亚热带米老排和杉木细根分解过程中养分与微生物群落组成的变化

对福建南平峡阳林场19年生米老排和杉木人工林的细根进行为期12个月的分解试验,研究不同树种分解过程中养分和微生物群落组成的动态变化,为理解亚热带不同人工林树种地下养分循环过程提供科学依据.结果表明: 米老排细根养分磷(P)、钾(K)初始含量显著高于杉木.分解过程中,两个树种细根P、K含量均显著降低,而细根氮(N)含量显著增加,且杉木细根N含量变化滞后于米老排.在分解过程中,杉木细根镁(Mg)含量无显著变化;米老排细根Mg含量变化显著,且在分解8个月时显著小于杉木.在分解过程中,真菌与细菌比值均显著表现为先升高后降低,且分解12个月时米老排细根真菌/细菌显著高于杉木.冗余分析表明,N(解释37.2%)、K(解释14.5%)含量和C/N(解释14.8%)是影响杉木细根分解过程中微生物群落组成变化的主要养分因子,而Mg(解释35.9%)和K(解释17.6%)含量则是米老排细根分解时影响微生物群落组成的主要养分因子.研究表明,在不同树种中,除了N之外,Mg等其他养分元素也可能是影响根系分解的重要因子.     

柏木人工林林窗位置对香椿细根分解及土壤真菌群落多样性的影响

为了解林窗位置对香椿细根分解及土壤真菌群落多样性的影响,以川中丘陵区30a生柏木人工林为研究对象,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究200 m²人工林窗中心位置（GC）、边缘位置（GB）、郁闭林（CC）对香椿细根2a自然分解后土壤真菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明,林窗内不同位置之间微环境差异显著（P<0.05）,土壤理化性质对林窗位置变化的响应较细根养分元素更积极,GB位置细根分解速率显著高于GC和CC。土壤真菌门水平在3个林窗位置间无显著差异,其中子囊菌门、担子菌门是优势类群;腐生营养型真菌在3个林窗位置上具有显著差异,散囊菌目、粪壳菌目、肉座菌目、刺盾炱目、伞菌目是3个位置上相对丰度值>1%的优势类群,刺盾炱目、伞菌目相对丰度在GB和CC之间有显著差异（P<0.05）;青霉属和曲霉属是真菌在属水平上的优势类群,其相对丰度在3个位置间有极显著差异（P<0.01）。林窗位置未对真菌群落α多样性产生显著影响,但群落β多样性对位置变化的响应显著。GB位置群落β多样性显著高于GC和CC （P<0.05）,共有种数量最多,GC位置特有种数量最多。冗余分析发现较多环境因子对真菌群落的影响显著（P<0.01）,Mantel test （和partial Mantel test）分析结果表明土壤pH值、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤速效磷、土壤全氮是真菌群落多样性的重要影响因子。综上所述,林窗内位置对土壤真菌类群构成和群落β多样性具有差异性影响,在柏木人工林内实施林窗式干扰有助于调节细根分解等地下生态进程。     

Modelling ozone effects on adult beech trees through simulation of defence, damage, and repair costs: Implementation of the CASIROZ ozone model in the ANAFORE forest model

Ozone affects adult trees significantly, but effects on stem growth are hard to prove and difficult to correlate with the primary sites of ozone damage at the leaf level. To simulate ozone effects in a mechanistic way, at a level relevant to forest stand growth, we developed a simple ozone damage and repair model (CASIROZ model) that can be implemented into mechanistic photosynthesis and growth models. The model needs to be parameterized with cuvette measurements on net photosynthesis and dark respiration. As the CASIROZ ozone sub-model calculates effects of the ozone flux, a reliable representation of stomatal conductance and therefore ozone uptake is necessary to allow implementation of the ozone sub-model. In this case study the ozone sub-model was used in the ANAFORE forest model to simulate gas exchange, growth, and allocation. A preliminary run for adult beech (FAGUS SYLVATICA) under different ozone regimes at the Kranzberg forest site (Germany) was performed. The results indicate that the model is able to represent the measured effects of ozone adequately, and to distinguish between immediate and cumulative ozone effects. The results further help to understand ozone effects by distinguishing defence from damage and repair. Finally, the model can be used to extrapolate from the short-term results of the field study to long-term effects on tree growth. The preliminary simulations for the Kranzberg beech site show that, although ozone effects on yearly growth are variable and therefore insignificant when measured in the field, they could become significant at longer timescales (above 5 years, 5 % reduction in growth). The model offers a possible explanation for the discrepancy between the significant effects on photosynthesis (10 to 30 % reductions simulated), and the minor effects on growth. This appears to be the result of the strong competition and slow growth of the Kranzberg forest, and the importance of stored carbon for the adult beech (by buffering effects on carbon gain). We finally conclude that inclusion of ozone effects into current forest growth and yield models can be an important improvement into their overall performance, especially when simulating younger and less dense forests.     

干旱区琵琶柴群落细根周转对土壤有机碳循环的贡献

尽管干旱区生态系统的脆弱性受到了广泛的关注, 但目前关于干旱区植物细根有机碳与土壤碳循环关系的研究还比较少见。在2010年整个生长季节内, 采用土钻法和内生长法, 对新疆干旱区的琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)群落土壤特性、细根的生物量月动态、生产量和周转进行了研究。结果表明: 琵琶柴群落表层土壤含水量最低, 土壤含水量表现出从浅层到深层逐渐增加的趋势; 而表层土壤的有机碳含量最高, 随着土壤深度的加深, 有机碳含量逐渐降低。细根生物量的月平均值为54.51 g·m^-2, 群落细根生产量在82.76-136.21 g·m^-2·a^-1之间, 琵琶柴群落的细根周转率为2.08 times·a^-1, 通过细根死亡进入土壤中的有机碳为17 g·m^-2·a^-1。这些结果表明: 由于灌丛细根高的周转速率, 细根是干旱区土壤有机碳输入的重要部分。     

干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对根茎型清水紫花苜蓿、直根型陇东紫花苜蓿、根蘖型公农4号杂花苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落的影响,采用盆栽试验,运用16S rRNA基因测序技术,研究了幼苗期干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明：干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿的Chao1和ACE丰富度指数均在中度胁迫下最大,Simpson和Shannon-wiener多样性指数各处理间差异不显著;根际土壤细菌群落均以变形菌门、绿弯菌门、类杆菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门为主,干旱胁迫均显著增加了变形菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,显著降低了绿弯菌门的相对丰度,但类杆菌门和放线菌门先提高后下降。统计学分析显示,幼苗期干旱胁迫显著影响各根型苜蓿生长发育,随胁迫程度增加,其株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、根系活力、根体积、根系总长均显著降低,根冠比先增加后下降且在中度胁迫时达到最大值。重度胁迫下,清水苜蓿的株高、根系活力显著大于其他品种,而根冠比、根系干重显著小于其他品种;陇东苜蓿的根长、根尖数均显著大于其他品种;根系平均直径、根系总表面积各根型苜蓿间差异不显著。研究结果为植物的抗干旱胁迫以及提高各根型苜蓿在干旱胁迫下的水分利用提供参考。     

Ectomycorrhizas associated with a relict population of Dryas octopetala in the Burren, western Ireland II. Composition, structure and temporal variation in the ectomycorrhizal community

The composition, structure and temporal variation of ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities associated with mountain avens (Dryas octopetala) in grass heaths of the Burren, western Ireland were assessed by using soil core sampling in two permanent plots and 30 other sites (196 cores in total). Of the 34 different EM types observed, 11 were common and constituted over 80% of the EM biomass. Four EM types, Craterellus lutescens, Tomentella sp., Dryadirhiza fulgens and Cenococcum geophilum were the most abundant as measured by EM length and frequency of occurrence in cores. The species profile and relative abundances were very similar in cores from the permanent plots and different sites in the Burren, indicating that they were all representative of the same EM community. The below-ground EM community in both plots was compared with production of basidiomes, and the latter was found to be an unreliable indicator of EM community structure. Temporal variation in the EM community was assessed by repeated core sampling of the two permanent plots over a 14-month period (between March 1998 and May 1999). No statistically significant shifts in EM abundance were found between sampling dates, probably as a consequence of the large variation in EM abundance between core samples over the sampling period. No significant relationship was found between rainfall, soil moisture or soil temperature and fluctuations in EM abundance. Patterns of total EM abundance and fluctuations in EM diversity were strongly correlated between the two permanent plots over the sampling period. Temporal fluctuations in the dominant EM type, Craterellus lutescens, were similar in both plots with respect to mycorrhizal length, biomass and relative abundance, and the patterns between both plots were positively correlated. EM diversity was negatively correlated with biomass of ectomycorrhizas of Craterellus lutescens in both plots, but it was significant only in plot 1.     

Species richness and community composition of mat-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi in old- and second-growth Douglas-fir forests of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest,Oregon, USA

We investigated the species identity of mat-forming ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi associated with old- and second-growth Douglas-fir stands. Using molecular analyses of rhizomorphs and EM root tips, we characterized 28 unique internal transcribed spacer sequences and considered them proxies for mat-forming EM species. In both stand age classes, one Athelioid species in the genus Piloderma dominated our sample of the mat-forming fungal community. In second-growth stands, the second most frequently encountered mat-forming EM species belonged to the genus Hysterangium. In old-growth stands, several Ramaria species were associated with a frequently encountered mat morphology but no species dominated the community. After using rarefaction analysis to standardize sampling effort, the total species richness did not differ statistically between old- and second-growth habitats. Both an abundance of infrequently encountered species and incomplete sampling of the mat-forming EM community may have limited our ability to detect potential differences in species richness. Several frequently encountered Piloderma species appear to have broad (holarctic) distributions and diverse host associations and their potential importance in forest ecosystems warrants further study.     

Seasonal soil‐surface carbon fluxes from the root systems of young Pinus radiata trees growing at ambient and elevated CO2 concentration

Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration may result in increased below‐ground carbon allocation by trees, thereby altering soil carbon cycling. Seasonal estimates of soil surface carbon flux were made to determine whether carbon losses from Pinus radiata trees growing at elevated CO₂ concentration were higher than those at ambient CO₂ concentration, and whether this was related to increased fine root growth. Monthly soil surface carbon flux density (f) measurements were made on plots with trees growing at ambient (350) and elevated (650 μmol mol^?1) CO₂ concentration in large open‐top chambers. Prior to planting the soil carbon concentration (0.1%) and f (0.28 μmol m^?2 s^?1 at 15 °C) were low. A function describing the radial pattern of f with distance from tree stems was used to estimate the annual carbon flux from tree plots. Seasonal estimates of fine root production were made from minirhizotrons and the radial distribution of roots compared with radial measurements of f. A one‐dimensional gas diffusion model was used to estimate f from soil CO₂ concentrations at four depths. For the second year of growth, the annual carbon flux from the plots was 1671 g y^?1 and 1895 g y^?1 at ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations, respectively, although this was not a significant difference. Higher f at elevated CO₂ concentration was largely explained by increased fine root biomass. Fine root biomass and stem production were both positively related to f. Both root length density and f declined exponentially with distance from the stem, and had similar length scales. Diurnal changes in f were largely explained by changes in soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m. Ignoring the change of f with increasing distance from tree stems when scaling to a unit ground area basis from measurements with individual trees could result in under‐ or overestimates of soil‐surface carbon fluxes, especially in young stands when fine roots are unevenly distributed.     

全球变化背景下大气CO_2浓度升高与森林群落结构和功能的变化

大气 CO2 浓度升高所引起的森林生态系统生态稳定性的变化会导致森林在结构和功能上的变动。概述了全球变化背景下大气 CO2 浓度升高和陆地森林生态系统可能性变化之间的相互关系的研究情况。由于大气 CO2 浓度升高出现了额外多的 C供应 ,讨论了以这些额外多的 C经大气—植物—土壤途径的流动走向来研究大气 CO2 浓度的升高与森林结构和功能的相互作用 ,探讨了大气 CO2 浓度升高对森林植物生长、冠层结构、引发的生物量增量的分配、凋落物质量和根质量的变化造成的土壤生态过程的变化、微生物共生体、有机质周转率以及营养循环的潜在效应 ,这些受影响的生物要素和生态过程会引起群落内植物间对资源原有的竞争关系发生变化 ,对资源竞争的格局发生变化最终将会导致森林结构和功能的改变。还提出了一个假设性的概念性框架 ,描述大气 CO2 升高引起的森林结构和功能变化的内在机理。     

自然林下与田间根腐三七根际微生物群落特征及比较分析

【背景】三七根际微生物群落特征与其土传根腐病害密切相关,而针对自然林下根腐三七的相关研究鲜见报道。【目的】比较分析自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤微生物群落的组成特征,结合土壤理化性质与酶活性分析,为三七根腐病害防治与仿野生栽培提供科学依据。【方法】采集自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤,利用高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌与真菌群落的物种组成与多样性,并测定土壤理化性质和酶活性。【结果】自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤中细菌和真菌群落组成具有明显差异,自然林下根腐三七根际土壤中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度较高,而田间根腐三七根际土壤中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的相对丰度较高。在属分类水平,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是自然林下根腐三七根际土壤中的优势菌群,相对丰度为17.30%,而癣囊腔菌属(Plectosphaerella)是田间根腐三七根际土壤中的优势菌群,相对丰度为22.55%;Candidatus Ba...