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1.
Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids, are essential for growth, development and responses to environmental stresses in plants. Although BR signaling proteins are localized in many organelles, i.e., the plasma membrane, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole, the details regarding the BR signaling pathway from perception at the cellular membrane receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) to nuclear events include several steps. Brz (Brz220) is a specific inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. In this study, we used Brz-mediated chemical genetics to identify Brz-insensitive-long hypocotyls 2-1D (bil2-1D). The BIL2 gene encodes a mitochondrial-localized DnaJ/Heat shock protein 40 (DnaJ/Hsp40) family, which is involved in protein folding. BIL2-overexpression plants (BIL2-OX) showed cell elongation under Brz treatment, increasing the growth of plant inflorescence and roots, the regulation of BR-responsive gene expression and suppression against the dwarfed BRI1-deficient mutant. BIL2-OX also showed resistance against the mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor oligomycin and higher levels of exogenous ATP compared with wild-type plants. BIL2 participates in resistance against salinity stress and strong light stress. Our results indicate that BIL2 induces cell elongation during BR signaling through the promotion of ATP synthesis in mitochondria.  相似文献   

2.
3.
The brassinosteroid signal transduction pathway   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Wang ZY  Wang Q  Chong K  Wang F  Wang L  Bai M  Jia C 《Cell research》2006,16(5):427-434
  相似文献   

4.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are perceived by Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1), that encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase. Tomato BRI1 has previously been implicated in both systemin and BR signalling. The role of tomato BRI1 in BR signalling was confirmed, however it was found not to be essential for systemin/wound signalling. Tomato roots were shown to respond to systemin but this response varied according to the species and growth conditions. Overall the data indicates that mutants defective in tomato BRI1 are not defective in systemin-induced wound signalling and that systemin perception can occur via a non-BRI1 mechanism.Key words: tomato BRI1, brassinosteroids, systemin, wound signallingBrassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that are essential for normal plant growth. The most important BR receptor in Arabidopsis is BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), a serine/threonine kinase with a predicted extracellular domain of ∼24 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs).1,2 BRs bind to BRI1 via a steroid-binding domain that includes LRR 21 and a so-called “island” domain.2,3 In tomato a BRI1 orthologue has been identified that when mutated, as in the curl3 (cu3) mutation, results in BR-insensitive dwarf plants.4 Tomato BRI1 has also been purified as a systemin-binding protein.5 Systemin is an eighteen amino acid peptide, which is produced by post-translational cleavage of prosystemin. Systemin has been implicated in wound signalling and is able to induce the production of jasmonate, protease inhibitors (PIN) and rapid alkalinization of cell suspensions (reviewed in ref. 6).To clarify whether tomato BRI1 was indeed a dual receptor it was important to first confirm its role in BR signalling. Initially this was carried out by genetic complementation of the cu3 mutant phenotype.7 Overexpression of tomato BRI1 restored the dwarf phenotype and BR sensitivity and normalized BR levels (
35S:TomatoBRI1 complemented lineWt*cu3*
6-deoxocathasterone566964676
6-deoxoteasteronend4748
3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone876269
6-deoxotyphasterolnd588422
6-deoxocastasterone1,7556,24726,210
castasterone25563717,428
brassinolidendndnd
Open in a separate windowBR content ng/kg fw.*Montoya et al.4 nd, not detected.To show the role of tomato BRI1 in systemin signalling tomato BR mutants and the complemented line were tested for their systemin response. Tomato cu3 mutants were shown not to be defective in systemin-induced proteinase inhibitor (PIN) gene induction, nor were they defective in PIN gene induction in response to wounding. Cell suspensions made from cu3 mutant tissue exhibited an alkalinization of culture medium similar to wild-type cell suspension. These data taken together indicated that BRI1 was not essential for systemin signalling. However, Scheer et al.8 demonstrated that the overexpression of tomato BRI1 in tobacco suspension cultures results in an alkalinization in response to systemin, which was not observed in untransformed cultures. This suggests that BRI1 is capable of eliciting systemin responsiveness and that in tomato BRI1 mutants another mechanism is functioning to enable systemin signalling.Root elongation is a sensitive bioassay for BR action with BRs inhibiting root growth. Solanum pimpinellifolium roots elongate in response to systemin, in a BRI1-dependent fashion. In Solanum lycopersicum root length was reduced in response to systemin and BR and jasmonate synthesis mutants indicated that the inhibition did not require jasmonates or BRs. Normal ethylene signalling was required for the root response to systemin. When a tobacco, Nicotiana benthamiana, BRI1 orthologue was transformed into cu3 both the dwarfism and systemin-induced root elongation was restored to that of wild type. Tobacco plants however do not respond to systemin. This is puzzling as the introduction of tomato BRI1 into tobacco enabled systemin responsiveness.8 Further investigation as to how tomato BRI1 elicits this response is therefore required.Systemin has been demonstrated to bind to two tomato proteins BRI1/SR1605 and SBP50.9 The data presented by Holton et al.7 indicates that tomato BRI1 is not essential for systemin-induced wound responses and that a non-BRI1 pathway is present that is able to facilitate a systemin response. Whether this is via a related LRR receptor kinase or by another protein remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

5.
Role of Specific Phosphorylation Sites of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis> Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1 Receptor Kinase in Plant Growth and Development     
Qiannan Wang  Shufen Wang  Sufu Gan  Xin Wang  Jianwei Liu  Xiaofeng Wang 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2016,35(3):755-769
Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1), the receptor of brassinosteroids (BRs), is a dual-function serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase which initiates BR signaling and regulates plant growth via its protein kinase activity. Previous research has identified phosphorylation sites of Arabidopsis BRI1 in vivo and in vitro, but the significance of which to BR signaling and plant development has not been discussed comprehensively. To investigate this, we systematically characterized Arabidopsis BRI1 site-directed mutants in the weak bri1-5 background. For vegetative organ development regulation, we demonstrated that Thr-1039, Ser-1042, and Ser-1044 were critical for vegetative development because mutants with eliminated phosphorylation at these residues exhibited aberrant leaf growth, whereas Ser-1172 and Ser-1187 slightly inhibited leaf growth. For reproductive organ development regulation, first, the notion that Thr-1039, Ser-1042, and Ser-1044 were essential for normal plant height is supported by the evidence that mutations preventing phosphorylation at Thr-1039, Ser-1042, and Ser-1044 decreased plant height. Second, comparison of seed yield-related traits showed that unphosphorylated Ser-1168-Ala, Ser-1172-Ala, and Ser-1179-Ala+Thr-1180-Ala mutants reduced seed yield dramatically, whereas eliminating phosphorylation at Ser-1042 caused increased seed production. In addition, we found that Ser-1042 and Ser-1044 were essential for BR signaling. The unphosphorylated Ser-1042-Ala and Ser-1044-Ala mutants displayed hyposensitive phenotypes accompanied with decreased accumulation of dephosphorylated BRI1-EMS suppressor 1 (BES1) protein and increased Constitutive Photomorphogenesis Dwarf expression levels as well as limited inhibition of hypocotyl and root elongation under exogenous brassinolide. Taken together, our data suggest that BRI1 phosphorylation at specific sites differentially affects growth and development which may provide novel approaches to precisely regulate economic yield through modifying specific BRI1 phosphorylation sites in crop species.  相似文献   

6.
Brassinosteroids regulate pectin methylesterase activity and AtPME41 expression in Arabidopsis under chilling stress   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Qu T  Liu R  Wang W  An L  Chen T  Liu G  Zhao Z 《Cryobiology》2011,63(2):111-117
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are important cell wall enzymes that may play important roles in plant chilling/freezing tolerance. We investigated the possible roles of brassinosteroids (BRs) in regulation of PMEs under chilling stress. Chilling stress or 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) treatments induced significant increases in PME activity in wild type (Col-0) seedlings of Arabidopsis. The chilling-stress-induced increases in PME activity were also found in bzr1-D mutant, a BZR1 stabilized mutant with a constitutively active BR signaling pathway, but not in bri1-116, a BR insensitive null allele of the BR receptor BRI1. The results suggest that the regulation of PME activity in Arabidopsis under chilling stress depends on the BR signaling pathway. Furthermore, we showed that the effect of chilling stress on PME activity was impaired in pme41, a knockout mutant of AtPME41. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results showed that expression of AtPME41 was induced by chilling stress in wild type plants but not in the bri1-116 mutant. The expression of AtPME41 increased in bzr1-D and eBL treated wild type seedlings, but decreased in bri1-116 seedlings. Furthermore, ion leakage induced by low temperature were dramatically increased in both bri1-116 and pme41, while lipid peroxidation was increased in bri1-116 only. The results suggest that BRs may modulate total PME activity in Arabidopsis under chilling stress by regulating AtPME41 expression. Regulation of PME activity may serve as one of the mechanisms that BR participates in chilling tolerance of plants.  相似文献   

7.
Brassinosteroids repress the seed maturation program during the seed-to-seedling transition     
Jiuxiao Ruan  Huhui Chen  Tao Zhu  Yaoguang Yu  Yawen Lei  Liangbing Yuan  Jun Liu  Zhi-Yong Wang  Jian-Fei Kuang  Wang-Jin Lu  Shangzhi Huang  Chenlong Li 《Plant physiology》2021,186(1):534
  相似文献   

8.
Exogenous brassinosteroids activate cytokinin signalling pathway gene expression in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana     
Natalia V. Kudryakova  Marina V. Efimova  Maria N. Danilova  Natalia K. Zubkova  Vladimir A. Khripach  Victor V. Kusnetsov  Olga N. Kulaeva 《Plant Growth Regulation》2013,70(1):61-69
Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants carrying the GUS reporter gene fused to the promoter of the gene of primary response to cytokinins (CKs), ARR5, were used to estimate the influence of several brassinosteroids (BRs): brassinolide (BL), epibrassinolide (EBL), homobrassinolide (HBL), and 6-o-carboxymethyloxohomocastasterone (CHC) on the expression of CK signalling genes. BRs tested differed in their ability to activate the ARR5 gene promoter in 4-day-old seedlings and 3-week-old plants. BL caused the most prominent effect, yet it was considerably less than that of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). An increase in GUS activity was observed in both dark and light conditions; however, the rate of elevation was higher in dark conditions. The activation of the P ARR5 :GUS fusion was accompanied by a moderate induction of the P AHK :GUS constructs, in which the reporter GUS gene was fused to the promoter of one of the CK receptor histidine kinases. The effects of BL on the AHK gene promoters were organ specific and correlated with the ability of a particular AHK gene to respond to BA treatment. BL activated the AHK3 promoter in 4-day-old seedlings and in shoots and roots of 3-week-old plants without any effect in detached leaves. The AHK2 gene promoter was activated by BA and BL only in seedlings, whereas the AHK4 gene promoter was activated only in roots. BL treatment caused the coordinate elevation of the CK levels in leaves to the same degree as the activation of the P AHK :GUS construct, suggesting that the accumulation of CKs was the reason for the activation by BRs of the CK signalling genes. The data obtained provide the evidence for the involvement of BRs in the regulation of the genes of the CK signalling pathway through an increase in the CK levels. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying BR-induced elevation of the CK content are unclear and warrant identification in the future.  相似文献   

9.
Brassinolide-2,3-acetonide: A brassinolide-induced rice lamina joint inclination antagonist     
Takuya Muto  Yasushi Todoroki 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2013,21(14):4413-4419
A novel chemical tool compound that is an antagonist of brassinolide (BL, 1)-induced rice lamina joint inclination was developed. Although 2-O-, 3-O-, 22-O-, or 23-O-methylation of BL causes a critical decrease in biological activity,5 a crystal structure of the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE I (BRI1) bound to BL3, 4 indicates that the loss of activity of the O-methylated BL may result from not only the low affinity to BRI1, but also from blocking the interaction with another BR signaling factor, a partner protein of BRI1 (e.g., BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1, BAK1). On the basis of this hypothesis we synthesized the BL 2,3-acetonide 2, the 22,23-acetonide 3, and the 2,3:22,23-diacetonide 4 to assess the possibility of 2-O- and 3-O- or/and 22-O- and 23-O-alkylated BL as an antagonist in BR signaling evoked by exogenously applied BL. The 2,3-acetonide 2 more strongly inhibited the lamina inclination caused by BL relative to the 22,23-acetonide 3, whereas the diacetonide 4 had no effect most likely due to its increased hydrophobicity. This suggested that the 2,3-hydroxyl groups of BL play a more significant role in the interaction with a BRI1 partner protein rather than BRI1 itself in rice lamina joint inclination. Taken together it was demonstrated that BL, the most potent agonist of BRI1, is transformed into an antagonist by functionalization of the 2,3-dihydroxyl groups as the acetonide. This finding opens the door to the potential development of a chemical tool that modulates protein–protein interactions in the BR signaling pathway to dissect the BR-dependent processes.  相似文献   

10.
Tyrosine phosphorylation in brassinosteroid signaling     
Man-Ho Oh  Steven D Clouse  Steven C Huber 《Plant signaling & behavior》2009,4(12):1182-1185
Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth and development through a complex signal transduction pathway involving BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which is the BR receptor, and its co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). Both proteins are classified as Ser/Thr protein kinases. Recently, we reported that recombinant cytoplasmic domains (CD) of BRI1 and BAK1 also autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues and thus are dual-specificity kinases.1 Two sites of Tyr autophosphorylation were identified that appear to have different effects on BRI1 function. Tyr-831 in the juxtamembrane domain is not essential for kinase activity but has a regulatory role, with phosphorylation of Tyr-831 causing inhibition of growth and delay of flowering. In contrast, Tyr-956 is located in subdomain IV of the kinase domain and is essential for kinase activity, and we are speculating that the free hydroxyl group at this position is essential and thus phosphorylation of Tyr-956 would inhibit BRI1 kinase activity. Expression of BRI1(Y831F)-Flag in the weak allele bri1-5 rescued the dwarf phenotype but plants had rounder leaves, increased shoot biomass, and flowered earlier than plants expressing the BRI1(wild type)-Flag in the bri1-5 background. To further elaborate on earlier results, we present additional phenotypic analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing BRI1(Y831F)-Flag or site-directed mutants of other Tyr residues within the kinase domain. The results highlight the unique role of Tyr-831 in regulation of BR signaling in vivo. Elucidating the molecular basis for increased biomass accumulation in plants expressing BRI1(Y831F)-Flag may have applications for agriculture.Key words: brassinosteroids, LRR-RLK, autophosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation, signal transduction  相似文献   

11.
BRL1, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, is functionally redundant with BRI1 in regulating Arabidopsis brassinosteroid signaling     
Zhou A  Wang H  Walker JC  Li J 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2004,40(3):399-409
BRI1-like receptor kinase (BRL1) was identified as an extragenic suppressor of a weak bri1 allele, bri1-5, in an activation-tagging genetic screen for novel brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction regulators. BRL1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK). Sequence alignment revealed that BRL1 is closely related to BRI1, which is involved in BR perception. Overexpression of a BRL1 cDNA, driven by a constitutive CaMV 35S promoter, recapitulates the bri1-5 suppression phenotypes, and partially complements the phenotypes of a null bri1 allele, bri1-4. Analysis of a BR-specific feedback response gene, CPD, indicates that BRL1 functions in BR signaling. BRL1 expression pattern overlaps with, but is distinct from, that of BRI1. In addition, both the expression level and in vitro kinase autophosphorylation activity of BRL1 are significantly lower than those of BRI1. bri1-5 brl1-1 double mutant plants have enhanced developmental defects relative to bri1-5 mutant plants, revealing that BRL1 plays a partially redundant role with BRI1 in controlling Arabidopsis growth and development. These findings enhance our understanding of functional redundancy and add an additional layer of complexity to RLK-mediated BR signaling transduction in Arabidopsis.  相似文献   

12.
BRI1 activity in the root meristem involves post-transcriptional regulation of PIN auxin efflux carriers     
Yael Hacham  Ayala Sela  Lilach Friedlander  Sigal Savaldi-Goldstein 《Plant signaling & behavior》2012,7(1):68-70
  相似文献   

13.
Auxins increase expression of the brassinosteroid receptor and brassinosteroid-responsive genes in Arabidopsis     
Tomoaki Sakamoto  Shozo Fujioka 《Plant signaling & behavior》2013,8(4)
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14.
A multifaceted module of BRI1 ETHYLMETHANE SULFONATE SUPRESSOR1 (BES1)-MYB88 in growth and stress tolerance of apple     
Xiaofang Liu  Caide Zhao  Yuqi Gao  Yao Xu  Shujin Wang  Chaoshuo Li  Yinpeng Xie  Pengxiang Chen  Peizhi Yang  Li Yuan  Xiaofeng Wang  Lili Huang  Fengwang Ma  Hao Feng  Qingmei Guan 《Plant physiology》2021,185(4):1903
  相似文献   

15.
RAV-Like1 Maintains Brassinosteroid Homeostasis via the Coordinated Activation of BRI1 and Biosynthetic Genes in Rice   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Byoung Il Je  Hai Long Piao  Soon Ju Park  Sung Han Park  Chul Min Kim  Yuan Hu Xuan  Su Hyun Park  Jin Huang  Yang Do Choi  Gynheung An  Hann Ling Wong  Shozo Fujioka  Min-Chul Kim  Ko Shimamoto  Chang-deok Han 《The Plant cell》2010,22(6):1777-1791
Temporal and spatial variation in the levels of and sensitivity to hormones are essential for the development of higher organisms. Traditionally, end-product feedback regulation has been considered as the key mechanism for the achievement of cellular homeostasis. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that are perceived by the cell surface receptor kinase Brassinosteroid Insensitive1. Binding of these hormones to the receptor activates BR signaling and eventually suppresses BR synthesis. This report shows that RAVL1 regulates the expression of the BR receptor. Furthermore, RAVL1 is also required for the expression of the BR biosynthetic genes D2, D11, and BRD1 that are subject to BR negative feedback. Activation by RAVL1 was coordinated via E-box cis-elements in the promoters of the receptor and biosynthetic genes. Also, RAVL1 is necessary for the response of these genes to changes in cellular BR homeostasis. Genetic evidence is presented to strengthen the observation that the primary action of RAVL1 mediates the expression of genes involved in BR signaling and biosynthesis. This study thus describes a regulatory circuit modulating the homeostasis of BR in which RAVL1 ensures the basal activity of both the signaling and the biosynthetic pathways.  相似文献   

16.
Genome-wide identification and expression profiling analysis of brassinolide signal transduction genes regulating apple tree architecture     
Liwei Zheng  Juanjuan Ma  Chunhui Song  Na An  Dong Zhang  Caiping Zhao  Siyan Qi  Mingyu Han 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2017,39(8):177
Brassinolide (BR) is crucial for regulating plant architecture. Apple dwarfing rootstocks are used to control apple tree size. However, information regarding the effects of BR on apple trees is limited. In addition, the molecular mechanism underlying the dwarfing of apple rootstocks is poorly understood. To elucidate the role of BR signal transduction genes in controlling apple tree architecture, five BR receptor kinase 1 (BRI1), nine BR-signaling kinase 1 (BSK1), two BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR 1 (BKI1), and seven BR-insensitive 2 (BIN2) genes were analyzed. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that gene duplication events likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of the identified genes. Nine homologs between apple and Arabidopsis thaliana were also identified, and their expression patterns in different tissues were characterized. Exogenous BR treatments increased the primary shoot length and altered the expression of BR signal transduction genes (MdBRI1-5, MdBSK3-8, MdBKI12, MdBIN14, and MdBIN6/7). The scion of Fuji/Malling 9 (M.9) trees exhibited inhibited growth compared with that of Fuji/Fuji trees. The Fuji/M.9 trees had lower levels of the positive regulators of BR signaling (MdBRI1-5,MdBSK1, MdBSK4/7, and MdBSK6) and higher levels of the negative regulators (MdBIN5-7) compared with the Fuji/Fuji trees. Thus, the above-mentioned genes may help to regulate apple tree size in response to BR. In addition, MdBRI15, MdBSK1, MdBSK4/7, MdBSK6, and MdBIN57 have important roles in different grafting combinations. Our results may provide the basis for future analyses of BR signal transduction genes regarding their potential involvement in the regulation of plant architecture.  相似文献   

17.
Development and functional analysis of novel genetic promoters using DNA shuffling, hybridization and a combination thereof     
Ranjan R  Patro S  Pradhan B  Kumar A  Maiti IB  Dey N 《PloS one》2012,7(3):e31931
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18.
The mechanism for brassinosteroids suppressing climacteric fruit ripening     
Yinglin Ji  Yi Qu  Zhongyu Jiang  Jijun Yan  Jinfang Chu  Mingyang Xu  Xin Su  Hui Yuan  Aide Wang 《Plant physiology》2021,185(4):1875
  相似文献   

19.
Comparative functional analysis of six drought-responsive promoters in transgenic rice     
Kazuo Nakashima  Asad Jan  Daisuke Todaka  Kyonoshin Maruyama  Shingo Goto  Kazuo Shinozaki  Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki 《Planta》2014,239(1):47-60
  相似文献   

20.
Function of α subunit of heterotrimeric G protein in brassinosteroid response of rice plants     
Katsuyuki Oki  Kanako Kitagawa  Yukiko Fujisawa  Hisaharu Kato  Yukimoto Iwasaki 《Plant signaling & behavior》2009,4(2):126-128
The α subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gα) is involved in a broad range of aspects of the brassinosteroid (BR) response, such as the enhancement of lamina bending. However, it has been suggested from epistatic analysis of d1 and d61, which are mutants deficient for Gα and the BR receptor BRI1, that Gα and BRI1 may function via distinct pathways in many cases. In this study, we investigated further the genetic interaction between Gα and BRI1. We report the analysis of transformants of T65d1 and T65d1/d61-7 into which were introduced a constitutively active form of Gα, Q223L. The application of 24-epi-brassinolide (24-epiBL) to T65d1 expressing Q223L still resulted in elongation of the coleoptile and, in fact, it was enhanced over the wild-type plant (WT) level in a concentration dependent manner. In T65d1/d61-7 expressing Q223L, the seed size was enlarged over that of d61-7 due to activation of Gα. These results suggest that Q223L is able to augment the BR response in response to 24-epiBL and also that Q223L functions independently of BRI1 in the process of determining seed morphology, given that Q223L was functional in the BRI1-deficient mutant, d61-7.Key words: brassinosteroid, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), genetic interaction, G-protein α subunit, rice plants, seed morphology, transgenic plants  相似文献   

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