竹巴笼矮岩羊昼间行为节律和时间分配

2008年11月中旬至2009年1月中旬和2009年3月至8月,采用瞬时扫描取样法和目标取样法在竹巴笼自然保护区对矮岩羊的昼间行为节律和时间分配进行了研究,结果表明:矮岩羊的昼间行为活动有明显的节律性,活动高峰出现的时间与矮岩羊昼间取食高峰时间基本一致。取食和卧息是最主要的行为方式,分别占总观察频次的53.83%和27.76%,频次较少的是站立和移动,分别占总观察频次的9.93%和8.24%,其它行为所占频次最少,只有0.24%,昼间2个取食高峰(9:00-11:00, 17:00-19:00)和1个卧息高峰(11:00-16:00),呈现出取食-休息-取食的规律。Kruskal-Wallis H 检验表明,季节因素对矮岩羊取食(P <0.05)、卧息(P <0.05)和其它行为(P <0.05)所占时间影响显著,而对移动(P >0.05)和站立(P >0.05)行为影响不显著。各年龄段之间其它行为所占的时间比例差异显著(P<0.05),而取食(P>0.05)、移动(P>0.05)、卧息(P>0.05)和站立(P>0.05)所占时间比例差异不显著;对比分析不同性别矮岩羊昼间行为时间分配差异,雌性的取食、移动和卧息的时间略高于雄性,而站立和其他行为时间低于雄性;Mann-Whitney U 检验对不同性别矮岩羊昼间的各种行为差异进行分析表明:性别因素对矮岩羊昼间时间分配和行为节律产生一定程度的影响,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

岩羊和矮岩羊头骨形态特征比较

本文报道了岩羊和矮岩羊的头骨形态学资料,涉及头骨特征描述和一些形态学指标测定,被测定的指标主要有上颊齿列基长、眼窝长、乳突间距、眶间距、颧宽、枕颅高、枕髁宽、脑颅最大宽、眶下孔距、上颌臼齿外宽、角基最窄、最小角尖距、角尖距、最大角间距、角基周长、角基长径、角基短径、角外侧长,应用判别分析和单变量分析对岩羊和矮岩羊头骨的测量值进行统计与分析,以探讨这两个种头骨之间的形态差异。结果表明：（1）岩羊和矮岩羊头骨在形态上十分相似,但矮岩羊的头骨细长,脑颅狭窄,角直且朝上翘,角内侧具一明显角棱,亦较直,角基部狭窄,老年个体角基部愈合;岩羊的脑颅宽大,角粗大而长,向两侧分开,弯曲度较大,内侧角棱弯曲呈长S型,角尖朝向后方,角基部较宽,不愈合在一起。（2）岩羊和矮岩羊头骨的18项形态测量指标中乳突间距、眶间距、颧宽、脑颅最大宽、上颌臼齿外宽、角基周长、角基长径差异极显著（P〈0.01）,枕颅高、枕髁宽、眶下孔距、角尖距、最大角间距、角基短径、角外侧长差异显著（P〈0.05）;典型判别的正确率：岩羊为100%,矮岩羊为83.3%,交互验证法检验的结果,判别正确率：岩羊100%,矮岩羊为83.3%。这两个判别函数可以从角上区别岩羊和矮岩羊。     

矮岩羊(Pseudois schaeferi)行为谱及PAE编码系统

2007年3～12月,对四川竹巴笼自然保护区的矮岩羊（Pseudois schaeferi）进行了行为谱工作的研究,建立了矮岩羊行为谱及其PAE（posture,act and environment）编码系统。研究分辨和记录了矮岩羊的11种姿势,83种动作和118种行为,还区别了各种行为在雄性、雌性和幼体之间的相对发生频次以及发生季节。     

贺兰山保护区冬季岩羊集群特征的初步分析

Group size and composition of blue sheep （Pseudois nayaur) were studied in the Helan Mountains, Ningxia Autonomous Region from November to December 2003. We scanned mountain slopes with binoculars and observed with 20 - 60 x spotting-scope. A total of 310 herds of blue sheep and 1 336 individuals were observed during the study period. Blue sheep were frequently seen in small herds of 2 to 8 individuals, which represent 94.8% of total herds observed. Herds consisting of 9 individuals or more represented 5.2%. The largest herd we observed numbered 51 individuals. Mean group size was 4.2 individuals. Blue sheep herds can be divided into three types: male herds （composed solely of males), female herds (consisting of females with or without juveniles of both sexes), and mixed herds （including adult males, females, and subadults). Among the 310 herds, female herds were counted 150 times (48.4%}, mixed herds 154 times (49.7%), and male berds 6 times (1.9%) . Of 1 336 blue sheep classified by sex and age, adults, subadults and juveniles composed 64.1%, 20.8%, and 15.1% respectively. The female: male ratio of adults was 1:0.73. The ratio of adult females to juveniles was 1:0.56, which is higher than the ratio recorded in spring （ 1:0.43) or summer （ 1:0.44). The results showed that the Helan Mountains State Nature Reserve has succeed in protecting blue sheep.     

四川省竹巴笼自然保护区矮岩羊的集群特征

2007 年7 ～12 月和2008 年4 ～6 月,采用样线法和定点观察法,在四川省竹巴笼自然保护区对矮岩羊集群行为进行了观察。2007 年观察到34 群共217 只矮岩羊,集群平均为6. 4 ± 4.9 只;2008 年观察到16 群共135只,集群平均为8.4 ± 7.7 只。集群分为雄性群(2007 年:8.8% ;2008 年:6.3% )、雌性群(2007 年:2. 9% ;2008 年:0)、混合群(2007 年:70.6% ;2008 年:81.2% )、母仔群(2007 年:8.8% ;2008 年:12. 5% )和孤羊(2007 年:8.8% ;2008 年:0)5 种类型。在不同季节,5 种集群类型比例都有所变化,差异显著(P <0.01)。集群大小间和集群类型间也有显著或极显著差异,其中2 ～ 10 只的集群在2007 年占73.5%,在2008 年占75.0% ,呈集小群特征。年龄组结构中,成体、亚成体和幼体个体数比为100∶ 26.4∶ 28. 6 (2007 年)和100∶24.7∶ 20. 4 (2008 年)。雌雄性比2007 年为100∶ 55.7,2008 年为100∶ 56.6,年间差异不显著(P > .05)。受集群收益、生物学特征、繁殖周期、资源竞争、生境地形地貌、捕食风险和人类活动等主要因素的影响,矮岩羊在集群类型、集群大小、年龄结构和性比上显示了其生存策略。     

四川省巴塘县矮岩羊与斑羚冬季生境比较

2007年10～12月,在四川省巴塘县竹巴笼自然保护区,采用样线调查法对矮岩羊和斑羚冬季生境进行研究,利用卡方检验和Mann-Whitey U检验分析其生境选择差异.结果表明,矮岩羊对17种生境因子有选择性,倾向选择中等以上避风性,石质或便石质活动基底,灌丛盖度10%～40%、种数>4种、高度>100 cm,草种数>5种、高度<20 cm或>40 cm,坡度>60°的南坡或西坡,隐蔽级<30%或>60%,水源距离>500 m,裸岩距离<2m,林缘距离1000～1 500 m,1级风,海拔高度2 600～2 800 m,人为干扰距离500～1 000 m,动物干扰距离80～150 m的生境.斑羚对15种生境因子有选择性,倾向选择上坡或山脊坡位,灌丛盖度10%～40%、种数>5种、高度>100 cm,草种数4～5种、高度>40 cm,坡度>60°的南坡或东南坡,南风,隐蔽级>60%,林缘距离<1 500 m,海拔高度>2 800 m,水源距离>1 000 m,人为干扰距离>1 000 m,动物干扰距离80～150 m的生境.因子分析表明,影响矮岩羊生境选择的主要因子为人为干扰距离、海拔高度、林缘距离、水源距离、灌丛高度、隐蔽级、风级和动物干扰距离等生境因子,而影响斑羚生境选择的主要因子为人为干扰距离、海拔高度、林缘距离、水源距离、坡位、灌丛盖度、灌丛高度、隐蔽级、坡向和风向生境因子.虽然两物种在资源生态位上存在部分重叠,但在生境选择利用和空间生态位上皆存在很大差异.     

矮岩羊夏季活动节律、时间分配和集群行为

采用扫描取样法（每隔10 min进行一次扫描纪录,记录时间为5 min）对36只矮岩羊夏季昼间节律与时间分配进行了观察和研究,将矮岩羊行为划分为取食、移动、站立、卧息和其他行为等5类。结果表明,矮岩羊在夏季有3个取食高峰（6：00－9：00、10：00－11：00和16：00－20：00）;1个卧息高峰（11：00－15：00）。在时间分配上,用于取食的时间最多（30.14±3.32）%,其次是卧息（26.44±3.59）%,站立（24.90±4.27）%,移动（15.73±1.26）%,而用于其他行为的时间,仅占（2.82±1.00）%。通过不同个体的比较,发现成年雄性用于取食和站立的时间最多,幼体用于移动和其他行为的时间最多,成年雌性用于卧息的时间最多。在矮岩羊集群方面,其集群类型有：混合群、母仔群、雄性群、雌性群和独羊,在夏季集群平均大小为（7.81±8.42）只,2~8只的羊群,占总群数的54.05%;不同集群类型的大小差异极显著（χ2=13.197,d&#402;=3,P=0.004）,混合群群体最大,而雄性群最小;雌雄比为1∶0.54,雌幼比为1∶0.26,成幼比为1∶0.17。这些都说明矮岩羊这类独特的行为和种群特征是长期适应金沙江干热河谷的结果。     

矮岩羊行为生态的初步研究

2006年8月,在四川巴塘县竹巴笼自然保护区对矮岩羊的行为生态进行了研究。共发现矮岩羊7个集群33只,集群平均大小为4.71±1.60只;矮岩羊在夏季9:00~10:00内主要用于卧息,占该段活动时间的76.72%;因子分析显示:矮岩羊对生境的利用具有选择性,影响矮岩羊生境选择行为的主要因子为草因子、灌木因子、坡度和活动基底特征。     

春冬两季贺兰山岩羊集群特征的比较

20 0 3年 1 1～ 1 2月和 2 0 0 4年 4～ 6月在贺兰山国家级自然保护区对岩羊 (Pseudoisnayaur)春冬两季集群行为进行了初步研究。春季观察到的 2 1 8群 1 3 70只岩羊样本和冬季观察到的 3 1 0群 1 3 3 6只岩羊样本进行了比较 ,发现春季平均岩羊群大小为 (5. 5 7± 5 .3 8)只 ,冬季平均岩羊群大小为 (4. 2 9± 5 . 48)只 ,春冬两季岩羊集群大小季节性变化不显著 (P >0. 0 5 )。贺兰山岩羊在春冬两季 2～ 8只的群所占比例均居多 (春季 :85 . 3 % ;冬季 94 8% )。春季贺兰山岩羊群以雌性群 (4 0 . 3 % ,n =88)为主 ,冬季以混合群(4 9 7% ,n =1 5 4)和雌性群 (4 8 4% ,n=1 5 0 )为主。春冬两季雌性群平均大小间 (P >0 . 0 5 ) ,雄性群平均大小间 (P >0 . 0 5 )和混合群平均大小间 (P >0 . 0 5 )均无显著性差异。将春季和冬季贺兰山岩羊的雌雄比与雌幼比相比 ,春季观察到的雄性个体偏多 ,冬季观察到的幼体较春季多。     

矮岩羊种群生态的初步研究

利用路线调查方法分别于 1998年 3月、7～ 8月和 2 0 0 0年 5～ 8月对四川省巴塘县的矮岩羊 (Pseudoisschae feri,亦称倭岩羊 )种群进行了初步研究。结果显示 ,矮岩羊目前主要栖息在巴塘县竹笆笼到苏阿龙一带的河谷以及支流两侧地势陡峭的悬崖绝壁上的岩壁草丛中 ,在面积大约 2 0 0km2 的范围内活动 ,种群数量大约在 14 1只左右 ,活动群体的大小为 2～ 10只 ,种群平均密度为 0 .70 5只 /km2 ,种群雌雄性比为 10 0 :70 .4。幼体组、亚成体组、成体组分别占所观察到总数量的 13.0 %、2 9.8%和 5 7.2 %。矮岩羊生性胆小 ,易受惊吓 ,休息时喜欢用前脚刨地 ,这个动作约占休息时间的 1/3。从 2 0世纪 5 0年代以来 ,矮岩羊的种群数量下降很快 ,森林面积的锐减、人为猎杀、过度放牧是影响矮岩羊生存环境和种群数量的主要原因     

Feeding habitats of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) during winter and spring in Helan Mountains, China

The feeding habitat selection of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)was studied by direct observation method in the Helan Mountains,China during winter (from November to December)and spring (from April to June)from 2003 to 2004.We established 25 line transects to collect information on feeding habitats used by blue sheep.Blue sheep in the study area preferred mountain savanna forests,a habitat dominated by Ulmus glaucescens,with medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2),moderate tree height (4-6 m),higher shrub density (＞5 individuals/100 m2),higher shrub (＞1.3 m),higher food abundance (＞50 g),moderate distance to human disturbance (＜500 m),and mild distance to bare rock (＜2 m).Such habitats characterized by 12 ecological factors were preferred as feeding areas by blue sheep during winter.Similar to habitat selection by the species during winter,blue sheep also showed a preference for mountain savanna with tree dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2)during spring.Nevertheless,blue sheep preferred medium tree height (＜6 m),moderate tree density (5-10 individuals/100 m2),medium shrub height (1.3-1.7 m),higher food abundance (＞100 g),moderate altitude (＜2 000 m),moderate distance to water resource (＜500 m),and medium hiding cover (50%-75%)during spring.Selection of the feeding habitats by sheep showed a significant difference in vegetation type,landform feature,dominant tree,tree height,shrub density,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,slope direction,slope degree,distance to water resource,and hiding cover between winter and spring.Results of principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component accounted for 24.493%of the total variance among feeding habitat variance during winter,with higher loadings for vegetation type,dominant tree,tree height,distance to the nearest tree,shrub density,shrub height,altitude,distance to water resource,and distance to human disturbance.In spring,the first principal components explained 28.777%of the variance,with higher loadings for vegetation type,distance to the nearest tree,shrub height,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,altitude,and distance to human disturbance.     

Molecular evidence for the subspecific differentiation of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and polyphyletic origin of dwarf blue sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)

Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), a Central Asian ungulate with restricted geographic distribution, exhibits unclear variation in morphology and phylogeographic structure. The composition of species and subspecies in the genus Pseudois is controversial, particularly with respect to the taxonomic designation of geographically restricted populations. Here, 26 specimens including 5 dwarf blue sheep (Pseudois schaeferi), which were collected from a broad geographic region in China, were analyzed for 2 mitochondrial DNA fragments (cytochrome b and control region sequences). In a pattern consistent with geographically defined subspecies, we found three deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages restricted to different geographic regions. The currently designated two subspecies of blue sheep, Pseudois nayaur nayaur and Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis, were recognized in the phylogenetic trees. In addition, the Helan Mountain population showed distinct genetic characteristics from other geographic populations, and thus should be classified as a new subspecies. In contrast, dwarf blue sheep clustered closely with some blue sheep from Sichuan Province in the phylogenetic trees. Therefore, dwarf blue sheep appear to be a subset of Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis. After considering both population genetic information and molecular clock analysis, we obtained some relevant molecular phylogeographic information concerning the historical biogeography of blue sheep. These results also indicate that western Sichuan was a potential refugium for blue sheep during the Quaternary period.     

贺兰山岩羊（Pseudois nayaur）集群特征的季节变化

2004年11月～2005年10月,在贺兰山对岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的集群行为进行了研究,将其集群类型划分为雌性群、雄性群、雌雄群、母仔群、混合群和独羊6种类型.共观察到岩羊1 023群次,计4 866只次,平均群大小为(4.86±2.54)只,最大的群为51只,最小的为独羊.其中,母仔群459群(44.87%)为最多的集群类型,其余为混合群(20.72%)、雄性群(14.86%)、独羊(9.09%)、雌雄群(5.57%)、雌性群(4.89%).母仔群出现的频次在4个季节均最高,除母仔群外,春季雄性群出现的频次最高,而夏、秋、冬季都是混合群出现的频次最高,不同类型集群出现频次的季节间差异极显著.在4个季节中都以2～5只的群居多,其出现的频次占各季节群数50%以上,不同季节群大小差异极显著,而不同集群类型群大小季节间不存在显著差异.除独羊外,不同季节混合群大小差异极显著,母仔群、雌性群大小差异显著,而雄性群、雌雄群大小无显著差异.研究结果显示,贺兰山岩羊集小群是其显著特点,随着季节的变化,其集群类型、集群大小均会发生一定的变化.     

神农架川金丝猴冬春季节取食影响因素

以样方调查法和粪便显微组织学分析法确定了冬春季神农架地区川金丝猴的食物组成,分析了主要食源植物的营养成分,探讨了影响川金丝猴冬春季节取食的主要因素.结果表明:在冬季,川金丝猴食物组成与食源植物的粗灰分含量( r=0.709,P=0.015)呈正相关,而与食源植物的相对丰富度(r=0.543,P=0.084)、粗蛋白含量(r=0.036,P=0.916)、粗纤维含量(r=0.458,P=0.156)、粗脂肪含量(r=0.445,P=0.170)、含水量(r=-0.099,P=0.771)和无氮浸出物含量(r=-0.522,P=0.100)均不相关;在春季,与食源植物的相对丰富度(r=0.721,P=0.000)呈正相关,与含水量(r=0.114,P=0.507)、粗脂肪含量(r=0.151,P=0.380)、无氮浸出物含量(r=0.084,P=0.625)、粗蛋白含量(r=-0.275,P=0.105)、粗纤维含量(r=-0.010,P=0.956)和粗灰分含量(r=-0.178,P=0.299)不相关.主成分分析表明,食源植物的粗纤维(0.992)、粗脂肪(0.944)、粗蛋白(0.905)和食物丰富度(0.885)为川金丝猴冬季取食的主要影响因子,粗蛋白(0.946)、无氮浸出物(0.939)、含水量(0.920)和食物丰富度(0.898)为川金丝猴春季取食的主要影响因子.     

Genetic distinctiveness of endangered dwarf blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur schaeferi): evidence from mitochondrial control region and Y-linked ZFY intron sequences

To elucidate the controversial systematic relationship of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and endangered dwarf blue sheep, we sequenced part of the mtDNA control region and Y-linked ZFY intron, and carried out phylogenetic analyses. Mitochondrial results revealed that the dwarf blue sheep is a strongly supported monophyletic group, with an average of 12.21% sequence divergence from the blue sheep. This is the first genetic evidence for the distinctness of the dwarf blue sheep. ZFY intron results showed an average of 0.51% sequence divergence, and one shared haplotype between the dwarf blue sheep and blue sheep. By analyzing an expanded data set that incorporated ZFY intron sequences of two additional Ovis (sheep) species-O. nivicola and O. ammon--we demonstrated that ZFY intron provides good resolution at the species and genus levels. The ZFY intron sequence divergence between dwarf blue sheep and blue sheep was comparable to that within the two Ovis species. Moreover, we found intraspecific sequence variation in ZFY intron for all three species examined. We propose that dwarf blue sheep be designated as a subspecies of blue sheep, P. n. schaeferi.