LSP）的拟合效果最优,直角双曲线模型对R_d和LCP的拟合效果最佳。因此,水分条件有利时胡杨应用直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型较好;水分亏缺条件下采用直角双曲线修正模型、直角双曲线模型更为适合。     

光响应曲线的指数改进模型与常用模型比较

光响应曲线的参数是研究植物生理状态的重要指标, 常用的光响应曲线模型无法准确地计算出光饱和点和最大净光合速率。该文利用光响应曲线新模型——指数改进模型、直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型和指数模型, 拟合高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、苋(Amaranthus tricolor)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)和半夏(Pinellia ternata)的光响应曲线, 并随机选取部分数据进行检验, 得到了各模型计算出的主要生理参数, 并对这些数据进行了比较分析, 讨论了各模型之间的优缺点和准确性, 描述了C₃、C₄植物光响应的适宜性。结果表明, 基于C₃植物得到的指数改进模型和直角双曲线修正模型能较准确地计算出C₃、C₄植物饱和光强和最大净光合速率, 并在描述光响应曲线时比另外3个模型具有更高的精确性和适宜性。实验结果可为光响应曲线模型在C₃和C₄光合途径植物中的应用提供参考。     

植物气孔导度的机理模型

Ball-Berry气孔导度模型及其修正模型是评价植物叶片气孔调节的重要工具。该文从CO₂分子在叶片气孔中扩散这个最基本的物理过程出发, 应用物理学中的分子扩散和碰撞理论、流体力学与植物生理学等知识, 严格推导出叶片气孔导度的机理模型。利用美国Li-Cor公司生产的Li-6400光合作用测定仪控制CO₂浓度、湿度和温度, 测量了华北平原冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)的光响应数据和气孔导度数据。拟合结果表明: 推导的气孔导度机理模型较之Ball-Berry气孔导度模型和Tuzet等气孔导度模型, 能更好地描述冬小麦的气孔导度与净光合速率之间的关系。如果用气孔导度的机理模型耦合光合作用对光响应的修正模型, 则耦合模型可以很好地描述华北平原冬小麦叶片气孔导度对光强的响应曲线, 并可直接估算冬小麦的最大气孔导度和对应的饱和光强, 同时可以研究最大气孔导度是否与最大净光合速率同步的问题。拟合结果还表明: 冬小麦在30 ℃、560 μmol·mol^-1CO₂, 或在32 ℃、370 μmol·mol^-1CO₂条件下, 最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率并不同步。     

Studies on Characteristics of Photosynthetic Ecology in Leymus chinensis

This paper deals with light-photosynthesis curve, temperature-photosynthesis curve, diurnal changes of photosynthesis, and effects of water content and nitrogen in soil on photosynthetic characteristics of leaves of Leymus chinensis. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Light-photosynthesis curve of Leymus chinensis approximates to a hyperbola below light saturation point, and the influence of light intensity on photosynthesis is expressed by light intensity coefficient of photosynthesis. When Leymus chinensis was grown in a good water condition, its light intensity coefficient was 1.33 mg CO2· dm-2· h-1 · klx-1 at 5 klx light intensity, and light saturation point was 50 klx, and net photosynthetic rate at light saturation condition was about 31 mgCO2 · dm-2 · h-1. Temperature-photosynthesis curve of Leymus chinensis was a parabola, and optimum temperature of photosynthesis was 26–29 ℃. CO2 compensation point of Leymus chinensis was about 35 ppm. According to aforesaid characteristics of photosynthetic ecology, Leymus chinensis is a sun plant of C3 type. 2. The curve of diurnal changes of photosyn thesis in Leymus chinensis shows as a two-peak type in typical steppe, when water content of soil is about 14%. Major ecological factor which caused midday depressing photosynthesis in Leymus chinensis is atmospheric humidity. 3. The photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis, especially the leaf area and aerial biomass are closely related with water and nitrogen in soil. Irrigation has greater influence on photosynthetic production as compared with fertilization. The efficiency of increasing production is more notable, combining the measures of irrigation with fertilization. Leymus chinensis may be regarded as a eurytopic xerophyte according to the relationship between some photosynthetic characteristics and soil water. 4. Compared photosynthetic rate with leaf area in Leymus chinensis, the influence of the leaf area change on photosynthetic production is greater and is more remarkable during arid conditions. Therefore, irrigation and fertilization during dry season are effective measures to develop photosynthetic organ and to raise aerial biomass of Leymus chinensis rapidly.     

Contributions of Respiratory and Photosynthetic Pathways during Growth of a Facultative Photoautotrophic Cyanobacterium, Aphanocapsa 6714

Comparison of the growth parameters and photosynthetic capacities of cells of Aphanocapsa 6714 under various growth conditions led to the following conclusions: (a), no enzymic regulation of CO₂/glucose assimilation takes place in this strain; (b), functioning of photodependent phosphorylating pathways turns off oxidative ATP synthesis; (c), no efficient regulation of pigment synthesis exists in these cells; (d), most modulations of photosynthetic activities probably occur through structural modifications of the photosynthetic membranes (a small proportion of the pigments might appear as a nonintegrated pool in the cell and be sensitive to synthesis regulation); and (e), photosystem II activity would be dependent on light intensity in a discontinuous way, the consequence of this property being the appearance of two successive exponential phases during phototrophic growth in adequate light conditions.     

Frequency dependent flicker response enhancement in the lamina ganglionaris ofDrosophila

Summary At low light intensity and within the narrow frequency range of 55 to 66 s^–1, the eye ofDrosophila will follow a flashing light source by enhancing it's flicker response to every other flash. By contrast, at lower and higher frequencies the eye will follow every cycle of a respective flash frequency upto a fusion point around 200 s^–1.While the receptor cells involved are retinula cells R1–6, the flicker response enhancement is established to originate postsynaptically in the Large Monopolar Cells of the lamina with which the peripheral retinula cells synapse, and which respond with the cornealpositive on-transient component of the ERG. Not only is a prescribed frequency required for the enhancement, but also continuity of cue — since brief periods of light flashes within the required frequency range are resolved at every cycle.The flicker response behaviour provides further credence to the existence of fine tuning mechanisms together with amplification within the lamina neuropile.We are grateful to the late Dr. Richard Wright for his comments, and to Professor Aubrey Manning for the hospitality his Department gave to N.L.     

Influence of sound pressure level on the processing of amplitude modulations by auditory neurons of the locust

Typical features of natural sounds are amplitude changes at different time scales. In many species, amplitude modulations constitute decisive cues to recognize communication signals. Since these signals should be recognizable over a broad intensity range, we investigated how the encoding of amplitude modulations by auditory neurons depends on sound pressure level. Identified neurons that represent different processing stages in the locusts’ auditory pathway were stimulated with sinusoidal modulations of a broad band noise carrier, at different intensities, and characteristic parameters of modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were determined. The corner frequencies of temporal MTFs turned out to be independent of intensity for all neurons except one. Furthermore, for none of the neurons investigated corner frequencies were significantly correlated with spike rate, indicating a remarkable intensity invariance of the upper limits of temporal resolution. The shape of the tMTFs changed with increasing intensity from a low-pass to a band-pass for receptors and local neurons, while no consistent change was observed for ascending neurons. The best modulation frequency depended on intensity and spike rate, especially for receptors and local neurons. Remarkably, the adaptation state of some neurons turned out to be independent of the spike rate during the modulation part of the stimulus.     

The Monomolecular and Rectangular Hyperbola as Empirical Models of the Response of Photosynthetic Rate to Photon Flux Density, with Applications to Three Veronica Species

The properties of the rectangular hyperbola and monomolecularfunctions, with respect to the photosynthesis/photon flux density(PFD) relationship, are discussed, and the shortcomings of theformer are highlighted. Both models were fitted to data acquiredfrom three closely related Veronica species of contrasting ecology.The non-linear regression algorithms give estimates, with standarderrors, of light saturated photosynthetic rate, light compensationpoint, dark respiration rate, and photochemical efficiency atlow PFD. While the rectangular hyperbola gave almost as gooda fit to the data as the monomolecular for each species, thelight saturated photosynthetic rate estimate given by the formerwas always unacceptably high in comparison with that indicatedby the obvious trend of the data. Moreover, this tendency wasaccentuated if near-saturating PFDs were removed from data sets,and there was a tendency for the fitting algorithm to becomeunstable. No such problems were encountered with the monomolecularfunction, and it is suggested that this be used whenever a simpleempirical model is required to analyze photosynthesis/PFD data. Veronica montana L, Veronica chamaedrys L, Veronica officinalis L, wood speedwell, Germander speedwell, common speedwell, empirical mathematical model, monomolecular function, rectangular hyperbola function, nonlinear regression, photosynthesis, photon flux density, light saturated photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, photochemical efficiency, dark respiration rate     

三峡库区消落带不同水淹强度下池杉与落羽杉的光合生理特性

为探究三峡库区消落带原位人工种植的池杉(Taxodium ascendens)和落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)在该特殊生境下的适应机制,设置了浅淹(SS,海拔175m,对照)、中度水淹(MS,海拔170m)和深度水淹(DS,海拔165m)3个水淹处理组,测定了两树种在连续4个周期性水淹处理后的光合响应过程,并采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型和指数模型进行拟合,比较各模型拟合结果差异并选出最优模型,通过最优模型来分析水淹后落干期两树种的光合生理变化。结果表明:(1)不同模型间的光响应曲线拟合结果存在差异(P0.05)。综合分析可知,4种模型中,指数模型是拟合两树种光响应曲线的最优模型,更符合植物的生理学意义。(2)两树种的光响应曲线有相似的变化规律,光合速率(P_n)的表现均为DS组MS组SS组。(3)中度水淹和深度水淹两树种的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(α)、光饱和点(LSP)均高于浅淹,而光补偿点(LCP)则显著降低。以上结果说明落干生长期两树种对强光和弱光的利用能力增强,水淹对两树种的光合潜力有一定的促进作用,这可能与其遭受水淹胁迫后的自我调节能力和光合补偿机制有关。由此表明,当生境发生不良变化时,植物的适应性变化往往表现为沿着有利于光合作用最大化的方向发展。     

干旱胁迫下胡杨光合光响应过程模拟与模型比较

以塔里木干旱荒漠区2年生胡杨幼苗为试材,盆栽模拟荒漠生境5种水分梯度,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统测定胡杨在干旱胁迫下光合作用的光响应过程,并采用4种光响应模型对其进行拟合与比较,以期优选出适用于干旱荒漠环境的光响应模型,阐明胡杨光合作用对干旱胁迫的响应规律与适应机制。结果表明:胡杨净光合速率(P_n)随干旱胁迫加剧呈下降趋势,同一光强(PAR)下P_n降幅增大。中度干旱胁迫以下(土壤相对含水量,RSWC45%)胡杨在高PAR下仍能维持相对较高P_n,光抑制程度轻;直角双曲线、非直角双曲线和指数模型均可较好地模拟P_n-PAR响应过程,但最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、光饱和点(LSP)拟合值与实测值差异极显著(P0.01)。中度干旱胁迫以上(RSWC45%)胡杨P_n随PAR升高而显著下降,LSP与P_(nmax)极显著降低,光抑制现象明显;仅直角双曲线修正模型拟合的胡杨光响应过程、光响应参数与实际情况较吻合。4种模型模拟效果顺序:直角双曲线修正模型指数模型非直角双曲线模型直角双曲线模型。4种光响应模型对干旱胁迫具有不同的适应性,直角双曲线修正模型适用于各种水分条件,尤其适用于干旱荒漠生境,其它3种模型适用于水分条件较好的生境。光响应特征参数对干旱胁迫的响应阈值不同。随干旱胁迫加剧,胡杨表观量子效率(AQY)、P_n、LSP与P_(nmax)持续降低,严重干旱胁迫下暗呼吸速率(R_d)、LCP反而明显增大。RSWC45%胡杨仍能保持较高的AQY、P_(nmax)、LSP,RSWC45%其P_(nmax)、LSP显著降低,干旱胁迫显著抑制了胡杨光合进程和光强耐受范围,降低了光合效率,严重干旱胁迫严重影响胡杨苗木的正常生长和光合作用。干旱荒漠环境下,胡杨采取缩窄光照生态幅、降低光能利用率和减少呼吸消耗来积极抵御荒漠干旱逆境伤害的生态对策。因此,从极端干旱荒漠区种群保护与植被恢复角度来看,胡杨林土壤水分应维持在RSWC 50%左右,符合干旱缺水地区植物生长和高效用水的管理原则。     

夏玉米群体光合速率特性及其与冠层结构、生态条件的关系

研究结果表明：高产夏玉米群体光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线。在水肥充足栽培条件下,光照强度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主导因素,最大自然光强下群体光合未测到光饱和点。群体光合速率随CO2浓度(50—900ppm范围)的增加而提高。土壤呼吸释放的CO2量占群体光合速率的11.68%。高产群体所形成的独特环境对单叶光合速率影响很大,群体生长下的单株,在8×104一9×104Lx光下的单叶光合速率为果穗叶高于下部和上部叶,品种、密度间差异不大;冠层自然状态下的单位叶面积光合速率上部叶却高于中、下部叶,高密度下,紧凑型品种高于平展型品种,低密度下则相反。