白皮松天然群体种实性状表型多样性研究

在白皮松天然林分布区共抽取了13个群体,分别测量了5个种实性状。方差分析表明：白皮松种实性状在群体间和群体内存在广泛的变异,5个性状在群体间的F值为2.44～14.68,群体内的F值为7.48～44.53,差异均达显著或极显著水平。群体内的方差分量接近80%,是白皮松表型遗传变异的主要部分。群体间的表型分化系数V_ST=22.8%,与其他松类树种相比,分化水平处于中等偏上。各群体内变异系数和相对极差存在显著或极显著差异,根据二者的多重比较,可将13个群体按群体内表型变异程度分为4组。种子性状地理梯度变异明显, 呈东北—西南走向。种子3个性状（亲代）的表型变异系数与子代的2年生苗高和地径、1年生苗的全干重之间达到或接近显著相关。     

皂荚南方天然群体种实表型多样性

以系统揭示表型变异程度和变异规律为目的, 对皂荚(Gleditsia sinensis)南方分布区的10个天然群体的11个种实性状进行了比较分析。采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析等多种分析方法, 对群体间和群体内的表型多样性以及与地理、环境因子的相关性进行了讨论。方差分析结果表明; 皂荚果实、种子等性状在群体间和群体内存在丰富的变异, 11个性状在群体间、群体内均达显著差异; 荚果性状在群体间和群体内的变异均大于种子性状, 11个性状的平均表型分化系数为20.42%, 群体内的变异(32.28%)大于群体间的变异(7.19%), 群体内的变异是皂荚的主要变异来源; 皂荚各性状平均变异系数为11.20%, 变异幅度为4.55%-18.38%。群体间荚果的变异(14.75%)高于群体间种子变异(6.95%), 表明种子变异稳定性高。荚果和种子各性状之间多呈极显著或显著正相关, 表现为荚果越大, 则种子越大, 种子的千粒重也越大; 荚果表现为同地理经度的南北变异, 种子则表现为同地理纬度的东西变异。研究结果为进一步开展皂荚遗传育种、保护生物学研究和皂荚种质资源利用奠定了基础。     

灯盏花种质资源群体表型多样性研究

以采集自云南和贵州的21份灯盏花种质资源为材料,观测了它们的群体表型性状特征,并分析了这些表型性状的遗传多样性.结果表明:灯盏花种质资源的表型质量性状在居群内外均有丰富变异,不同质量性状的频率不同,并以多叶型的植株、绿色的茎、疏的茎毛、倒披针型的基生叶、全缘叶、锐尖的叶尖、花色淡紫和黄色的管状花冠口等为代表性表型性状.居群内各数量性状间以单株基生叶数和单株分枝数变异系数较高(均超过50%),而花序直径变异系数最低(18.14%);居群间各表型性状以株高和单序管状花数变异系数较高(52.98%和41.98%),而单株基生叶数和基生叶长变异系数较低(<20%).地理类群间表型分化系数为26.58%,地理类群内表型分化系数为73.42%.灯盏花性状表型多样性指数以株高最高(2.243),以单株分枝数和单株基生叶数较低(1.723和1.874),总体平均表型多样性指数为2.028;不同地理类群的表型多样性指数为1.589~1.890,并以楚雄地区最高,曲靖地区最低.研究发现,灯盏花种质资源具有丰富的质量和数量性状变异,多数性状的地理类群内变异大于地理类群间,且表型多样性指数相对较高,对其地理类群内变异的保护和利用对灯盏花育种具有重要的意义.     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体的种实性状表型多样性

 以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia )天然分布区的10个群体的8个种实性状进行了比较分析。采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行了讨论。方差分析结果表明,各种实性状在群体间都存在极显著差异,除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异;表型分化系数即群体间变异为27.18%,小于群体内的变异(72.82%);球果长、球果径、球果干质量、球果形状指数、种子长、种子宽、千粒重和种子形状指数的变异系数分别为：10.08%、5.80%、19.29%、9.66%、8.38%、15.34%、6.52%和13.94%;8个种实性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关,球果干质量、种子长、千粒重、球果长和球果径为青海云杉易测定和重要的种实性状;种实性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性;通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4类。     

内蒙古东部地区小叶锦鸡儿表型变异研究

根据小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)资源分布状况,对内蒙古东部地区的13个小叶锦鸡儿天然居群进行表型变异研究。结果表明：小叶锦鸡儿表型性状在居群间均表现为极显著差异（p<0.001）;主成分分析显示种子宽、种子长、荚果长是小叶锦鸡儿表型变异的最主要影响因子;回归分析和偏相关分析显示地理生态因子对小叶锦鸡儿的表型变异有较强的影响;通过聚类分析将13个小叶锦鸡儿居群分为3类。     

云南岩陀及其近缘种质资源群体表型多样性

为有效保护和持续利用药用植物云南岩陀及其近缘种质资源提供基础数据,采用巢式方差分析和聚类分析等方法对岩陀及其近缘种质资源共4个种(包括变种)的15个居群150个单株16种表型性状进行表型多样性分析.结果表明:不同种间表型性状变异均超过20％,变异由大到小依次为光腹鬼灯檠、岩陀、羽叶鬼灯檠、七叶鬼灯檠;居群间表型性状变异较高,其地上部分干重、单株根状茎数变异较大,变异系数均超过50％;小叶表面毛被状态变异系数为100％、小叶背沿脉柔毛色变异系数为0,因此这些性状为种和变种分类的重要依据;4个种的居群内变异系数均大于居群间,变异主要来源于居群内.种的表型多样性指数相对较高,其中根粗最高,叶表面毛被状态和叶背面沿脉柔毛色最低,总体平均多样性指数为1.39;不同种间表型多样性指数变化在1.23-1.44,岩陀最高,七叶鬼灯檠最低;通过聚类分析可将15个居群分为4类.结果暗示:岩陀及其近缘种质资源的遗传改良应适当地减少抽样居群数,增加居群内的家系数,重视居群内优良单株的选择;种质资源的保护应尽量保护一个居群的完整性.     

花楸树天然群体种实多样性研究

以花楸树分布区(山东省、山西省、河北省、辽宁省)的8个天然群体为试材,对其果实、种子特性等9个性状进行比较分析,讨论群体间和群体内的表型多样性.结果表明,花楸树果实、种子特性等性状在群体间和群体内均存在极其丰富的变异,9个性状在群体间、群体内均达显著或极显著差异.9个性状的平均表型分化系数为45.76%,群体内的变异(40.58%)大于群体间的变异(36.81%),说明群体内的变异是花楸树的主要变异来源.花楸树果实、种子性状与地理生态因子的相关分析表明,纬度、海拔、年均温、年降雨量与其性状呈显著相关.     

Septoria的新种和国内新记录种

作者在1987-1991年间从东北地区收集和采集Septoria真菌标本221份,鉴定出Septoria 84种,其中2个新种:Septoria dioscorical Lu Guo-zhong et Bai Jin-kai和Septoria saposhinikoviae Lu Guo-zhong et Bai Jin-kai,以及13个国内新记录种. Septoria属真菌的产孢方式为全壁芽生合轴式(holoblastic sympodial)。     

基于种实性状的无患子天然群体表型多样性研究

无患子(Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)是我国长江以南地区传统的重要绿化树种,其果皮富含皂苷,种仁富含油脂,是国家林业局审定的新型木本油料树种之一。为揭示无患子群体间和群体内种实表型性状变异式样,采用单因素方差分析、巢式方差分析、相关分析和主成分分析等方法,对无患子13个天然群体的10个种实表型性状进行比较分析,研究其群体间和群体内种实表型多样性以及表型变异与地理生态因子间的相关性。结果表明:无患子种实表型性状变异系数平均为7.34%,在群体间和群体内均存在丰富的表型变异。表型性状分化系数平均为62.21%,群体间变异(39.93%)大于群体内(27.46%),是无患子种实表型性状变异的主要来源。多数性状在群体间差异显著,不同程度的表现出边缘群体易于分化的特点,但地理变化规律不连续,而在群体内不同性状的差异性亦不一致。种子形态受群体地理生态的影响较果实形态大,西北部群体种子趋于椭圆形,东部、南部则趋于圆球形;地理纬度、年平均气温与多数种实性状间呈显著相关,是无患子种实表型性状变异的主要地理生态影响因子。可见,无患子种实表型性状在群体间、群体内变异都较为丰富,这些变异是由遗传和环境因素共同作用的结果。群体间和群体内多层次的变异为无患子优良种质资源保育和利用提供了物质基础。     

青钱柳天然群体种子性状表型多样性

以青钱柳分布区内的9个天然群体种子为试材,对种子千粒重、体积、直径、厚度和径厚比5个表型性状进行了系统的比较分析,采用方差分析、相关分析及聚类分析等方法对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行探讨.结果表明: 青钱柳种子千粒重、体积、直径及厚度在群体间和群体内均达到显著或极显著差异,而种子径厚比仅在群体内存在极显著差异,说明青钱柳种子性状在2个层次上都具有丰富的多样性.各性状的平均表型分化系数（V）为20.54%,即群体间的变异远低于群体内的变异（79.46%）.种子性状与地理因子相关程度存在差别,且受年均气温的影响最大.利用群体间欧氏距离进行系统聚类分析,青钱柳群体可以划分为三类.     

滇北球花报春和滇海水仙花的光合特性研究

用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪对引种栽培的滇北球花报春和滇海水仙花的光合参数进行测定,以探讨其光合生理特性.结果表明:(1)滇北球花报春的净光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r)日进程曲线均呈"单峰"型,它们的峰值分别出现在13:00和16:00;滇海水仙花的P_n、Tr较滇北球花报春低,且在一定范围内保持稳定,没有明显的峰值,与滇北球花报春表现出较明显的种间差异;(2)两种报春比叶重( LMA)和叶氮含量(LNC_a)对其光合相关特征参数没有显著影响,而叶氮在Rubisco中的分配系数PR、生物能库中的分配系数P_B和光合组分中总氮含量N_P与光合特征参数LCP、V_(cmax)、J_(max)、CE具有显著的正相关关系;(3)滇北球花报春具有较高的气孔导度(G_s)、P_n和T_r,对强光、高温、低湿度表现出较强的环境适应性,表现出较强的光合能力.     

滇北球花报春多倍体诱导及核型分析

以滇北球花报春(Primula denticulata ssp.sinodenticulata)为供试材料,在离体条件下,采用秋水仙素对其丛生芽进行诱导,比较不同浓度、不同处理时间秋水仙素诱导多倍体的效果.结果表明:以0.6%的秋水仙素处理72 h诱导效果最佳,诱导率达54%.经形态学观察发现,变异材料叶色变深,叶片质感变厚;气孔面积增大,单位面积气孔数目减少;染色体计数及核型分析显示,滇北球花报春的二倍体核型为2n=2x=4m+16sm+2st,四倍体核型为2n=4x=8m+32sm+4st,均属3A核型,并成功获得了滇北球花报春的四倍体植株.     

滇北球花报春的组织培养(简报)

滇北球花报春种子上胚轴在MS+NAA0.4mg/L+6-BA0.5mg/L培养基上可诱导不定芽并进行增殖培养,在1/2MS+IBA1.0mg/L培养基上生根;组培苗移栽成活率达75%以上。     

红宝石球花报春腋芽再生体系的建立

以红宝石球花报春(Primula denticulata)无菌苗腋芽为外植体, 通过对丛生芽诱导、增殖、生根、炼苗和移栽等技术进行研究, 筛选出各阶段的最佳培养基配方, 建立了红宝石球花报春的再生体系。结果表明, 适宜红宝石球花报春腋芽诱导不定芽的培养基为MS+1 mg·L^-1 NAA+0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA, 诱导率达73.33%; 适宜丛生芽增殖的培养基为MS+1 mg·L^-1 NAA+0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA, 增殖率达85.19%; 最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA, 生根率达95.59%; 最佳移栽基质为草炭:珍珠岩=3:1 (v/v)的混合基质, 移栽成活率可达96.67%。     

Morph-specific variation of floral traits associated with reciprocal herkogamy in natural populations of Primula vulgaris and Primula veris

Documenting the morph-specific variation of floral traits associated with reciprocal herkogamy is of special importance for revealing the functional significance of traits in the evolution and maintenance of the heterostylous syndrome. In order to describe the extent and specificity of variation, stigma height, anther height, stigma-anther separation and corolla tube length were measured on 800 flowers collected in two natural populations of Primula vulgaris and P. veris. Beside the almost complete separation of stigma heights between the two morphs, we found appreciable intermorph overlap in anther height and relatively broad range of stigma-anther separation so far reported for heterostylous species. The corolla tube length–stigma-anther separation relationship showed striking difference between the two floral morphs, which supports the hypothesis that length of the corolla tube plays a more important role in positioning the sex-organs in the appropriate distance in the short-styled than in the long-styled morph.     

中国特有植物卧龙沙棘自然群体的RAPD分析

应用12个随机引物对卧龙沙棘全部2居群共28个个体进行了RAPD分析。结果表明,卧龙沙棘具有较丰富的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率为78.05%,Nei’s基因多样性h=0.2553,Shannon’s多态性信息指数Ι=0.3841。分布范围狭窄的卧龙沙棘在亚种水平的遗传多样性明显高于分布较广的中国沙棘。在居群水平上,卧龙沙棘同样具有很高的遗传多样性,平均多态位点百分率为63.42%,Nei’s基因多样性h=0.2193,Shannon’s多态性信息指数I=0.3287。卧龙沙棘的基因分化系数Gst=0.1425,表明遗传变异主要存在于居群内。AMOVA的结果也表明,在全部的遗传变异中,19.18%的遗传变异存在于居群之间,与Gst值基本一致。这一结果符合卧龙沙棘风媒、异交的繁育系统特点。     

Effect of genotype on callus induction,shoot regeneration,and phenotypic stability of regenerated plants in the greenhouse of Primula ssp.

Genotypic differences between six genotypes of Primula vulgaris could be observed in callus induction rate, type of callus, root formation during the callus phase, and shoot regeneration rate. The shoot regeneration rate ranged from zero to 11.6 shoots per explant. There was no correlation between callus induction rate and shoot regeneration rate. Callus consistency and colour were an indicator of the organogenetic capacity of callus. An experiment with different periods of treatment with 4.0 mg l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.0 mg l21 thidiazuron revealed that the shoot regeneration rate varied tremendously between genotypes. In two genotypes a period of 8 weeks on medium with plant growth regulators was sufficient to induce shoot regeneration. In three other genotypes a longer induction period was not able to overcome low regeneration capacity. However an increase in shoot regeneration rate was observed after 16iV32 weeks of induction. Phenotypic stability was also strongly dependent on genotype. In three genotypes the majority of regenerated plants looked normal and were diploid. Aberrations like abnormal growth habit, crinkly leaves, deviation of flower colour or lack of pollen formation occurred in only one genotype at a very low frequency (1.5 genotypes between 12.5 and 18.1 regenerants was tetraploid.     

Phenotypic selection on flowering phenology and pollination efficiency traits between Primula populations with different pollinator assemblages

Floral traits have largely been attributed to phenotypic selection in plant–pollinator interactions. However, the strength of this link has rarely been ascertained with real pollinators. We conducted pollinator observations and estimated selection through female fitness on flowering phenology and floral traits between two Primula secundiflora populations. We quantified pollinator‐mediated selection by subtracting estimates of selection gradients of plants receiving supplemental hand pollination from those of plants receiving open pollination. There was net directional selection for an earlier flowering start date at populations where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies, and flowering phenology was also subjected to stabilized quadratic selection. However, a later flowering start date was significantly selected at populations where the dominant pollinators were legitimate (normal pollination through the corolla tube entrance) and illegitimate bumblebees (abnormal pollination through nectar robbing hole which located at the corolla tube), and flowering phenology was subjected to disruptive quadratic selection. Wider corolla tube entrance diameter was selected at both populations. Furthermore, the strength of net directional selection on flowering start date and corolla tube entrance diameter was stronger at the population where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies. Pollinator‐mediated selection explained most of the between‐population variations in the net directional selection on flowering phenology and corolla tube entrance diameter. Our results suggested the important influence of pollinator‐mediated selection on floral evolution. Variations in pollinator assemblages not only resulted in variation in the direction of selection but also the strength of selection on floral traits.     

Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora Strains from Asia

A collection of 87 strains of the soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Ecc) isolated from various host plants in Japan, Korea and Thailand was characterized by bacteriological, pathological and genetic properties. On the basis of pathogenicity on the potato, tomato, onion and cucumber, strains were divided into four groups. They were also characterized by PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 16S‐23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) and a pel gene encoding pectate lyase. By analysis of 16S rDNA RFLP generated by Hinf I, Ecc strains were differentiated into two groups where it was discovered that most strains from Korea and Japan belonged to the same group. In the analysis of ISRs RFLP with MboI, two patterns were found. All Thai strains showed the same pattern. In the analysis of the pel gene RFLP with Sau3AI, all strains were separated into two independent patterns except for one strain. The strain (MAFF 301937) isolated from the mulberry showed a unique RFLP pattern of the pel gene. In cluster analysis based on 26 phenotypic characters, Ecc strains were composed of two groups, A and B. Group A contained typical Ecc strains which provided negative reactions in testing the production of reducing substances from sucrose and acids from α‐methyl glucoside. All Thai strains and most of the Korean strains belonged to group A, whereas group B contained atypical Ecc strains, which were isolated in Japan and Korea; the properties of this group were similar to those of E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica. The research reported here was undertaken to provide information on the strains of E. carotovora ssp. carotovora in Asia.