现有溶酶体分离纯化技术的对比、分析和应用

溶酶体作为真核细胞中重要的细胞器,不仅是降解内外源物质的场所,也是细胞能量感知和调节的中心,能够协调细胞物质的转运、代谢和分泌。溶酶体稳态失衡会导致许多疾病,如溶酶体贮积症、肿瘤、免疫缺陷和神经退行性疾病。获得完整、高纯度的溶酶体是研究其微观结构、稳态调控和相关分子功能的重要前提。目前常用的溶酶体分离纯化技术包括离心分离纯化、荧光辅助细胞器分选、亲和免疫分离纯化、磁性纳米颗粒分离纯化和Lyso-IP等。该文综述现有溶酶体分离纯化技术的原理、特点和应用,并对它们进行对比分析。     

一种微小染色质免疫共沉淀方法的建立

染色质免疫共沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,ChIP)是目前研究蛋白与DNA相互作用的强有力的技术之一.然而传统的ChIP实验方法的最大缺陷是要求大量的细胞数,这限制了它应用于少量细胞数的样品.在传统ChIP实验的基础上综合国外文献建立了一种能在少量细胞样品中进行的染色质免疫共沉淀实验,称之为微小染色质免疫共沉淀(miniChIP).并通过对诱导前后的MEL细胞中表达的β珠蛋白基因簇组蛋白H4乙酰化(acH4)的研究,证实了其可靠性和特异性.结果显示:高敏位点HS2和活跃基因β-maj的启动子区域存在一定的组蛋白H4乙酰化水平,DMSO诱导后显著增加,而不活跃基因Ey的启动子区域则检测到极低水平的组蛋白H4乙酰化,且诱导后无明显变化.     

染色质免疫共沉淀实验方法

染色质免疫共沉淀(ChIP)技术是一种检测蛋白质与DNA结合的实验技术。该方法可以先进行样品交联, 然后将蛋白质与DNA复合物进行随机DNA切断, 再借助免疫学方法特异性富集与目的蛋白相结合的DNA片段, 从而检测转录因子等目的蛋白质与DNA的结合情况, 鉴定基因启动子或其它DNA结合位点。该方法同时也可应用于研究基因组特定位点的组蛋白修饰情况。该文介绍了依赖交联固定的常规免疫共沉淀(X-ChIP), 以及适用于10³细胞级别微量实验材料的基于微球菌核酸酶非交联免疫共沉淀(ULI-NChIP)具体操作过程和注意事项。     

相分配—一种纯化细胞器和膜微囊的方法

根据各种膜颗粒表面电荷密度和疏水性的差异,通过适当的相分配系统,将一种膜颗粒从其它成份中分离出来,这便是相分配法。在相分配法应用之前,都是用离心法纯化膜颗粒的,但离心法纯化的膜颗粒纯度不够高。相分配法作为离心法的辅助技术,则能满足实验对分离纯化的膜颗粒的纯度     

桑枝多糖分离纯化及其免疫作用的初步研究

采用水提醇沉法从中药材桑枝(Ramulus mori)中分离纯化多糖,并建立桑枝多糖的含量测定方法;采用碳粒廓清法和二硝基氟苯诱导小鼠迟发型变态反应试验法,观察桑枝多糖对地塞米松所致免疫低下模型小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果显示,用改良的苯酚一硫酸法测得桑枝中多糖含量为5．5％,提取物桑枝多糖(RMPS)中的含量为56．6％。多次水溶醇沉后,桑枝多糖含量可达70％以上;桑枝多糖可显著提高免疫低下小鼠的吞噬指数α,增强网状内皮细胞的吞噬功能和小鼠迟发型变态反应能力,增强T细胞活性。     

龙须菜免疫活性多糖的分离纯化及结构鉴定

利用小鼠淋巴细胞增殖模型,筛选龙须菜中具有免疫活性的多糖,并对其结构进行鉴定。活性筛选与分离纯化相结合,经室温提取,DEAE-Sepharose F.F.离子柱和凝胶Sephacryl S500层析,分离纯化得到具有刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖活性的龙须菜多糖GCpF2-3B。免疫实验表明,GCpF2-3B在较低浓度10μg/mL就表现出刺激作用(增殖率135%),当浓度为50μg/mL时增殖率达到最高(195%)。高效渗透色谱HPSEC层析纯度鉴定和紫外扫描表明GCpF2-3B为均一多糖,分子量约为1.03×105Da。红外光谱扫描显示,GCpF2-3B为典型的含硫酸基团多糖,具有糖类特征峰和总硫酸基吸收峰;13C NMR谱显示GCpF2-3B主要由交替相连的(1→3)-β-D-半乳糖和(1→4)-α-L-3,6-内醚半乳糖重复二糖组成。     

一种改进的烟草多酚氧化酶Ⅱ纯化方法

目的:选择不同的分离、纯化步骤并比对分析,筛选出纯化烟草中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的优化组合方案。方法:采用分段盐析、DEAE-SepharoseFastflow和SephadexG-150柱层析纯化PPO,通过测定和比较酶活性筛选最佳条件。结果:确定了最佳盐析浓度(40%)和柱层析条件,SDS-PAGE、FPLC以及动力学常数的检测结果表明,纯化出的蛋白质相对分子质量为42000,Km为1.2mmol/L,得到了纯化91倍的烟草多酚氧化酶Ⅱ。结论:优化方案减少了有机溶剂分级沉淀、阳离子交换层析等步骤,使纯化过程大大缩短。     

一种溶酶体靶向的原位自组装短肽设计及抗肿瘤活性研究

肿瘤已成为威胁人类生命的一大杀手,目前主要采用手术和放、化疗等手段进行治疗,但由于放、化疗的细胞选择性差、毒副作用明显且易引起肿瘤细胞产生耐受(/药)性,不利于肿瘤的持续治疗,因此亟待研发具有定向定位优势、毒副作用低的新型靶向药物.原位自组装多肽能识别肿瘤部位的特异性高表达物质,在肿瘤部位靶向性聚集形成稳定的纳米结构,实现精准和高效治疗,有望成为一种新型的抗肿瘤药物.本研究基于多肽原位自组装的设计理念,利用溶酶体内组织蛋白酶L的催化活性,设计了靶向溶酶体且能够原位自组装的多肽分子Fmoc-FFRIKFERQ-OH,研究了该分子的自组装特性及抗肿瘤活性.结果显示,在体外酸性条件下,组织蛋白酶L能精准切割Fmoc-FFRIKFERQ-OH分子,其酶切产物FmocFFR-OH自组装形成长纳米纤维结构,对肿瘤细胞A375和SH-SY5Y均具有较好的杀伤作用.该分子通过靶向溶酶体杀伤肿瘤细胞且对正常细胞的毒性较低,有望成为一种新型的抗肿瘤药物.     

一种新型免疫亲和层析介质的研究

以国产琼脂糖介质为原料,合成了含肼琼脂糖介质。抗体Fc段的糖基经氧化后,可与此种含肼琼脂糖介质偶联,制成高亲和率的免疫亲和层析介质。与溴化氰法相比,这种对抗体上的糖特异的偶联方法制成的免疫亲和层析介质,容量高、稳定性强。用这种含肼琼脂糖介质分别与肿瘤坏死因子和γ-干扰素等的抗体偶联,制成的免疫亲和层析介质可用于分离纯化相应的基因工程产物抗原。     

The Fab1/PIKfyve Phosphoinositide Phosphate Kinase Is Not Necessary to Maintain the pH of Lysosomes and of the Yeast Vacuole

Lysosomes and the yeast vacuole are degradative and acidic organelles. Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P₂), a master architect of endolysosome and vacuole identity, is thought to be necessary for vacuolar acidification in yeast. There is also evidence that PtdIns(3,5)P₂ may play a role in lysosomal acidification in higher eukaryotes. Nevertheless, these conclusions rely on qualitative assays of lysosome/vacuole pH. For example, quinacrine, an acidotropic fluorescent base, does not accumulate in the vacuoles of fab1Δ yeast. Fab1, along with its mammalian ortholog PIKfyve, is the lipid kinase responsible for synthesizing PtdIns(3,5)P₂. In this study, we employed several assays that quantitatively assessed the lysosomal and vacuolar pH in PtdIns(3,5)P₂-depleted cells. Using ratiometric imaging, we conclude that lysosomes retain a pH < 5 in PIKfyve-inhibited mammalian cells. In addition, quantitative fluorescence microscopy of vacuole-targeted pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP variant, indicates that fab1Δ vacuoles are as acidic as wild-type yeast. Importantly, we also employed fluorimetry of vacuoles loaded with cDCFDA, a pH-sensitive dye, to show that both wild-type and fab1Δ vacuoles have a pH < 5.0. In comparison, the vacuolar pH of the V-ATPase mutant vph1Δ or vph1Δ fab1Δ double mutant was 6.1. Although the steady-state vacuolar pH is not affected by PtdIns(3,5)P₂ depletion, it may have a role in stabilizing the vacuolar pH during salt shock. Overall, we propose a model in which PtdIns(3,5)P₂ does not govern the steady-state pH of vacuoles or lysosomes.     

ErbB2-associated changes in the lysosomal proteome

Late endosomes and lysosomes (hereafter referred to as lysosomes) play an essential role in the turnover of cellular macromolecules and organelles. Their biochemical characterization has so far depended on purification methods based on either density gradient centrifugations or magnetic purification of iron-loaded organelles. Owing to dramatic changes in lysosomal density and stability associated with lysosomal diseases and cancer, these methods are not optimal for the comparison of normal and pathological lysosomes. Here, we introduce an efficient method for the purification of intact lysosomes by magnetic immunoprecipitation with antibodies against the vacuolar-type H(+) -ATPase. Quantitative MS-based proteomics analysis of the obtained lysosomal membranes identified 60 proteins, most of which have previously been associated with the lysosomal compartment. Interestingly, the lysosomal membrane proteome was significantly altered by the ectopic expression of an active form of the ErbB2 oncogene, which renders the cells highly metastatic. The furthermost ErbB2-associated changes included increased levels of CD63, S100A11 and ferritin heavy chain. Overall, our data introduce the antibody-based purification of lysosomes as a suitable method for the characterization of lysosomes from a variety of pathological conditions with altered lysosomal density and stability.     

一种优化的蜜环菌分离与纯化方法

从分离材料的采集、蜜环菌索的室内培养条件、培养基的改良和分离技术的优化4个方面对前人的蜜环菌分离方法进行了系统的完善和改进。结果表明：采用蜜环菌生长良好的木本植物组织为分离材料,在15℃保湿的条件下培养可以得到健壮的菌索;按玉米粉：黄豆粉：蔗糖：水=6：1：1：26的质量比例制作的培养基不仅能满足蜜环菌生长的营养需求,而且对于其他杂菌具有明显的阻滞作用,有助于菌株纯化;分离前对菌索表面进行适当干燥可显著提高分离的成功率。     

Chediak–Higashi Syndrome: A Rare Disorder of Lysosomes and Lysosome Related Organelles

Chediak–Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe immunologic defects including recurrent bacterial infections, impaired chemotaxis and abnormal natural killer (NK) cell function. Patients with this syndrome exhibit other symptoms such as an associated lymphoproliferative syndrome, bleeding tendencies, partial albinism and peripheral neuropathies. The classic diagnostic feature of CHS is the presence of huge lysosomes and cytoplasmic granules within cells. Similar defects are found in other mammals, the most well studied being the beige mouse and Aleutian mink. A positional cloning approach resulted in the identification of the Beige gene on chromosome 13 in mice and the CHS1/LYST gene on chromosome 1 in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is 3801 amino acids and is highly conserved throughout evolution. The identification of CHS1/Beige has defined a family of genes containing a common BEACH motif. The function of these proteins in vesicular trafficking remains unknown.     

The high performance of 3XFLAG for target purification of a bioactive metabolite: a tag combined with a highly effective linker structure

Affinity purification using immunoprecipitation (IP) is an extremely useful method for target profiling of bioactive natural products. We examined IP purification of CMetE, which is a molecular target for potassium isolespedezate (1), a leaf-opening factor of Cassia plant. We studied IP efficiency using a panel of FLAG-connected molecular probes (2-8), including probes with varying structures and lengths of the linker moiety. The results suggest that not only the length, but the chemical nature of the linker moiety, strongly affect the IP efficiency. 3XFLAG, a tag combined with a linker moiety of charged amino acids, gave the best results and was most useful for IP purification of the molecular target.     

双抗体免疫沉淀法纯化牛生长激素poly(A)~+RNA的研究

我们用双抗体免疫沉淀法,从牛垂体多聚核糖体中分离出牛生长激素特异多聚核糖体,由此多聚核糖体纯化的牛生长激素Poly(A)~+RNA,可以在麦胚体外翻译系统中和兔网织红细胞体外翻译系统中促进~(14)C-亮氨酸的参入。合成的含~(14)-亮氨酸的翻译产物中有91％可以被牛生长激素抗体沉淀。用SDS-11％PAGE对翻译产物进行鉴定表明,翻译产物在25KD处呈一条放射自显影带,与报导的牛生长激素前体分子量相吻合。     

Recycling Isolation of Plant DNA,A Novel Method

DNA is one of the most basic and essential genetic materials in the field of molecular biology.To date,isolation of sufficient and good-quality DNA is still a challenge for many plant species,though various DNA extraction methods have been published.In the present paper,a recycling DNA extraction method was proposed.The key step of this method was that a single plant tissue sample was recycled for DNA extraction for up to four times,and correspondingly four DNA precipitations(termed as the 1st,2nd,3rd and 4th DNA sample, respectively) were conducted.This recycling step was integrated into the conventional CTAB DNA extraction method to establish a recycling CTAB method.This modified CTAB method was tested in eight plant species,wheat,sorghum,barley,corn,rice,Brachypodium distachyon,Miscanthus sinensis and tung tree.The results showed that high-yield and good-quality DNA samples could be obtained by using this new method in all the eight plant species.The DNA samples were good templates for PCR amplification of both ISSR and SSR markers.The recycling method can be used in multiple plant species and can be integrated with multiple conventional DNA isolation methods,and thus is an effective and universal DNA isolation method.     

Maps, books and other metaphors for systems biology

We briefly review the use of metaphors in science and progressively focus on fields from biology and molecular biology to genomics and bioinformatics. We discuss how metaphors are both a tool for scientific exploration and a medium for public communication of complex subjects, by various short examples. Finally, we propose a metaphor for systems biology that provides an illuminating perspective for the ambitious goals of this field and delimits its current agenda.     

A biased random-key genetic algorithm for data clustering

Cluster analysis aims at finding subsets (clusters) of a given set of entities, which are homogeneous and/or well separated.     

简单快速分离无RNA的大肠杆菌质粒DNA的方法

本文介绍一种简单快速分离质粒ＤＮＡ方法。此方法有两个主要步骤。用这种方法分离的质粒ＤＮＡ纯度高、无ＲＮＡ,并可用于酶切、连接等操作。