A review of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ikonza</Emphasis> Hesse with notes on evolution of the family Issidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea)

Ikonza angolensis sp. n. is described from southwestern Angola which is the first record of the family Issidae from this country. The fore and hind wing structure and venation are illustrated for Kovacsiana abyssinica, Chimetopon camerunensis, Issus pospisili, and Tempsa sp. Ecological data on Tetrica fusca in Vietnam are provided for the first time. The evolution and distribution of the family Issidae are briefly discussed.     

New scarab-beetle species (Coleoptera,Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae,Orphninae) from Central Asia and Southern Africa

Three new scarab-beetle species are described. Aphodius moronensis sp. n. (northern Mongolia) and A. kozlovi sp. n (eastern Tibet) with modified spurs on fore tibiae in males are placed in the falcispinis group of the subgenus Agolius but are similar to the grafi group of the subgenus Chilothorax in the shape of parameres and elytral pattern. The new species differ from A. falcispinis in the shape of the spur; A. moronensis sp. n. also differs in the shape of the body and parameres. Orphnus transvaalensis sp. n. is the second apterous Orphnus species found in Southern Africa. It differs from the closely related O. harrisoni in the shape of parameres, position of the hornlike clypeal process, and in a smaller body size.     

New Taxa and Host Associations of the Weevil Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera,Curculionidae) from Thailand

A new subgenus of Mecysmoderes Sch., Enzoellus Korotyaev, subgen. n. (type species Mecysmoderes carinatus Faust), two new genera of the tribe Hypohypurini Colonnelli, Siamohypurus Korotyaev, gen. n. (type species S. samuelsoni Korotyaev, sp. n.), Glikmanellus Korotyaev, gen. n. (type species G. rosti Korotyaev, sp. n.) and eleven new species of the weevil subfamily Ceutorhynchinae are described: Mecysmoderes (Memecyderes) sarukhanovi Korotyaev, sp. n. from Thailand, M. (Enzoellus) gressitti Korotyaev, sp. n. from Thailand and Laos, M. (Enzoellus) muratovi Korotyaev, sp. n., Megahypurus oroszi Korotyaev, sp. n., Cyphohypurus suppantschitschi Korotyaev, sp. n., Siamohypurus samuelsoni Korotyaev, sp. n., S. attilai Korotyaev, sp. n., Glikmanellus rosti Korotyaev, sp. n., all from Thailand; G. baloghi Korotyaev, sp. n. from Sri Lanka; G. obrieni Korotyaev, sp. n. and G. louisae Korotyaev, sp. n., both from India. A key to three species of Megahypurus from Thailand is given. Host plants are determined for Megahypurus alexandri Kor. and Glikmanellus rosti sp. n. from Koh Kood Island in southern Thailand, which were repeatedly collected from a tree of the family Rubiaceae.     

Phenotypic variability of eye-spots in natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coenonympha pamphilus</Emphasis> L. (Lepidoptera,Satyridae)

Variation of eye-spots in the wing pattern of Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied in the Urals with adjacent territories and in Dzhelal-Abad Province of Kyrgyzstan. Discriminant analysis of the wing length and eye-spot diameter and the phenetic distances calculated by the Hartman’s method revealed clinal variation of the characters. The butterflies in the northern parts of the range (Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Provinces) are smaller than those in the south (Orenburg and Chelyabinsk Provinces) and have fewer eye-spots which themselves are smaller. The Kyrgyzstan specimens differ significantly from the Ural ones (the nominotypical subspecies) in both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the wing pattern, and should probably be assigned to the subspecies C. pamphilus marginata Heyne, 1894. As in most Satyridae, females of C. pamphilus are larger than males and on the average possess more eye-spots on the wings. The degree of phenotypic variation in natural populations was studied using the method of variation spectra (Kovalenko, 1996a, 1996b, 2007, etc.). The arrangement of phenotypic combinations within the theoretical spectrum (St) matrix allows one to describe the actual (Sr) and potential (Sp) spectra for either sex and for the species as a whole. The actual spectrum was found to be considerably broader in males than in females. With minor variations, Sr and Sp showed the same general trends in different samples of both sexes. In all the samples, phenetic combinations with one spot on the fore wing (in cell M ₁-M ₂) were predominant. The hind wing had either no spots (which was typical of males, especially in the northern parts of the range) or the maximum possible number, six (mostly in females, more often in the southern parts of the range). The phenetic combinations with the maximum (4) number of spots on the fore wing and the minimum number (0) on the hind wing are prohibited for C. pamphilus.     

Two New Species of the Weevil Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mecysmoderes</Emphasis> Schoenherr, 1837 (Coleoptera,Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) from Vietnam

Two new species of the weevil genus Mecysmoderes Schoenherr, 1837 are described from Vietnam. Mecysmoderes (Enzoellus) vladimirisp. n. differs from the type species of Enzoellus and its allies from Thailand and Laos in the larger size, deeper meshes on the pronotum, broader legs and a velvety black sutural spot on the elytra. Mecysmoderes (Xenysmoderes) sergiisp. n. in the shape, coloration, and vestiture of the body is similar to M. consularis Pascoe, but clearly differs in the larger size, strongly and unevenly convex pronotal disc, swollen in the middle part elytra, and a dark scutellar spot.     

New and little known species of the planthopper genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycterodus</Emphasis> Spinola (Homoptera,Issidae) from the Eastern Mediterranean

Three new species of the genus Mycterodus Spinola are described: M. phoenicicus sp. n. from Lebanon and M. syriacus sp. n. from Syria, both belong to the subgenus Aegaeum Gnezdilov, and M. marki sp. n. from Turkey, belongs to the subgenus Aconosimus Dlabola. Figures of the described species and of the holotype of M. anaticeps Puton are given. M. efesicus Dlabola is for the first time recorded from Greece (Samos I.); M. alatus Logvinenko, M. caucasicus (Melichar), and M. johannesi Gnezdilov &; Drosopoulos are new to the fauna of Turkey.     

New species of the bristletail genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allopsontus</Emphasis> Silv. (Microcoryphia,Machilidae) from Southeastern Kazakhstan and Abkhazia

Two new bristletail species, Allopsontus (Anisoptinus) nigrus sp. n. from Southeastern Kazakhstan and A. (Kaplinilis) abkhazicus sp. n. from Abkhazia, are described. A. nigrus sp. n. differs from the only other known species of the subgenus Anisoptinus, A. borgustani Kaplin 2015, in a number of characters, namely, in more rounded paired ocelli, an extended apical segment of the labial palpus, a long articulated ovipositor, and in the absence of short appressed pigmented setulae on the maxillary and labial palpi in males. A. abkhazicus sp. n. can be easily distinguished from all the other known species of the subgenus Kaplinilis by the absence of short appressed pigmented setulae on the maxillary and labial palpi in the males, the absence of a projection with numerous spiniform setae on the male fore femur, and in shorter male genital appendages. The ocellus of the male and female is 2.8-2.9 times as wide as long; the length to width ratio of the eye is 0.9-1.0; the ovipositor consists of 60 divisions.     

A new oriental species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solva</Emphasis> Walker, 1859 (Diptera,Xylomyidae) with data on the larval morphology

A new species of the xylomyid genus Solva Walker, 1859, S. richterae N. Krivosheina sp. n., is described from Sumatra. Larvae were found in decaying wood. The only reared female is characterized by the following combination of characters: black body with yellow humeral spots, wide yellow band along notopleural suture, yellow scutellum, coppery-reddish dense hairs on frons including area in front of antennae, and black hind trochanter. The larval morphology of the new species is typical of the representatives of Solva.     

Phenotypic variation of the scarce heath <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coenonympha hero</Emphasis> (L.) (Lepidoptera,Satyridae) from the central part of its range

Variation of the fore and hind wing lengths and the diameters of wing eyespots in two subspecies of Coenonympha hero (L.) from the central part of the species range was analyzed. Clinal variation was revealed, manifested in a gradual increase of the wing size and eyespot diameters from west to east in the Urals. Both in C. h. hero in the Urals and in C. h. perseis in Siberia, the northern peripheral populations had a specific wing pattern with eyespots smaller than in more southern parts of the corresponding ranges. In most cases, such climatic factors as the mean annual air temperature, precipitation, duration of the frost-free period, and humidity were shown to affect significantly the variation of morphological traits of C. hero. Chrono-geographical analysis of variation showed that in some cases the differences between the samples collected in the same locality in different years were comparable to or greater than geographic variation within the subspecies range. Thus, the population as a whole is influenced by climatic factors and weather conditions in a particular part of the range during a particular season; C. hero may therefore be a suitable object for monitoring the impact of environmental changes on insects.     

Ichneumon flies of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trieces</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae, Metopiinae) from Peru

Trieces peruanus sp. n. from Peru is described, Trieces riodinis Gauld et al. is recorded from this country for the first time. Trieces peruanus belongs to the T. dentatus species-group, it is similar to Trieces dentatus H. Townes et M. Townes, according to the degree of development of the prepectal keel and lateral keels of the scutum, as well as to the presence of hairs along the upper margin of the metapleura. The new species differs from T. dentatus in the entirely black metasoma, black hind leg with the yellow apex of the femur and base of the tibia, and darkened upper margin of the clypeus.     

The possibility to use bioacoustic characters in the taxonomy of the jumping plant lice with an example of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Craspedolepta</Emphasis> (Homoptera,Psyllinea, Aphalaridae) and description of a new species from Transbaikalia

Oscillograms of calling signals of 14 species of Craspedolepta s. l. are presented. Temporal patterns of the signals in representatives of different species groups are quite similar. Therefore, the use of acoustic characters for distinguishing between genera and subgenera of psyllids appears to be impossible. In certain cases, the structure of signals in different species is almost identical. Nonetheless, in strictly sympatric species occurring in the same territory and living on the host plants of the same species, i.e., involved into acoustic interactions with each other, the signal pattern is always distinctly different. Consequently, the similarity of signals can be considered evidence of the synonymy only in sympatric forms dwelling on the same host plant. On the other hand, distinct differences in the signal patterns indicate conclusively that the forms investigated possess the rank of species. Craspedolepta filifoliae sp. n. collected in the steppe of Transbaikalia on Filifolium sibiricum is described and illustrated. The new species is closely related to the widespread C. malachitica, but differs from it in the pattern of the fore wings and certain details of the genitalia structure. Besides, distinct differences in acoustic characters between these forms provide strong evidence that C. filifoliae sp. n. is a separate (valid) species.     

A review of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thinodromus lunatus</Emphasis> species-group (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae)

The Thinodromus lunatus species group is revised. The following new species are described: Thinodromus (s. str.) cattiensis sp. n. from Vietnam, Thinodromus (s. str.) forsteri sp. n. from southern Thailand, Thinodromus (s. str.) himalayensis sp. n. from Nepal and northern India, Thinodromus (s. str.) inconspicuus sp. n. from southern China, Thailand, and Vietnam, and Thinodromus (s. str.) spotus sp. n. from southern China. The following new synonymy is established: Thinodromus (s. str.) deceptor (Sharp, 1889) = Thinodromus (s. str.) gravelyi (Bernhauer, 1926), syn. n.; = Thinodromus (s. str.) reitterianus (Bernhauer, 1938), syn. n. Lectotypes are designated for Trogophloeus lunatus Motschulsky, 1857, Trogophloeus pustulatus Bernhauer, 1904, Trogophloeus socius Bernhauer, 1904, Trogophloeus sumatrensis Bernhauer, 1915, Trogophloeus lewisi Cameron, 1919, Trogophloeus gravelyi Bernhauer, 1926, Trogophloeus reitterianus Bernhauer, 1938, and Trogophloeus unipustulatus Cameron, 1941. A key is presented to all the species of the Thinodromus lunatus group.     

New species of the buprestid genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Endelus</Emphasis> Deyrolle (Coleoptera,Buprestidae) from China,India, and Laos

Endelus (Kubaniellus) indicus sp. n. from India, E. (K.) lao sp. n. and E. (K.) khnzoriani sp. n. from Laos, E. (s. str.) sausai sp. n. from China, and E. (s. str.) dembickyi sp. n. from India are described, the two latter species are included in the Endelus bicarinatus Théry, 1932 species-group recently established by the author. E. collinus Obenberger, 1922 is included in this group; lectotype of this species is designated. Keys to species of the subgenus Kubaniellus and of the E. collinus group are provided. E. (K.) kareni Kalashian is for the first time recorded for Shaanxi Prov., E. pacholatkoi Kalashian, E. smaragdinus Desc. et Vill., and E collinus Obenb., for Laos (the latter species, also for Myanmar).     

Review of the species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptomastidea</Emphasis> Mercet, 1916 (Hymenoptera,Encyrtidae) of the World,with description of a new species from Montenegro and with separation of a new genus from Turkmenia

The review contains a key to females of the species of the genus Leptomastidea Mercet, 1926 of the World fauna and annotated synopsis of 25 species with data on their distribution, hosts, plants, and use in biological control [for L. abnormis (Girault)]. L. ljubodragi sp. n. is described from Montenegro. A new genus Proleptomastidea gen. n. is erected for Leptanusia enigmatica Trjapitzin, 1971 from Turkmenistan. Leptanusia turkmenica Myartseva, 1978 is transferred to the genus Anagyrus Howard, 1896 and, thus, a new combination, Anagyrus turkmenicus (Myartseva, 1978), comb. n., is formed.     

A Survey of the Distribution and Phylogenetic Relationships of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silvestrichilis</Emphasis> Group of Genera and of the Species of the Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silvestrichilis</Emphasis> Wygodz. (Archaeognatha,Machilidae) with Description of a New Species from South Ossetia

Review of the six genera of the Silvestrichilis group (Dilta Strand, Haslundiella Janetschek, Silvestrichilis Wygodzinsky, Silvestrichiloides Mendes, Haslundichilis Wygodzinsky, and Himalayachilis Wygodzinsky) and of the 17 species of the southern Palaearctic genus Silvestrichilis was performed for the first time with a discussion of their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends based on comparative analysis of the geographic distribution of the species and of the distribution of plesiomorphic and apomorphic states of their main morphological features. Haslundichilis quadrii Wygodzinsky, 1952 from northwestern India and H. lindbergi Wygodzinsky, 1962 from western Afghanistan are transferred to the genus Haslundiella, and new combinations Haslundiella quadrii (Wygodzinsky, 1952), comb. n. and Haslundiella lindbergi (Wygodzinsky, 1962), comb. n. are established. A new species, Silvestrichilis polinaesp. n., differs from all the congeners in the strongly dilated fore femur of the male and female, in the maxillary palpus chaetotaxy, and in the structure of the sensory field on the fore femur of the male.     

Description of Four New Species of Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acanthaegilips</Emphasis> Ashmead, 1897 (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Anacharitinae) from Colombia

There are four new species of the Neotropical Anacharitinae genus Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1897: A. boyacensis sp. n., A. curvis sp. n., A. timidus sp. n., and A. truncatus sp. n. The diagnostic characters of this new species and data about their morphological variability and similarities with other Acantahegilips species are discussed. An updated key of genus Acanthaegilips is included.     

New species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spathius</Emphasis> Nees (Hymenoptera,Braconidae) from Japan and neighboring territories

Eight new species of the genus Spathius Nees from Japan and the Russian Far East are described and illustrated: S. enigmatus sp. n., S. ishigakus sp. n., S. konishii sp. n., S. multigranulatus sp. n., S. omotodakus sp. n., S. pseudaspersus sp. n., S. pumilio sp. n., and S. tsushimus sp. n.     

Sponges from the Permian of Hambast Mountains,south of Abadeh,central Iran

Upper Permian (Murghabian) sponges from the Surmaq Formation exposed in the Hambast Mountains, south of Abadeh, central Iran are described. The sponge fauna of the Surmaq Formation is composed of at least 26 taxa, including 12 species of sphinctozoans, 12 species of inozoans, one operculospongid, and one lithistid species. The following taxa were determined to genus or species level: Sphinctozoa: Family Sebargasiidae: Amblysiphonella hambastensis n. sp., Discosiphonella iranica n. sp., Family Colospongiidae: Colospongia cortexifera Senowbari-Daryan and Rigby, Exaulipora permica (Senowbari-Daryan), Platythalamiella sp. 1, Platythalamiella? sp. 2, Parauvanella minima Senowbari-Daryan, Colospongia? or Neoguadalupia? sp., Family Guadalupiidae: Cystothalamia surmaqensis n. sp., Imbricatocoelia cf. paucipora Rigby, Fan and Zhang, Family Thaumastocoeliidae: Sollasia ostiolata Steinmann, Family Cryptocoeliidae: Stylocoelia circopora Wu. Inozoa: Family Peronidellidae: Preperonidella cf. Preperonidella recta grossa (Wu), Heptatubispongia symmetrica Rigby and Senowbari-Daryan, Hambastella sincassa n. gen., n. sp., Hambastella cumcassa n. sp., Family Maeandrostiidae: Maeandrostia kansasensis Girty, Maeandrostia? dubia n. sp., Surmaqella pustulata n. gen., n. sp., Family Auriculospongiidae: Pseudopalaeoaplysina huayingensis Wang, Qiang and Zhang, Family Disjectoporidae: Disjectopora beipeiensis Fan, Rigby and Zhang, Lichuanopora cf. bancaoensis Fan, Rigby and Zhang, Family Khmeriidae: Imilce newelli Flügel. Lithistida: Family Astylospongiidae: Raanespongia iranica n. sp. Among the sphinctozoans A. hambastensis n. sp. is an extremely abundant species. Among the inozoans the genus Hambastella n. gen., with both species, is the most abundant genus. The genera Disjectopora, Lichuanopora, and Pseudopaleoaplysina, were described as hydrozoans by early workers, but are assigned to the inozoans in this paper. The Upper Permian sponge fauna, as well as the composition of other reef organisms, from the Hambast Mountains in central Iran is different from that of the assemblage in the Lower Permian reefal limestones of Bagh-e Vang from the Shotori Mountians (northeast Iran).     

A re-evaluation of diversity of the Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Siganus fuscescens</Emphasis> (Houttuyn) (Perciformes: Siganidae) and associated species

The aporocotylid fauna of the mottled spinefoot, Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn), from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, was characterised using a combined morphological and molecular approach. Four aporocotylid species were identified, three belonging to the genus Ankistromeces Nolan & Cribb, 2006 and one to Cardicola Short, 1953. Specimens of Cardicola matched an undescribed species from the same host and locality; this species is described as Cardicola mogilae n. sp. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 and 28S data showed that C. mogilae n. sp. forms a strongly supported clade with other Cardicola species from siganid fishes. We record Ankistromeces olsoni Nolan & Cribb, 2006 in Moreton Bay for the first time, redescribe A. dunwichensis Nolan & Cribb, 2006 on the basis of new specimens and sequence data and re-report Ankistromeces sp. X from Moreton Bay based on molecular data. We review the status of the ten putative species of aporocotylids reported from siganids. Small variation in ITS2 rDNA sequences, in association with different geographic localities, was previously used to separate Cardicola lafii Nolan & Cribb, 2006 from C. parilus Nolan & Cribb, 2006, C. bartolii Nolan & Cribb, 2006 from C. watsonensis Nolan & Cribb, 2006, C. tantabiddii Nolan & Cribb, 2006 from Cardicola sp. 2, Ankistromeces sp. Y from A. olsoni and Ankistromeces sp. X from Ankistromeces sp. Z. These five combinations are reinterpreted as each representing a single species; Cardicola lafii is recognised as the senior synonym of C. parilus and C. bartolii as the senior synonym of C. watsonensis. This study thus suggests that six, rather than ten, species should be recognised as infecting S. fuscescens. This richness remains greater than is known for any other fish species and siganids are, so far, unique among fishes in harbouring two strongly radiated lineages of aporocotylids.     

New and little known species of the dance-fly subgenus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthempis</Emphasis> Bezzi,genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Empis</Emphasis> L. (Diptera,Empididae), from the Caucasus

Five new species of the subgenus Xanthempis Bezzi are described from the Caucasus: Empis (Xanthempis) annae sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodar Territory), E. (X.) grichanovi sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodar Territory; Georgia), E. (X.) pseudoconcolor sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodar and Stavropol territories; Georgia: Abkhazia), E. (X.) teberdaensis sp. n. (Russia: Karachay-Cherkessia), and E. (X.) zamotajlovi sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodar Territory and Adygea). The females of E. (X.) alanica Shamshev and E. (X.) kovalevi Shamshev are described for the first time. New data on the distribution of some previously described species are reported. The geographical distribution of Xanthempis is discussed. A key to Xanthempis species from the Caucasus is compiled.