分子标记在食用蕈菌遗传育种中的应用*

分子标记是以个体间遗传物质内核苷酸序列变异为基础的遗传标记,是DNA水平遗传变异的直接反映。与其它几种遗传标记——形态标记、同工酶标记、细胞标记相比,分子标记具有很多优越性：大多数分子标记共显性遗传,对隐性的农艺性状的选择十分便利;基因组变异极其丰富,分子标记的数量几乎是无限的;在生物发育的不同阶段,不同组织的DNA都可用于标记分析;分子标记直接揭示来自DNA的变异;表现为中性,不影响目标性状的表达,与不良性状无必然的连锁。 随着分子生物学技术的发展,目前已经开发了几十种基于DNA多态性的分子标记,如RF…     

遗传标记及其在林木研究中的应用

遗传标记经历了形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子标记等4个阶段,其中分子标记的发展最为迅猛和有效。本文比较了几种主要分子标记方法的特点,为更好地利用分子标记提供了理论依据,并对分子标记在林木遗传多样性研究、遗传育种、DNA指纹图谱的构建、亲缘关系鉴定及分类研究等方面的应用做了介绍。     

观赏植物分子标记研究进展

分子标记是继形态学标记、细胞学标记和生化标记之后发展起来的一种新的遗传标记。简要综述了分子标记技术在观赏植物种质资源遗传多样性评价、种质鉴定、亲缘关系的演化及分类、系谱分析、遗传图谱构建、基因定位、分子标记辅助选择育种等领域的研究进展,探讨了分子标记在观赏植物遗传育种上存在的问题。     

鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法及研究进展

遗传多样性是生物学研究中的一个重要领域,研究鸡的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护。同时对起源进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要的意义。本文对目前DNA水平鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法和研究进展进行了详细的阐述。重点介绍了DNA分子标记的特征;概括了在鸡遗传多样性分子标记的方法,包括微卫星分子标记(SSR)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、随机扩增多态性标记(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性标记(RFLP)和单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP)。本文综述了最近有关鸡DNA水平的遗传多样性的研究方法在系统学、遗传结构、生物地理等研究中的应用情况;提出在研究鸡遗传多样性时,可根据研究的目的,选择合适的方法。     

分子标记在啤酒花种质资源研究中的应用

该论文利用分子生物学中常用的DNA分子标记对世界各地现存的野生和栽培的啤酒花种质资源遗传多样性研究的应用进展做一综述。通过查阅和研读20世纪90年代以来发表的各类文献进行归纳总结。发现DNA分子标记相比形态学标记和细胞学标记具有结果准确、稳定的特点,常用的分子标记技术有RAPD、RFLP、ISSR、SSR、AFLP、EST等;研究发现北美洲的啤酒花遗传多样性要高于欧洲的啤酒花,基因变异程度也相对较高;野生啤酒花的基因序列具有丰富的基因多样性,可在分子杂交遗传育种中作为一个种质去改善栽培品种的某些不良性状。因此,利用分子标记研究啤酒花的遗传多样性将对啤酒花的优良育种提供理论指导和技术支持,目前较为理想的技术是SSR和AFLP。     

第十二次全国畜禽遗传标记学术研讨会征文通知

<正>第十二次全国畜禽遗传标记学术研讨会将于2010年10月中旬在南京农业大学召开。本次会议由中国畜牧兽医学会畜禽遗传标记学分会主办,南京农业大学动物科技学院承办。征文内容及范围1.动物遗传标记的开发、测定方法,遗传标记与动物数量性状座位(QTL)定位,遗传标记的应用研究;2.分子遗传     

分子标记在果树种质资源及遗传育种研究中的应用

分子标记在果树种质资源及遗传育种研究中的应用郭文武史永忠邓秀新（华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室,武汉４３００７０）分子标记是继形态标记、细胞标记和生化标记之后发展起来的一种较为理想的遗传标记形式。十多年来,在人类基因组研究计划的推动下,分子标...     

西瓜甜瓜质量性状的分子标记与定位研究进展

分子标记在作物育种、资源遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建等方面有着广泛的应用,常见的分子标记方法主要有RFLP、RAPD、SSR、AFLP、SCAR、CAPS、SNP等.迄今为止,国内外学者已经利用分子标记技术对西瓜和甜瓜的20多个质量性状进行了标记和定位.本文主要对西瓜和甜瓜质量性状的分子标记和定位研究进展进行了综述,发现RAPD标记使用最多,而更具优势的SSR标记使用较少;对抗病虫等育种相关的基因研究较多,且多数标记遗传距离偏大,达不到图位克隆的要求,而对西瓜和甜瓜遗传基础相关的基因研究较少.     

共显性分子标记基因型数据转换为二元型数据的处理软件及其在研究种质资源遗传多样性中的意义

遗传多样性研究是植物种质资源有效利用和保护的重要基础.遗传多样性研究所采用的分子标记工具主要有显性和共显性两种,两种不同类型的分子标记将产生不同的数据类型.显性分子标记产生二元型数据,共显性分子标记产生基因型数据.数据形式不同给遗传多样性的分析和研究带来多方面的困难,不同类型数据之间的互相比较也需要将基因型数据进行二元型转换.本研究基于Excel平台,设计开发了将基因型数据转换成二元型数据的处理软件.该软件按照基因型数据向二元型数据转换的原理,可以将庞大的分子标记基因型数据矩阵,迅速、高效、准确地转换成二元型(0、1)数据矩阵.利用显性分子标记ISSR和共显性分子标记SSR对野生大豆居群遗传多样性的案例分析表明,将共显性分子标记的基因型数据转换为二元型数据,有利于种质资源遗传多样性研究中不同分子标记获取的遗传多样性结果之间的比较和综合分析.     

葫芦科瓜类作物分子标记辅助育种研究进展

综述了几种常用分子标记在葫芦科瓜类作物遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位、遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析、分子标记辅助选择及在葫芦科遗传育种中的应用,对目前葫芦科遗传育种中应用分子标记技术存在的问题和解决方案进行了探讨,并对葫芦科分子标记辅助育种的前景做了展望。     

分子标记技术及其在芸苔属植物研究中的应用

本文参考了国内外近年来最新研究进展,对分子标记概念和类型作了简要介绍;论述了分子标记技术在植物改良中的主要用途：遗传图谱的构建,基因定位,物种间基因组比较,分子标记辅助育种;较详细地介绍了芸苔属植物在分子标记方面的研究进展。     

分子标记技术及其在芸苔属植物研究中的应用

本文参考了国内外近年来最新研究进展,对分子标记概念和类型作了简要介绍;论述了分子标记技术在植物改良中的主要用途：遗传图谱的构建,基因定位,物种间基因组比较,分子标记辅助育种;较详细地介绍了芸苔属植物在分子标记方面的研究进展。     

分子遗传标记技术及其在昆虫科学中的应用

分子遗传标记是随着聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)和Southern杂交等分子生物学技术的飞速发展而出现的遗传学标记技术 ,它突破了以往形态标记 ,细胞学标记和同工酶标记等表达型标记的局限性 ,在揭示物种的遗传变异性研究中发挥着独特的优势。分子遗传标记目前已出现了几十种 ,可依其涉及的位点和反映的多态性的基础分为多位点分子标记和单位点分子标记 ,多位点分子标记反映核苷酸序列的多态性 ,单位点分子标记反映基因座上等位基因的多态性。本文对一些常用的分子标记技术的特点和它们在昆虫系统进化、昆虫分类、昆虫生态、生物防治和特定基因标记等研究中的应用作了介绍。     

微卫星DNA标记及其在鱼类遗传多样性研究中的应用

微卫星DNA作为第二代分子遗传标记是高等真核生物基因组中种类多、分布广、具有高度的多态性和杂合度的分子标记,由于其具有多态性检出率高、信息含量大、共显性标记、实验操作简单、结果稳定可靠等优点,已经成为种群遗传学研究中被广泛应用的分子遗传标记。微卫星DNA标记技术在鱼类的群体遗传结构的分析、物种遗传多样性的鉴定以及遗传基因连锁图谱的构建等方面已初步得到应用。该文就微卫星技术的原理方法,在鱼类遗传多样性研究中的应用概况以及应用范围和注意事项等方面进行综述。为微卫星技术在鱼类遗传多样性研究中应用提供了理论参考。     

Genetic diversity and population structure detection in sponge gourd ( Luffa cylindrica ) using ISSR,SCoT and morphological markers

Investigation of genetic diversity is essential for the selection of parents for crop breeding and conservation of genetic resources. To estimate the genetic variability and population structure in the midst of 45 accessions of sponge gourd brought together from different geographical areas of India, morphological traits and two molecular markers, ISSR and SCoT markers were compared. Principal components analysis of 20 morphological traits showed 72.70% variability and significant positive correlations between fruit traits. All three marker techniques clustered all accessions into two groups with few outgroups. High level of polymorphism was observed among ISSR (74.6%) and SCoT (71.5%) primers. The Bayesian model revealed the hidden grouping and showed admixture type of population. The diversity pattern is influenced by genetic marker used, as different molecular markers have different polymorphism evaluation efficiency. This study can be helpful in amplifying the genetic base and selection of specific traits for breeding. Thus, ISSR and SCoT markers are potential marker for identification in sponge gourd and provide valuable data on its genetic correlation and structure.     

Investigation of Combining Plant Genotypic Values and Molecular Marker Information for Constructing Core Subsets

In the present study, a strategy was proposed for constructing plant core subsets by clusters based on the combination of continuous data for genotypic values and discrete data for molecular marker InformaUon. A mixed linear model approach was used to predict genotyplc values for eliminating the environment effect. The ＂mixed genetic distance＂ was designed to solve the difficult problem of combining continuous and discrete data to construct a core subset by cluster. Four commonly used genetic distances for continuous data （Euclidean distance, standardized Euclidean distance, city block distance, and Mahalanobls distance） were used to assess the validity of the conUnuous data part of the mixed genetic distance; three commonly used genetic distances for discrete data （cosine distance, correlaUon distance, and Jaccard distance） were used to assess the validity of the discrete data part of the mixed genetic distance, A rice germplasm group with eight quantitative traits and information for 60 molecular markers was used to evaluate the validity of the new strategy. The results suggest that the validity of both parts of the mixed geneUc distance are equal to or higher than the common geneUc distance. The core subset constructed on the basis of a combination of data for genotyplc values and molecular marker information was more representative than that constructed on the basis of data from genotypic values or molecular marker informaUon alone. Moreover, the strategy of using combined data was able to treat dominant marker informaUon and could combine any other continuous data and discrete data together to perform cluster to construct a plant core subset.     

Comparison of four molecular markers for genetic analysis in Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae)

Four molecular markers, including inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP), retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP), sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), were compared in terms of their informativeness and efficiency for analysis of genetic relationships among 28 genotypes in the genus Diospyros. The results were as follows: (1) the highest level of detected polymorphism were observed for IRAP; (2) AFLP was the most efficient marker system due to the simultaneous detection of abundant polymorphism markers per single reaction; (3) the marker index (MI) value was lower for SSAP than for AFLP, but SSAP had a higher level of detected polymorphism than AFLP; (4) the correlation coefficients of similarity were statistically significant for all four marker systems; (5) the four molecular markers yielded similar phylogenetic trees. To our knowledge, this was the first detailed report of a comparison of performance among three retrotransposon-based molecular markers (IRAP, REMAP, SSAP) and the AFLP technique (DNA-based molecular marker) on a set of samples of Diospyros. The results provide guidance for future efficient use of these molecular methods in the genetic analysis of Diospyros.     

Comparative study of different molecular markers for classifying and establishing genetic relationships in Coffea canephora

The genetic variability characterization of the accessions of the germplasm collection, using molecular markers, is being applied as a complementary strategy to the traditional approaches to redefine the plant genetic resources. In this study, we compared the informativeness and efficiency of the molecular markers RAPD, AFLP and SSR in the analysis of 94 accessions of Coffea canephora germplasm held by the breeding program of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Rondônia State, Brazil. For this, we considered the marker’s discriminatory power and level of polymorphism detected and also the genetic relationships and clustering (dendrogram) analysis. The RAPD marker yielded low-quality data and problems in the discrimination of some accessions, being less recommended for genetic studies of C. canephora. The SSRs had a higher level of information content and yielded high-quality data, while AFLP was the most efficient marker system because of the simultaneous detection of abundant polymorphism markers per few reactions. Our results indicate that AFLP and SSR, allies to the intrinsic characteristics of each technique, are the most suitable molecular markers for genetic studies of C. canephora. However, the choice of AFLP or SSR in the species characterization should be made in agreement with some characteristics that are discussed in this work.     

加性基因效应与分子标记回归方程的关系

控制数量性状的基因作用历来是遗传学工作者所关注的重要课题．本文对以正交表形式表现的共显性动物分子标记资料,根据加性效应基因控制的数量性状遗传模型配合了动物分子标记回归方程通式．结果表明：对以正交表形式表现的加性效应基因共显性分子标记资料配合的分子标记回归方程,可对加性等位基因的相对作用差加以估计,并可作为育种的依据．     

Comparison of anonymous and targeted molecular markers for the estimation of genetic diversity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex situ</Emphasis> conserved <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactuca</Emphasis>

The anonymous marker systems microsatellites (simple sequence repeats), amplified fragment length polymorphisms and sequence-specific amplified polymorphisms were compared with the targeted marker systems sequence-related amplified polymorphisms, target region amplification polymorphisms and nucleotide binding site profiling for their ability to describe the genetic diversity in a selected set of 80 Lactuca accessions. The accessions were also described morphologically, and all characterisation methods were evaluated against the genetic diversity assessed by a panel of three crop experts. The morphological data showed a low level of association with the molecular data, and did not display a consistently better relationship with the experts’ assessments in comparison with the molecular data. In general, the diversity described by the targeted molecular markers did not differ markedly from that of the anonymous markers, resulting in only slight differences in performance when related to the expert-based assessments. It was argued that markers targeted to specific gene sequences may still behave as anonymous markers and that the type of marker system used is irrelevant when at low taxonomic levels a clear genetic structure is absent due to intensive breeding activities.