An optimized fermentation process for high-level production of a single-chain Fv antibody fragment in Pichia pastoris

The expression of a humanized single-chain variable domain fragment antibody (A33scFv) was optimized for Pichia pastoris with yields exceeding 4 g L(-1). A33scFv recognizes a cell surface glycoprotein (designated A33) expressed in colon cancer that serves as a target antigen for immunotherapy of colon cancer. P. pastoris with a MutS phenotype was selected to express A33scFv, which was cloned under regulation of the methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter. We report the optimization of A33scFv production by examining methanol concentrations using fermentation technology with an on-line methanol control in fed-batch fermentation of P. pastoris. In addition, we examined the effect of pH on A33scFv production and biomass accumulation during the methanol induction phase. A33scFv production was found to increase with higher methanol concentrations, reaching 4.3 g L(-1) after 72 h induction with 0.5% (v/v) methanol. Protein production was also greatly affected by pH, resulting in higher yields (e.g., 4.88 g L(-1)) at lower pH values. Biomass accumulation did not seem to vary when cells were induced at different pH values, but was greatly affected by lower concentration of methanol. Purification of A33scFv from clarified medium was done using a two-step chromatographic procedure using anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, resulting in 25% recovery and >90% purity. Pure A33scFv was tested for functionality using surface plasmon resonance and showed activity against immobilized A33 antigen. Our results demonstrate that functional A33scFv can be produced in sufficient quantities using P. pastoris for use in further functionality studies and diagnostic applications.     

Analysis of single-chain antibody production in Pichia pastoris using on-line methanol control in fed-batch and mixed-feed fermentations.

In the last few years the Pichia pastoris expression system has been gaining more and more interest for the expression of recombinant proteins. Many groups have employed fermentation technology in their investigations because the system is fairly easy to scale up and suitable for the production in the milligram to gram range. A large number of heterologous proteins from different sources has been expressed, but the fermentation process technology has been investigated to a lesser extent. A large number of fermentations are carried out in standard bioreactors that may be insufficiently equipped to meet the demands of high-cell-density fermentations of methylotrophic yeasts. In particular, the lack of on-line methanol analysis leads to fermentation protocols that may impair the optimal expression of the desired products. We have used a commercially available methanol sensor to investigate in detail the effects of supplementary glycerol feeding while maintaining a constant methanol concentration during the induction of a Mut(+) strain of Pichia pastoris. Specific glycerol feed rates in the range of 38-4.2 mg. g(-1). h(-1) (mg glycerol per gram fresh weight per hour) were investigated. Expression of the recombinant scFv antibody fragment was only observed at specific feed rates below 6 mg. g(-1). h(-1). At low specific feed rates, growth was even lower than with methanol as the sole carbon source and the harvest expression level of the scFv was only half of that found in the control fermentation. These results show that glycerol inhibits expression driven by the AOX1 promoter even at extremely limited availability and demonstrate the benefits of on-line methanol control in Pichia fermentation research.     

甲醇抑制时重组毕赤酵母发酵的特性研究

本文对毕赤酵母进行了恒化培养研究。以甲醇为唯一碳源时,在稀释率较低时(D<0.048 h^-1),连续培养系统操作很稳定。但在稀释率高时(D>0.048h^-1),连续培养系统的定态点不止一个,实验不能维持,故采用比生长速率恒定的分批流加培养进行研究。结果表明,毕赤酵母的生长符合Andrew普遍化底物抑制模型。综合考虑水蛭素的生成、底物的消耗,在生产中维持甲醇浓度为限制性浓度(0.5 g/L),且维持比生长速率为0.02 h^-1时,水蛭素Hir65的比生成速率达到最大值0.2 mg/(g·h)且甲醇的比消耗速率为0.04 g/(g·h)。     

重组尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体在酵母系统中的表达及鉴定

构建截断型可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（ｕ－ＰＡＲ）的原核及酵母表达质粒并分别在大肠杆菌和Ｐｉｃｈｉａｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ酵母中高效表达．利用ＰＣＲ扩增截断型可溶性ｕ－ＰＡＲｃＤＮＡ片段,并分别连入酵母及原核表达载体中,构建成表达质粒．后者经诱导表达的蛋白被用于免疫家兔,获得抗ｕ－ＰＡＲ的抗血清,用于对酵母表达产物的鉴定．前者在甲醇的诱导下表达,产物分泌至培养液中．结果表明,原核表达的ｕ－ＰＡＲ蛋白免疫家兔后获得高效价的抗血清,利用此抗血清所作Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ证实酵母表达蛋白具有ｕ－ＰＡＲ的免疫原性,表观分子量４０ｋＤ左右．Ｍｕｔ－表型在第５ｄ为最高（２．５μｇ／ｍｌ）,Ｍｕｔ＋表型在第４ｄ为最高（７．５μｇ／ｍｌ）．因此,构建的可溶性ｕ－ＰＡＲ表达质粒在Ｐｉｃｈｉａｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ酵母细胞获得表达,为进一步竞争拮抗受体功能的研究奠定了基础．     

不同甲醇流加策略对重组毕赤醇母高密度发酵生产水蛭素的影响

考察了不同甲醇流加策略对毕赤酵母高密度发酵生产水蛭素的影响。溶氧控制法不能有效地防止甲醇的过量流加。气相色谱离线检测法虽然防止了甲醇流加过量 ,但甲醇浓度的波动较大。利用甲醇传感器在线检测控制甲醇的流加可维持较恒定的甲醇浓度。在流加甲醇的同时 ,以限制性速率流加甘油可以增加表达期间的能量供应 ,提高产物的表达量。经优化后 ,采用甲醇甘油混合流加时细胞干重达到 16 2g L ,水蛭素活性达到 2 4×10 4ATU mL ,即 1 7g L。     

Cell bank characterization and fermentation optimization for production of recombinant heavy chain C-terminal fragment of botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (rBoNTE(H(c)): antigen E) by Pichia pastoris

A process was developed for production of a candidate vaccine antigen, recombinant C-terminal heavy chain fragment of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype E, rBoNTE(H(c)) in Pichia pastoris. P. pastoris strain GS115 was transformed with the rBoNTE(H(c)) gene inserted into pHILD4 Escherichia coli-P. pastoris shuttle plasmid. The clone was characterized for genetic stability, copy number, and BoNTE(H(c)) sequence. Expression of rBoNTE(H(c)) from the Mut(+) HIS4 clone was confirmed in the shake-flask, prior to developing a fed-batch fermentation process at 5 and 19 L scale. The fermentation process consists of a glycerol growth phase in batch and fed-batch mode using a defined medium followed by a glycerol/methanol transition phase for adaptation to growth on methanol and a methanol induction phase resulting in the production of rBoNTE(H(c)). Specific growth rate, ratio of growth to induction phase, and time of induction were critical for optimal rBoNTE(H(c)) production and minimal proteolytic degradation. A computer-controlled exponential growth model was used for process automation and off-gas analysis was used for process monitoring. The optimized process had an induction time of 9 h on methanol and produced up to 3 mg of rBoNTE(H(c)) per gram wet cell mass as determined by HPLC and Western blot analysis.     

Combined effect of the methanol utilization (Mut) phenotype and gene dosage on recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris fed-batch cultures

An important number of heterologous proteins have been produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the alcohol oxidase promoter. Two factors that drastically influence protein production and cultivation process development in this system are gene dosage and methanol assimilation capacity of the host strain (Mut phenotype). Using a battery of four strains which secrete a Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL), the combined effects of gene dosage and Mut phenotype on recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris was studied in fed-batch cultures. Regarding the effect of phenotype, the specific productivity and the Y(P/X) were 1.29- and 2.34-fold higher for Mut(s)ROL single copy strain than for Mut+ROL single copy strain. On the contrary, the productivity of Mut+ROL single copy strain was 1.34-fold higher than Mut(s)ROL single copy strain. An increase in ROL gene dosage seems to negatively affect cell's performance in bioreactor cultures, particularly in Mut(s) strains. Overall, the Mut(s) strain may be still advantageous to use because it allows for easier process control strategies.     

Methanol induction optimization for scFv antibody fragment production in Pichia pastoris

Fibronectin splice variant ED B (extracellular domain B) is a promising marker for angiogenesis in growing solid tumors. Currently, recombinant antibodies against ED B are being investigated concerning their potential use, for either therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Single-chain antibody fragments directed against the ED B can be efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris; thus, a recombinant strain of the methylotropic yeast P. pastoris was used for this work. Three different forms of scFv antibody fragment are found in the supernatant from this fermentation: covalent homodimer, associative homodimer, and monomer. Both homodimeric forms can be converted to the monomeric form (under reducing conditions) and be efficiently radiolabeled, whereas the monomeric form of scFv already present in the supernatant cannot. It was also found that the fraction of protein in the monomeric form is highly dependent on the mode of induction rather than scFv concentration. This suggests that the monomeric form of the scFv present in the supernatant might be a result of events occurring at the expression, secretion, or folding level. A high cell density fermentation protocol was developed by optimizing methanol induction, yielding the highest scFv antibody fragment production rate and product quality; cell concentration at the induction point and specific methanol uptake rate were found to be the most important control variables. A decrease in specific methanol uptake rate led to a higher specific production rate for the scFv antibody fragment (5.4 microg g(cell) h(-1)). Product quality, i.e., percentage of product in a homodimeric form, also increased with the decrease in methanol uptake rate. Furthermore, the volumetric productivity depended on cell concentration at the induction point, increasing with the increase of cell concentration up to 320 g L(-1) wet cell weight (WCW). The reduction of the methanol feeding rate for induction, and consequently of the oxygen uptake rate, have important consequences for optimizing product titers and quality and thus on the scale-up of this production process; hence one of the major limitations upon high cell density cultivation in bioreactors is keeping the high oxygen transfer rate required. From the results obtained, a scale-up strategy was developed based on the available oxygen transfer rates at larger scales, allowing the definition of the optimum biomass concentration for induction and methanol feeding strategy for maximization of product titer and quality.     

人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的发酵生产研究

为了适应工业生产的需要,利用fed—batch方法,重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体酵母工程菌在30L发酵罐中进行了高密度发酵,发酵最适温度30℃,pH值范围5．0～5．3,溶氧范围20％～30％。发酵液OD600值达到300时开始诱导,甲醇最佳诱导浓度为10mL／L。重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体经离子交换层析纯化,纯化产品经SDS-PAGE、Western blot进行分析和ELISA方法进行活性测定。结果显示,重组Fab抗体在Fed-batch发酵系统中可高效表达,经过192h的发酵生产,重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的表达量可达412mg／L。发酵上清经过离子交换层析纯化,获得纯度为95％的重组Fab抗体,该Fab抗体经ELISA分析具有较高的HBsAg抗原亲和力和特异性。结果证实可以通过高密度发酵毕赤酵母工程菌来高效生产重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体,为后续的工业化生产应用奠定了基础。     

重组毕赤酵母生产β-葡萄糖苷酶发酵条件初步研究

为提高重组毕赤酵母(P.pastoris KM71/pPIC9K-bgl)生产β-葡萄糖苷酶的产量,在摇瓶条件下对重组P.pastoris产β-葡萄糖苷酶的发酵过程进行了优化,得到最佳的条件:生长阶段甘油浓度为30 g/L,接种量为10%,诱导阶段甲醇的初浓度为4%,过程补加甲醇0.5%,诱导温度30℃,pH7.5,诱导周期120 h,酶活可达到245 U/mL。在此基础上,在3 L发酵罐上进行初步放大,流加甘油提高细胞密度至OD_(600)为170,开始流加甲醇诱导,最终BGL酶活达到1 175 U/mL。比摇瓶提高了4.8倍,为β-葡萄糖苷酶工业化生产打下了坚实的基础。     

Intracellular expression and purification of the Canstatin-N protein in Pichia pastoris

Canstatin-N DNA fragment amplified from human genome was inserted into the MCS of pGAP9K*, an intracellular expression vector of Pichia pastoris, to generate pGAP9K*-can-N which was then transformed into P. pastoris GS115 by electroporation. A transformant was chosen as an engineering strain from the plate containing G418 (700 μg/ml). D-sorbitol was selected as the only carbon source. The fermentation was carried out in a 50 L bioreactor at a 20 L working volume. After 48 h fermentation with continuous feeding of 25% (w/v) D-sorbitol and 0.8% PTM4, the cell grew to A(600)=178 and intracellularly expressed Canstatin-N reached 780 mg/L. Snail enzyme was combined with water to crack P. pastoris and to release intracellular proteins. The purified recombinant Canstatin-N inhibited CAM angiogenesis and induced significant apoptosis of the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EVC340).     

多拷贝毕赤酵母重组菌表达GCL摇瓶优化和高密度发酵

目的:构建高效表达白地霉脂肪酶的毕赤酵母重组菌株,并对筛选得到的菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化和分批补料高密度发酵工艺研究。方法:将诱导型表达载体pPIC9K-gcl电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。通过橄榄油-罗丹明B平板和摇瓶发酵筛选高脂肪酶活力的重组菌株,运用基于TaqMan探针的实时荧光定量PCR 法确定其拷贝数,并对菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化。在此基础上,研究重组菌在3L 发酵罐中的高密度发酵工艺。结果:筛选得到一株具有3 个白地霉脂肪酶基因拷贝的菌株GS115/pPIC9K-gcl 78#,初始酶活力为220 U/ml。当摇瓶发酵条件为甲醇诱导96 h,每24 h甲醇添加量1 %,接种量2 %,培养基初始pH 7.0,500 ml摇瓶装液量50 ml,甲醇诱导温度25℃ 时酶活力达735 U/ml。3L 发酵罐高密度发酵176.5 h,酶活力达到3360 U/ml,总蛋白含量达到4.30 g/L,且发酵过程中细胞活性一直保持在96 % 以上。结论:基因拷贝数与重组菌株的产酶水平呈正相关,摇瓶优化可显著提高重组菌株的产酶能力,为白地霉脂肪酶的工业化生产奠定了技术基础。     

Vectors for expression of proteins with single or combinatorial fluorescent protein and tandem affinity purification tags in Dictyostelium

The human tumour suppressor P53 is a key protein involved in tumour suppression. P53 acts as a "guardian of genome" by regulating many target genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair and apoptosis. We report the P53 expression by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the methanol inducible AOX1 promoter. We have produced the rP53 in intracellular form as well as secreted using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mating factor prepro-leader sequence in two genetic contexts of Pichia, Mut(s) and Mut(+). The intracellular P53 was successfully produced by Mut(s) (KM71) as well as Mut(+) (X33) strains, however, the secreted form was mainly observed in the Mut(s) strain, despite a higher number of p53 copies integrated in the Mut(+) strain. Interestingly, in Mut(s) phenotype, the medium pH influences markedly the rP53 production since it was higher at pH 7 than 6.     

猪囊尾蚴磷蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达及初步应用

将猪囊虫磷蛋白P2基因克隆到毕赤酵母表达系统分泌性表达载体pPIC9K中,构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-P2。经测序证明基因序列完全正确,从而大量制备重组质粒pPIC9K-P2,并用SalⅠ、BglⅡ 两种内切酶分别线性化,然后分别电转化毕赤酵母菌种GS115,采用G418抗性梯度筛选得到高拷贝重组菌株,利用MM和MD培养基鉴定重组菌株Mut表型,然后用甲醇进行诱导表达;并对表达产物通过SDS-PAGE、Westernblot和ELISA分析,结果表明,重组菌株成功地分泌表达了分子量大小为12.6kD,表达量占分泌总蛋白的33%,且具有免疫反应活性的重组磷蛋白,从而解决了囊虫病诊断抗原来源问题并为研制新型猪囊虫疫苗奠定了基础。     

发酵条件对毕赤酵母表达重组人干扰素ω糖基化的影响

发酵条件是影响毕赤酵母 (P .pastoris)表达外源重组糖蛋白时糖基化的重要因素。通过菌体浓度、起始pH值、甲醇诱导浓度和周期、装液量等摇瓶发酵实验 ,研究不同发酵条件对毕赤酵母表达分泌型重组人干扰素ω(rhIFNω)过程中糖基化的影响 ;同时 ,在连续培养过程中考察pH值变化对rhIFNω糖基化的影响和分批发酵过程中rhIFNω糖基化的变化。结果表明 ,控制菌体密度 250g L(WCW)、起始pH值 6 0、装液量小于 30mL、甲醇诱导浓度 15g L、甲醇诱导 3次 (每 24h诱导一次 )等发酵条件 ,有利于摇瓶发酵过程中rhIFNω的糖基化 ;控制pH值 70～75可促进rhIFNω的糖基化 ;分批发酵过程中 ,糖基化与非糖基化rhIFNω的含量有同比变化趋势 ,但糖基化rhIFNω所占比例明显低于摇瓶发酵实验的结果 ,其原因有待进一步研究。     

Production of enzymatically active recombinant full-length barley high pI alpha-glucosidase of glycoside family 31 by high cell-density fermentation of Pichia pastoris and affinity purification

Recombinant barley high pI alpha-glucosidase was produced by high cell-density fermentation of Pichia pastoris expressing the cloned full-length gene. The gene was amplified from a genomic clone and exons (coding regions) were assembled by overlap PCR. The resulting cDNA was expressed under control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter using methanol induction of P. pastoris fermentation in a Biostat B 5 L reactor. Forty-two milligrams alpha-glucosidase was purified from 3.5 L culture in four steps applying an N-terminal hexa-histidine tag. The apparent molecular mass of the recombinant alpha-glucosidase was 100 kDa compared to 92 kDa of the native barley enzyme. The secreted recombinant enzyme was highly stabile during the 5-day fermentation and had significantly superior specific activity of the enzyme purified previously from barley malt. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and kcat were determined to 1.7 mM, 139 nM x s(-1), and 85 s(-1) using maltose as substrate. This work presents the first production of fully active recombinant alpha-glucosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 31 from higher plants.     

重组巴氏毕赤酵母高密度发酵表达rHSA

对基因工程菌Pichiapastoris的摇瓶发酵条件进行了试验 ,并根据摇瓶发酵的优化结果进行了补料分批高密度发酵。在摇瓶发酵时 ,甲醇诱导基因工程菌P .pastoris表达重组人血清白蛋白的发酵周期为 96h ;甲醇的最佳诱导浓度为 1 0g L ;发酵pH范围为 5 72～ 6 5 9;在摇瓶培养时 ,随着接种量的增加 ,虽然目的蛋白表达量缓慢增加 ,但单位细胞光密度的蛋白产率却明显下降 ,符合y =1 2 941x- 0 50 59方程 (线性相关系数r=0 9789) ,其限制性因子很可能为溶氧。在分批发酵 ,接种量为 1 0 %且种子细胞光密度 (OD60 0 )为 2 0左右时 ,细胞生长的延迟期为 2 1 1h左右 ,细胞生长光密度与培养时间的关系模型为 :y =0 7841e0 .2 3 19t(线性相关系数r=0 .993 6 ) ;在补料发酵时细胞干重浓度可达到 1 1 5g L— 1 6 0g L ,在 1 2 0h重组人血清白蛋白表达量最大达到 3 6g L。     

重组人干扰素ω在对数生长期毕赤酵母中的高效表达特性研究

用不同比生长速率μ的毕赤酵母探讨其表达外源重组蛋白的差异性,通过起始pH值、甲醇诱导浓度和周期、菌体浓度、装液量等实验,优化具有较高μ的对数生长期毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω的摇瓶条件。结果表明,μ对毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω有显著影响。μ为0.1612h-1的毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω最高为558mg/L,较μ为0.1321、0.0505和0.0052h-1的毕赤酵母分别提高50%、68%和99%。对数生长期的毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω的最适摇瓶表达条件为:250mL摇瓶装入30mL BMMY,控制菌体浓度达到200~300g/L(WCW),起始pH值自然,每24h添加甲醇15g/L一次,诱导表达周期为4d。通过表达条件的优化,rhIFNω的表达量达到1070mg/L,较优化前提高149%。     

mMR-1基因的克隆和在毕赤酵母中分泌表达

hMR-1为本实验室首次克隆发现的一个人类新基因 ,是一种和三种肌肉收缩蛋白及多种细胞信号蛋白具有相互作用的膜蛋白。经与鼠基因组数据库进行同源分析后设计合成引物 ,利用RT-PCR技术从小鼠C57BL 6J脾脏T淋巴细胞总RNA中反转录得到鼠源MR-1基因 (mMR-1) ,提交GenBank ,收录号 (AY2 99972 )。序列分析证明其与人源MR-1基因 (hMR-1)同源性为 90.1%。构建表达载体pPIC9 mMR-1电转化PichiapastorisGS115 ,筛选得到整合分泌表达mMR-1蛋白的重组酵母菌株。表达目的蛋白分子量 25kD ,诱导 5d时产量达到 50mg/L ,通过Westernblot验证了表达产物的正确性。本研究为进一步研究新基因MR-1的生物学功能奠定了基础。