蚯蚓外源酶与内源酶酶解产物分析

本试验采用了枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)AS1.398枯草杆菌蛋白酶和自溶制备蚯蚓肽,通过前期单因素试验,设计正交试验L9(34),以氨基氮数,多肽浓度为衡量指标,对最佳酶解条件进行筛选研究,并分析了酶解液氨基酸组成和相对分子量的分布。结果表明:AS1.398枯草杆菌蛋白酶最佳酶解条为pH 6.5、酶浓度1%、温度50℃、反应时间8 h,在此条件下,酶解蚯蚓蛋白的每100 mL水解液氨基氮数可以达到16.55 mmol,多肽浓度达9.22 mg/mL;自溶酶解蚯蚓的最佳条件pH 7.0、底物浓度1∶2、温度50℃、反应时间6 h,在此条件下,酶解蚯蚓蛋白的每100 mL水解液氨基氮数可以达到21.55 mmol,多肽浓度达11.65 mg/mL;二者酶解产物分子量大部分是在5000以下的多肽、小肽及氨基酸的混合物,其中分子量在300以下占了80%,氨基酸组成平衡,含量丰富,可用来制取新型氨基酸微量元素及小肽添加剂。通过控制酶解条件,蚯蚓可以利用自身的酶源自溶来代替外源酶,从而降低成本。     

琼胶酶酶学研究进展

琼胶酶是一类能够降解琼胶多糖的酶的总称,根据其降解琼胶多糖的作用方式不同,分为α-琼胶酶(EC3.2.1.158)和β-琼胶酶(EC3.2.1.81)两种。本文从琼胶酶的酶学性质、晶体结构、催化机制和酶基因研究等方面,综述了近年来国内外琼胶酶酶学的最新研究进展,这将有益于琼胶酶未来的应用。     

辣根过氧化物酶模拟酶研究进展

辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP)是一种常用的工具酶 ,对其模拟酶的研究是近年来生物化学和有机化学的重要课题 ,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文评述了近十年来HRP模拟酶的研究进展。     

课堂教学随笔:异构酶、变位酶、消旋酶、差向异构酶与互变异构酶

物质代谢过程涉及多种酶的参与,了解这些酶的作用及机制对理解代谢过程非常重要。课堂教学中,我们经常会碰到各种名称的异构酶,包括变位酶、消旋酶、差向异构酶与互变异构酶等,学生难免会混淆彼此的含义。本文拟就生化代谢中的一些反应实例,探讨这几类酶的作用特点。     

限制性酶

核酸限制性内切酶是识别双链DNA中专一序列的酶,主要从原核生物中提取。限制性内切酶可分为三类:第Ⅰ和第Ⅲ类酶在同一旦白中具有修饰作用(甲基化作用)和需要ATP的限制性裂解的活性。这两种酶都识别底物DNA中非甲基化的序列,不过第Ⅰ类酶的作用是随机的,第Ⅲ类酶则切DNA的专一位点。     

V-ATP酶

在八十年代,Ａｎｒａｋｕ及其同事首次在酵母细胞的液泡膜上发现了一种运输质子的ＡＴＰ酶［１］。由于这种ＡＴＰ酶最早是在液泡中发现的,所以命名为液泡（ｖａｃｕｏｌａｒ）ＡＴＰ酶,简称Ｖ－ＡＴＰ酶。此后在各种动植物和真菌中陆续发现了这种ＡＴＰ酶。由此可见,...     

黏细菌漆酶序列筛选及其重组酶酶学性质

漆酶是一种应用广泛的绿色环保的多酚氧化酶。漆酶过去被认为广泛存在于植物、昆虫和真菌中,而近年来,越来越多的细菌中也发现了漆酶的存在。黏细菌是一类重要的资源菌,但与一般细菌相比,较难分离和纯化。文中利用生物信息学的方法,综合应用Blast和隐马尔可夫模型方法对黏细菌蛋白质组数据库进行搜索,并根据多铜氧化酶的保守铜离子结合位点进行进一步筛选,获得30个候选黏细菌漆酶序列。挑选其中9个,在大肠杆菌中进行重组表达。利用2,6-甲氧基苯酚(DMP)等常用漆酶底物检测重组酶的催化氧化活性,其中7个重组蛋白具有漆酶催化活性。选择1个对2,6-甲氧基苯酚(DMP)具有较高氧化活性的重组酶(命名为rSC-2),通过Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化rSC-2,测试其酶学性质。纯化的rSC-2蛋白分子量约57 kDa,在最适反应条件下,rSC-2催化DMP反应的比酶活为0.27 U/mg。催化DMP反应的最适温度为60℃,最适pH为7.0。rSC-2在pH 7.0-8.0有较高酶活,在60℃孵育1 h保留50%以上剩余酶活。低浓度的Ca~(2+)对酶活有一定的促进作用,而较高浓度的Fe~(3+)、Co~(2+)、Ba~(2+)对酶活的抑制作用较明显。这是首次对黏细菌漆酶序列进行系统性的生物信息学分析,并实现纤维堆囊菌Sorangium cellulosum序列来源的漆酶活性蛋白在大肠杆菌细胞中重组表达。     

过氧化物酶和PeroxiBase过氧化物酶数据库

过氧化物酶是存在于生物体中的一大类以过氧化物为电子受体催化底物氧化的酶,在生物体的生命活动中发挥着重要作用.过氧化物酶由多态性丰富的多基因家族所编码,其结构和功能具有多样性.近年来,随着研究和应用的深入,过氧化物酶领域迫切需要建立一个专业的信息交流平台.PeroxiBase数据库收集了大量的过氧化物酶数据,并进行生物信息学加工,为生命科学研究人员免费共享、最大化利用与综合开发过氧化物酶资源搭建了信息平台,在过氧化物酶的研究与应用中发挥着重要作用.     

外切菊粉酶的酶学研究进展

菊粉富含于菊芋、菊苣等多种菊科植物中,是一种来源丰富的可再生资源。菊粉是一种由D 呋喃果糖经β-2, 1-糖苷键连接,还原端经α-1, 2-糖苷键连接1个葡萄糖残基构成的果聚糖。菊粉能被菊粉酶水解,生产果糖、高果糖浆、菊粉寡糖,可通过微生物发酵生产燃料酒精等产品,在食品、生物能源、医疗保健等方面都有重要应用,受到广泛关注。介绍外切菊粉酶的分类、来源、结构和催化机理,重点总结近10年微生物来源外切菊粉酶的重组表达和酶学性质情况,简述外切菊粉酶在食品、能源等方面的应用,展望外切菊粉酶的研究热点及方向。     

酶模型

结合各相关专著、文献中对酶模型的介绍,简要回顾了酶模型的发展背景,较系统综述了其概念、理论基础、主要类型及该领域的研究进展。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.