Analysis of trapped mosquito excreta as a noninvasive method to reveal biodiversity and arbovirus circulation

Emerging and endemic mosquito-borne viruses can be difficult to detect and monitor because they often cause asymptomatic infections in human or vertebrate animals or cause nonspecific febrile illness with a short recovery waiting period. Some of these pathogens circulate into complex cryptic cycles involving several animal species as reservoir or amplifying hosts. Detection of cases in vertebrate hosts can be complemented by entomological surveillance, but this method is not adapted to low infection rates in mosquito populations that typically occur in low or nonendemic areas. We identified West Nile virus circulation in Camargue, a wetland area in South of France, using a cost-effective xenomonitoring method based on the molecular detection of virus in excreta from trapped mosquitoes. We also succeeded at identifying the mosquito species community on several sampling sites, together with the vertebrate hosts on which they fed prior to being captured using amplicon-based metabarcoding on mosquito excreta without processing any mosquitoes. Mosquito excreta-based virus surveillance can complement standard surveillance methods because it is cost-effective and does not require personnel with a strong background in entomology. This strategy can also be used to noninvasively explore the ecological network underlying arbovirus circulation.     

大气质量提高与农业中的硫肥需求

论述了植物对硫素的生理需求,大气中含硫化合物的来源、组成与含量以及对植物生态系统的硫素补充作用,植物对气态硫化物的吸收、同化能力及适宜浓度等．近年来由于人类健康与生态环境的需要,世界各国纷纷通过法律体制对工业含硫废气的排放标准进行了严格控制,却导致了作物缺硫现象的频繁发生,在某些地区硫已成为限制农业生产的最重要肥料限制因素．为此,全球农业中硫肥的需求量猛增且有效性范围不断扩大,进而对硫肥的研究与开发利用提出了新的要求     

施钾对花生养分吸收、产量与效益的影响

对江淮丘陵地区花生钾素的养分吸收特点以及施钾对花生产量和经济效益的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在一定氮、磷肥供给水平上,增施钾肥,能调节植株体内养分的运输与分配,促进植株对N、P、K养分的吸收,显著提高花生生殖器官的干物质积累,从而有利于提高花生的产量、品质和抗性,每生产100kg荚果,对N、P、K养分吸收量分别为3．08～5．35、0．6～1．2、3．45～6．66kg。其中对K的吸收量最大。主要集中在营养器官中;N、P的吸收主要集中在荚果等生殖器官中,随着施K量的增加,各器官中N、P、K含量均随之增加,但K的增加最多,P增加最少,当施K量为150～180kg·hm^-2,且N、P、K的施肥配比为2：1：2时,花生荚果的产量最高(5425．5kg·hm^-2),经济效益最大(13878．7元·hm^-2),产投比达到6．75：1,增产增收效果显著;而施K量超过225kg·hm^-2时,花生产量和效益明显下降,因此,在花生生产上可以推荐N150P75K150作为该地区高产栽培的平衡施肥配方。     

Air Pollution from Industry and Traffic: Perceived Risk and Affect in the Moerdijk Region,The Netherlands

The aim of the present study was to compare the perceived risks of air pollution from industry and traffic in the Moerdijk region in The Netherlands, and to identify the demographic and psychometric variables that are associated with these perceived risks. We sent out a questionnaire and risk perceptions were explored using multiple regression models. The results showed that the perceived risks of industrial air pollution were higher than for those of traffic-related air pollution. The perceived risk of industrial air pollution was associated with other variables than that of traffic. For industry, the psychometric variable affect prevailed. For traffic-related air pollution, the demographic variables age and educational level prevailed, although affect was also apparent. Which source was considered as the major source—traffic or industry—depended on a high risk perception of industrial air pollution, and not on variation in risk perception of traffic-related air pollution. These insights can be used as an impetus for the local risk management process in the Moerdijk region. We recommend that local authorities consider risk perception as one of the targets in local risk management strategies as well.     

An evaluation of carbon disulphide as a sulphur fertilizer and as a nitrification inhibitor

There was little release of extractable SO₄-S during four weeks from CS₂ applied by injecting into two S-deficient soils. In this incubation experiment, the rate of CS₂ was 30 μg S g⁻, placement was injection at 9 cm depth, soil temperature was 20°C, and soil moisture tension was 33 kPa. The yield of barley forage after seven weeks in the greenhouse showed only small increases from 10 or 30 μg S g⁻¹ of CS₂ as compared to Na₂SO₄, on the two soils. While CS₂ supplied little plant available S in the short term, it was an effective inhibitor of nitrification. In the laboratory, or in the field, the injection of CS₂ (with N fertilizers) at a point 9 cm into the soils either stopped or reduced nitrification. In one laboratory experiment, 35 μg of CS₂ g⁻¹ of soil with urea reduced nitrification for at least four weeks; and in another experiment 20 μg of CS₂ g⁻¹ of soil with aqua NH₃ nearly or completely inhibited nitrification at 20 days. In two field experiments, 3 and 12 μg of CS₂ g⁻¹ of soil (or 6 and 24 kg ha⁻¹) with aqua NH₃ inhibited nitrification from October to the subsequent May. In addition, CS₂ reduced the amount of ammonium produced from the soil N, both in these two field experiments and in the laboratory experiments. That is to say, CS₂ injected at a point, inhibited both nitrification and ammonification. In other field experiments, CS₂ at a rate of 10 kg ha⁻¹ was injected in bands 9 cm deep with urea in October, and by May there was still reduced nitrification. Less than half of the fall-applied urea alone was recovered as mineral N, but with the application of CS₂ the recovery was increased to three-quarters. The yield and N uptake of barley grain was increased where fall-applied banded urea or aqua NH₃ received banded CS₂, (NH₄)₂CS₃, or K₂CS₃. The average increase in yield from fall-applied fertilizer, from inhibitor with fall-applied fertilizer, and from spring-applied fertilizer was 800, 1370, and 1900 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. In the same order, the apparent % recovery of fertilizer N in grain was 24, 42, and 60.     

Fertilizers and biological nitrogen fixation as sources of plant nutrients: Perspectives for future agriculture

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has an assured place in agriculture, mainly as a source of nitrogen for legumes. Legumes are currently grown mostly as a source of vegetable oil and as food for humans and animals, but not as nitrogen source.Other crops with BNF capability may be eventually be developed eventually. Such crops will also need mineral fertilizers to maintain a good status of soil nutrients, but their possible effects to the environment is also a concern. Fertilizers, however, will remain a necessary and sustainable input to agriculture to feed the present and increasing human population. It is not a case of whether BNF is better or worse than mineral fertilizers because both plays an important role in agriculture.     

控释肥料与普通氮肥混施对春白菜产量、品质和氮素损失的影响

在京郊露地生产条件下,研究了控释肥料与速效化肥混配施用对春白菜产量、品质、氨挥发、土壤硝态氮累积和淋失的影响.结果表明：与习惯施肥处理（施N 300 kg·hm^-2）相比,控释肥料与普通化肥按纯氮比2∶1混配施用（共施N 150 kg·hm^-2）没有造成白菜减产,并显著降低了菜叶中硝酸盐和有机酸含量;与半量施肥处理(施N 150 kg·hm^-2)相比,控释肥与化肥混施处理产量和叶片硝酸盐含量无显著差异.控释肥与化肥混施处理提高了白菜氮肥利用率,减少了N₃-N淋失量和氨挥发总量.白菜收获后,控释肥与化肥混施处理在20～40、60～80、80～100 cm土层的NO₃^--N含量显著低于习惯施肥处理.     

Risk of Disease Transmission between Conservation Personnel and the Mountain Gorillas: Results from an Employee Health Program in Rwanda

Humans and gorillas share 97% of their genetic makeup which means the risk of disease transmission between the two is potentially high. Humans with high exposure and whose exposure-related activity can most easily be managed are park conservation personnel. In June 2001, the Morris Animal Foundations Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project initiated a health program for all employees working in Rwandas Parc National des Volcans in collaboration with in-country government and nongovernmental agencies. The goal is to improve the health of conservation personnel and reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission between employees and the parks mountain gorillas. Employees annually receive a clinical examination and laboratory testing, and provide a clinical history, In 2002, analyses were performed on the dataset of 127 employees to identify potential risk factors associated with positive laboratory tests. Considering all fecal tests combined, 70.1% were positive for one or more pathogenic organisms. A high percentage (> 80%) tested positive on viral antibody titer testing for various communicable diseases including measles, chickenpox, and hepatitis. On multivariate analysis, the main risk factor for testing positive for any pathogenic organism was use of a pit latrine at home. Vaccination against childhood communicable diseases and improved human waste disposal could be critical control points for preventing disease transmission to mountain gorillas. Program results have been shared with local health officials to aid in their efforts to improve village health and sanitation standards, and with park employers as a basis for ongoing employee health education.The Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project 2002 Employee Health Group members are listed in Appendix 1. by area of contribution.     

我国微生物肥料发展的现状与建议

微生物肥料通常是指利用发酵技术生产出的含有特定有益微生物的液体活菌制剂,或该菌液经无菌载体吸附后而制成的固体活菌制剂。随着我国绿色农业的蓬勃发展,微生物肥料在农业生产中越来越受到人们的重视。介绍了我国微生物肥料的发展现状,并对我国微生物肥料产业化发展提出几点建议。     

减氮配施有机肥对滴灌棉田土壤生物学性状与团聚体特性的影响

本文通过新疆绿洲棉田连续4年定位施肥试验,研究了不同处理[对照CK、常规化肥CF、减氮配施普通有机肥OF(80%CF+OF和60%CF+OF)、减氮配施生物有机肥BF(80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF)]对土壤生物学性状和团聚体特性的影响,探讨了土壤生物学性状与有机碳及团聚体之间的关系.结果表明:与单施化肥(CF)相比,配施生物有机肥的80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF处理均可显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性,其增幅分别为55.6%～84.0%、53.1%～74.0%、15.1%～38.0%、38.2%～68.0%、29.6%～52.0%和35.4%～58.9%,高量配施有机肥效果优于低量配施.各施肥处理明显提高了土壤基础呼吸,具体表现为BF>OF>CF>CK.与CF相比,60%CF+BF处理的土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳分别增加22.3%和43.5%,但微生物生物量碳氮比显著下降.>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体在配施普通有机肥的80%CF+OF、60%CF+OF处理比对照(CK)分别增加7.1%和8.0%.80%CF+BF处理较80%CF+OF处理机械稳定性团聚体的几何平均直径(GMD)增加了9.2%.冗余(RDA)分析和聚类分析均表明,减氮增碳可明显调控滴灌棉田土壤生物活性与团聚体结构.连续4年化肥减量配施有机肥或生物有机肥,提高了土壤有机碳含量,并对团聚体稳定性和生物学性状有协同改善效应,是维持与提升绿洲滴灌棉田土壤肥力的有效途径.     

秸秆还田与氮肥施用对稻田温室气体排放的影响

秸秆还田与氮肥施用是农田生态系统中碳氮元素的两大主要补给途径,其在调控稻田甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放以及水稻产量方面具有重要作用。以往的研究主要关注秸秆还田或氮肥施用单因素对稻田温室气体排放的影响,而双因素互作对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响尚未明确。同时,在秸秆还田条件下如何进行合理的氮肥施用鲜有深入研究。本研究基于3个氮肥处理(0、180、360 kg N/hm²)和3个秸秆还田处理(0、2.25、3.75 t/hm²)进行多年水稻田间定位试验,研究结果表明:CH₄季节累积排放随秸秆还田量增加而增加,与施氮量无显著正相关关系;N₂O季节累积排放随施氮量增加而增加,与秸秆还田量无显著正相关关系;秸秆还田对于产量的影响具有不确定性,两年均在秸秆不还田+不施氮处理(S0N0)出现最低产量,2021与2022年最低产量分别为5740.64和4903.75 kg/hm²。2021与2022年最高产量分别在秸秆不还田+高氮(S0N2)和高量秸秆还田+高氮(S2N2)出现,分别为10938.48和10384.83 kg/hm²。同时,本研究发现在低量秸秆还田条件下,在碳足迹(CF, Carbon Footprint)方面,施氮量为251 kg N/hm²时碳足迹达到最低点,为1.01 kg C/kg;而在生态经济净收益(NEEB, Net Ecosystem Economic Benefits)方面,施氮量为294 kg N/hm²时生态经济净收益达到最高点,为11778.15 元/hm²。为协同生态经济净收益与碳排放,在低量秸秆还田(S1)下,配合251-294 kg N/hm²的施氮量为最优施肥方案。研究结果为指导稻田温室气体减排、实现稻田碳中和以及农田管理提供了理论支撑,为实现水稻的高产稳产与低碳生产科学依据。     

Risk perception of air pollution: An exploration of self-relevancy

Air pollution is a serious environmental issue that has been long recognized. Whereas government policies attempt to reduce air pollution by controlling various pollution sources, research on risk perception of air pollution tends to treat air pollution as a single unified risk and neglects the complication of the polluting sources. Previous research consistently demonstrates that lay people have an inaccurate understanding of air pollution and are unwilling to change their behaviors to decrease pollution. However, these findings can hardly be employed in policy-making because researchers and policy-makers treat air pollution differently. The aim of the present study is to obtain a nuanced understanding of people's risk perception of air pollution from different sources. Moreover, we propose a new risk dimension, Self-Relevancy, and try to understand people's reluctance to change their behaviors to reduce pollution. Three main findings emerged. First, we demonstrated that people perceived each air pollution source differently. Second, factor analysis of risk characteristics showed that ratings of Self-Relevancy questions mainly loaded on the same factor, which indicates the robustness of the Self-Relevancy risk dimension. Finally, we found that people's ratings of Self-Relevancy positively predicted their perceived risk for some of the pollution sources. These findings highlight the importance of investigating sub-categories of risks and exploring the risk dimension of Self-Relevancy in future risk perception research to provide detailed and informative data for policy-makers.     

氮素配施双氰胺对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统N2O排放的影响及效益分析

针对目前集约化农业生产中氮肥用量盲目偏高、氮素利用率低、土壤及肥料中氮素以温室气体N₂O形式的排放量增加等问题,采用田间试验研究了不同氮肥水平(150、225、300 kg·hm^-2)配施双氰胺(DCD)对华北地区集约化农田冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统N₂O排放的影响,并分析了其经济效益.结果表明： 在整个轮作系统中,不同氮水平配施DCD处理的N₂O排放通量减小25.6%～32.1%,N₂O年度累积排放量降低23.1%～31.1%.土壤N₂O排放通量与表面温度和湿度均呈显著指数相关,且湿度对小麦季N₂O排放的影响大于玉米季,而温度对玉米季的影响大于小麦季.施用DCD后,小麦、玉米产量分别增加16.7%～24.6%和29.8%～34.5%,两季作物经济收益平均增加7973.2 元·hm^-2.因此,合理氮肥用量配施DCD既可以保证作物产量、提高经济效益,又可以减少N₂O排放.综合考虑环境效益与经济效益,本试验条件下中量氮肥配施双氰胺(N总量225 kg·hm^-2)是一种适宜在华北地区推广的优良氮肥管理模式.     

North-South benefit sharing arrangements in bioprospecting and genetic research: a critical ethical and legal analysis

Most pharmaceutical research carried out today is focused on the treatment and management of the lifestyle diseases of the developed world. Diseases that affect mainly poor people are neglected in research advancements in treatment because they cannot generate large financial returns on research and development costs. Benefit sharing arrangements for the use of indigenous resources and genetic research could only marginally address this gap in research and development in diseases that affect the poor. Benefit sharing as a strategy is conceptually problematic, even if one, as we do, agrees that impoverished indigenous communities should not be exploited and that they should be assisted in improving their living conditions. The accepted concept of intellectual property protection envisages clearly defined originators and owners of knowledge, whereas the concept of community membership is fluid and indigenous knowledge is, by its very nature, open, with the originator(s) lost in the mists of time. The delineation of 'community' presents serious conceptual and practical difficulties as few communities form discrete, easily discernable groups, and most have problematic leadership structures. Benefit sharing is no substitute for governments' responsibility to uplift impoverished communities. Benefit sharing arrangements may be fraught with difficulties but considerations of respect and equity demand that prior informed consent and consultation around commercialisation of knowledge take place with the source community and their government.     

水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响

在高肥力条件下,大田试验采用裂区设计,主区为不同灌水频次(0～3次),裂区为不同施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2),结合15N微区示踪技术,研究了水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响.结果表明,在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加.在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势.氮肥水平一定时,在灌0至灌2水范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理中施氮处理(N168、N240)的籽粒产量较灌2水处理显著降低;灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降.在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低,各灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,不灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量显著降低.灌水促进了施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0～100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100～200 cm土层.灌水次数是导致收获期0～100 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100～200 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应.     

水稻土模拟土柱中肥料氮素的迁移转化特征

为了明确肥料氮素在模拟土柱中的迁移转化特征,通过布置室内模拟土柱试验,研究了3倍常规施肥水平下（360 mg·kg^-1）水稻土中矿质氮的变化.结果表明： 不同处理、不同土层间NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量差异显著.不施肥对照在整个培养期间养分含量变化不大,不同土层间亦没有显著性差异.施用尿素和硫铵后,土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量显著提高,尤其是0～50 mm土层内,分别达到186.0～2882.1 mg·kg^-1和268.7～351.5 mg·kg^-1,分别相当于对照的4.8～242倍和5.7～316倍,50 mm以下各土层与对照处理相似,表明肥料氮素的迁移转化主要发生在0～50 mm土层内,并且在培养的前14 d变化最大.整个培养期间不同土层内,硫铵处理不同矿质态氮含量是尿素处理的0.7～2.0倍,硝化率是尿素处理的0.9～1.4倍,表明硫铵在水稻土中的转化效率略高于尿素.     

Decision analysis approach to risk/benefit evaluation in the ethical review of controlled human infection studies

Risks and benefit evaluation for controlled human infection studies, where healthy volunteers are deliberately exposed to infectious agents to evaluate vaccine efficacy, should be explicit, systematic, thorough, and non-arbitrary. Decision analysis promotes these qualities using four steps: (1) determining explicit criteria and measures for evaluation, (2) identifying alternatives to the study, (3) defining the models used to estimate the measures for each alternative, and (4) running the models to produce the estimates and compare the alternatives. In this paper, we describe how decision analysis might be applied by funders and regulators, as well as by others contemplating the use of novel controlled human infection studies for vaccine development and evaluation.     

Public Reactions to Risk Messages Communicating Different Sources of Uncertainty: An Experimental Test

There is an abundant literature on the challenge of integrating uncertainties in experts’ risk assessments, but the evidence on the way they are understood by the public is scarce and mixed. This study aims to better understand the effect of communicating different sources of uncertainty in risk communication. A causal design was employed to test the effect of communicating risk messages varying in type of advisory warning (no risk and suggests no protective measure, or risk and recommends a protective measure) and sources of uncertainty (no uncertainty, divergence between experts, contradictory data, or lack of data) on public reactions. Participants from the general public (N = 434) were randomly assigned to read and react to variants of a fictitious government message discussing the presence of a new micro-organism found in tap water. Multiple analysis of variance showed that to report uncertainty from divergence between experts or from contradictory data reduced the adherence to the message, but not to mention the lack of data. Moreover, the communication of diverse sources of uncertainty did not affect trust in the government when the advisory warning stated there was a risk and recommended a protective measure. These findings have important implications for risk communication.     

Root distribution and morphology of maize seedlings as affected by tillage and fertilizer placement

Suboptimal soil conditions are known to result in poor early growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in no-tillage (NT) systems in contrast with conventional tillage (CT) systems. However, most studies have generally focused on maize roots at later growth stages and/or do not give details on root morphology. In a 2-year field study at two locations (silt loam and loam soils) in the Swiss midlands, we investigated the impacts of tillage intensity, NT vs. CT, and NP-fertilizer sidebanding on the morphology, vertical and horizontal distribution, and nutrient uptake of maize roots at the V6 growth stage. The length density (RLD) and the length per diameter-class distribution (LDD) of the roots were determined from soil cores taken to a depth of 0.5 m and at distances of 0.05 and 0.15 m from both sides of the maize row. The temperature of the topsoil was lower, and the bulk density and penetration resistance were greater in the topsoil of NT compared with CT. The growth and the development of the shoot were slower in NT. RLD was greater and the mean root diameter smaller in CT than in NT, while the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots did not differ between CT and NT. RLD increased in the zone enriched by the sidebanded fertilizer, independent of the tillage system, but LDD did not change. The poorer growth of the roots and shoots of maize seedlings was presumably caused by the lower topsoil temperature in NT rather than by mechanical impedance. The placement of a starter fertilizer at planting under NT is emphasized.