牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR检测方法的建立与应用

目的:建立一种直接从牛奶中检测金黄色葡萄球菌的PCR快速诊断方法.方法:根据已发表的金黄色葡萄球菌16-23SrRNA特异性序列设计并合成一对引物,通过优化反应条件建立从牛奶中直接检测金黄色葡萄球菌的PCR方法.结果:与细菌的常规分离方法相比,PCR法敏感性高,与其它型葡萄球菌无交叉反应,特异性迭100%,检测细菌基因组DNA最低浓度为35ng/μL,能在5h内对送检的牛奶样品直接进行金黄色葡萄球菌的测定,可用于乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测.结论:成功建立了快速检测牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR方法.     

食品中沙门氏菌分子检测靶点的筛选与评价

[目的]发掘新的沙门氏菌分子检测靶点,筛选检测性能优秀的引物.[方法]利用BLAST程序比较沙门氏菌属内基因组DNA序列的同源性以及沙门氏菌与非沙门氏菌基因组DNA序列之间的特异性,发掘出100多个检测沙门氏菌属的特异性片段,并从中随机挑选出15个片段作为候选靶点,一共设计了27对引物(FS1～FS27),对它们的特异性、灵敏度加以评价,从中筛选检测性能最好的引物.[结果]在27对引物中,检测性能最优的引物为FS23,采用该引物对供试菌株的相应检测靶点进行PCR扩增,44株沙门氏菌都能扩增到一条492 bp特异性片段,而22株非沙门氏菌则不能扩增出这一特异性片段.以FS23为引物建立PCR方法检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌基因组DNA的灵敏度为11.9 fg/μL,细菌纯培养物灵敏度为4.9×102cfu/mL;用猪霍乱沙门氏菌人工污染牛奶样品,如果接种起始菌量为100 cfu/25 mL时,只需要增菌5 h,采用上述方法即能检测出沙门氏菌.[结论]引物FS23对应的基因序列是一个性能优良的新分子检测靶点,具备很高的特异性和灵敏性,能够广泛应用于食品中沙门氏菌的快速检测.     

16S rDNA用作荧光定量PCR靶基因快速检测铜绿假单胞菌

对20余种细菌16SrDNAs进行多序列比对与进化树分析,设计铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa,PA)荧光定量PCR(fluorescencequantitativePCR,FQ-PCR)特异性引物。提取PA基因组DNA,以特异性引物扩增16SrDNA靶片段,并构建重组质粒pMDT-Pfr。将梯度稀释的pMDT-Pfr质粒作为模板,用于建立定量标准曲线。以SYBRGreenI荧光染料建立20μL反应体系,对不同浓度的PADNA样品进行FQ-PCR检测。同时,以金黄色葡萄球菌、伤寒杆菌、福氏志贺菌、变形杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和结核杆菌的基因组DNA作阴性对照,验证FQ-PCR方法检测PA的特异性。结果显示,设计的FQ-PCR引物的靶向序列,仅对PA16SrDNA有高度同源性;FQ-PCR方法检测PA,其灵敏度达3.6pg/μL的基因组DNA或(2.1×103±3.1×102)拷贝/μL的16SrDNA基因,并且具有很强的特异性;从细菌DNA提取到FQ-PCR检测,可在2h左右完成PA鉴定。较传统的培养鉴定法而言,以16SrDNA作为FQ-PCR靶基因快速检测PA,具有很好的研究价值与应用前景。     

PCR技术在检测鼠金黄色葡萄球菌中的应用研究

目的　建立实验大小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测方法———PCR法。方法　根据已公布的金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶nuc基因的序列 ,设计并合成一对特异性的引物 ,利用PCR技术扩增nuc基因片段。对金黄色葡萄球菌和其他非金黄色葡萄球菌菌株抽提的DNA进行扩增。结果　金黄色葡萄球菌PCR产物出现 6 6 8bp的特异性DNA扩增片段 ,而其他非金黄色葡萄球菌未出现扩增片段 ,证实了合成的引物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有特异性。将抽提的金黄色葡萄球菌DNA进行系列稀释 ,测定此PCR体系的敏感性 ,结果显示 ,该PCR体系能检出 3pg金黄色葡萄球菌DNA ,且从抽提DNA到PCR扩增及电泳结束仅需 4h。结论　本研究所建立的扩增耐热核酸酶nuc基因检测鼠金黄色葡萄球菌的PCR方法 ,具有快速、可靠、敏感和特异的特点 ,可用于临床样品和金黄色葡萄球菌感染时的检测 ,适合应用于实验大小鼠的监测。     

金黄色葡萄球菌agrC的克隆及序列分析

金黄色葡萄球菌agr系统能够调控多种毒力因子的表达,在该系统中,受体组氨酸蛋白激酶AgrC感受外部信号并传递给细胞内,在整个agr系统中起着重要的作用,成为药物发现的新靶点,该蛋白由agrC基因编码。通过分析发现,agrC基因的保守性非常差,这可能是由于它作为受体需要与信号分子结合的特异性所决定的。通过对已经公开的agrC基因序列进行比对分析,设计了多条引物,以金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538的基因组DNA为模板,进行了PCR扩增并转化大肠埃希菌克隆该基因,获得了金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538附属基因调节系统agrC基因的全序列。同时,通过对现有的提取金黄色葡萄球菌基因组的方法做了改进,得到了一种大量提取了金黄色葡萄球菌DNA的方法,获得的DNA纯度较高。     

添加有扩增内标的沙门氏菌荧光定量PCR 检测体系的建立与评价

【目的】建立添加有扩增内标(IAC,Internal amplification control)的沙门氏菌EvaGreen荧光定量PCR检测体系,提高PCR检测可靠性。【方法】通过比较已有沙门氏菌属细菌的基因组序列,筛选沙门氏菌属特异检测靶点,设计特异引物;再用复合引物法构建扩增内标,优化参数,建立沙门氏菌内标PCR检测体系,利用特异性和灵敏度实验评价体系的检测性能。【结果】筛选得到的新特异靶点基因编码III型分泌系统蛋白(ssaQ)。针对该基因设计特异引物(SsaQ6),建立了添加有扩增内标的常规PCR和EvaGreen荧光定量PCR检测体系;二者对151株沙门氏菌和34株非沙门氏菌的检测符合率均达100%,对基因组DNA的检测下限达14.9拷贝/PCR和2.76拷贝/PCR;人工污染牛奶样品(初始染菌量:4-6 cfu/10 mL),増菌10 h和8 h后分别可检出沙门氏菌。【结论】本研究发掘的新靶点基因ssaQ特异性强,基于这一新靶点建立的添加有扩增内标的EvaGreen荧光定量PCR比常规内标PCR的检测限更低,重复性更好,快速方便,在12 h内即可得出检测结果,并且定量准确,有利于推进沙门氏菌PCR检测方法的标准化应用。     

多重PCR快速检测化妆品中三种致病菌的研究

利用多重PCR技术建立快速检测化妆品中三种致病菌的方法。根据已报道的大肠杆菌phoA基因、铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白基因oprL和金黄色葡萄球菌特异性序列SmaI选择特异性引物,对人工染菌化妆品进行多重PCR检测。结果显示,三种致病菌的基因组DNA均可与各自引物特异性结合,扩增产物大小分别为622 bp、504 bp和426 bp。该方法用于人工污染的化妆品中,大肠杆菌的检出限浓度为103 CFU/mL,铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的检出限浓度为105 CFU/mL。作者建立的多重PCR方法可同时快速、特异地对化妆品中三种致病菌进行检测,在化妆品行业具有较大的应用价值。     

金黄色葡萄球菌反向线性杂交探针检测方法的建立

目的建立一种检测金黄色葡萄球菌的简单、快速、灵敏、准确的方法。方法根据金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶nuc基因,设计一对通用引物及两条特异性探针,用生物素标记通用引物的5＇端,将两条特异性探针固定于硝酸纤维膜上,使PCR产物与探针杂交。结果建立的反向线性杂交探针方法,其检测限为2 ng/μL,检测特异性和准确性均为100%。结论建立的反向线性杂交检测方法具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可用于实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测。     

猪FGL2基因cDNA末端序列检测及结构分析

检测猪FGL2基因cDNA末端序列并对该基因结构初步分析。α-32P dCTP放射性同位素标记cDNA探针筛选猪基因组DNA文库;cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA end,RACE)。以猪正常小肠及心脏组织提取新鲜总RNA,反转录后作为模板,设计基因特异性引物,采用Advantage 2 聚合酶混合物进行PCR扩增;依据猪与人FGL2基因3′端已知同源序列设计PCR上游引物,以人FGL2基因3′末端序列设计下游引物,以猪基因组DNA为模板采用Advantage 2 聚合酶混合物进行PCR反应;PCR载体重组质粒DNA亚克隆扩增。同位素探针未能筛选到特异阳性克隆,RACE反应检测到特异性转录起始位置及第一个转录终止位置,但仍未检测到第二个转录终止位置。猪基因组DNA行PCR扩增成功检测到猪FGL2基因3′末端未知序列及第二个转录终止位置。     

以agr基因为靶点快速检测金黄色葡萄球菌方法的建立

旨在建立一种以agr基因为靶点,快速检测金黄色葡萄球菌的环介导等温扩增（LAMP)方法。针对金黄色葡萄球菌附属基因调控基因agr序列,设计了4条特异性引物;优化了LAMP体系中甜菜碱、dNTP浓度、长短引物比等因素;通过对14株不同金黄色葡萄球菌菌株和4株其他常见食品致病菌株进行检测,评估引物特异性。结果表明,在Mg²⁺浓度为2.4 mmol/L,dNTP浓度为0.8 mmol/L,甜菜碱浓度为0.1 mol/L,长短引物比为1:8,65 ℃反应50 min条件下扩增可达最佳效果。优化后的LAMP对14株金黄色葡萄球菌均表现为阳性,对4株非金黄色葡萄球菌菌株表现为阴性,证明引物具有特异性。本文首次利用agr基因作为靶基因片段,建立了一个简单、快速、特异性强的检测金黄色葡萄球菌的方法,在食品安全检测方面极具意义。     

类弹性蛋白多肽的从头设计、非色谱纯化及盐效应

近年来,因病毒侵害人类每年都要蒙受巨大的经济损失和社会损失。犬肾细胞MDCK以其具有的培养容易、增殖快、流感病毒感染效率高等特点,成为适用于流感病毒疫苗生产的重要细胞系之一。以MDCK细胞为研究对象,在自制无血清培养基中成功实现了MDCK细胞从有血清培养到无血清培养的驯化;并通过单细胞悬浮培养驯化过程实现了MDCK细胞的无血清单细胞悬浮培养,获得了适于无血清单细胞悬浮生长的ssf-MDCK细胞株,无血清单细胞悬浮批培养最大活细胞密度可达3.81×106 cells/mL,最大比生长速率可达0.056 h?     

Serum-Free Suspension Culture of MDCK Cells for Production of Influenza H1N1 Vaccines

Development of serum-free suspension cell culture processes is very important for influenza vaccine production. Previously, we developed a MDCK suspension cell line in a serum-free medium. In the present study, the growth kinetics of suspension MDCK cells and influenza virus production in the serum-free medium were investigated, in comparison with those of adherent MDCK cells in both serum-containing and serum-free medium. It was found that the serum-free medium supported the stable subculture and growth of both adherent and suspension cells. In batch culture, for both cell lines, the growth kinetics in the serum-free medium was comparable with those in the serum-containing medium and a commercialized serum-free medium. In the serum-free medium, peak viable cell density (VCD), haemagglutinin (HA) and median tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) titers of the two cell lines reached 4.51×10⁶ cells/mL, 2.94Log₁₀(HAU/50 μL) and 8.49Log₁₀(virions/mL), and 5.97×10⁶ cells/mL, 3.88Log₁₀(HAU/50 μL), and 10.34Log₁₀(virions/mL), respectively. While virus yield of adherent cells in the serum-free medium was similar to that in the serum-containing medium, suspension culture in the serum-free medium showed a higher virus yield than adherent cells in the serum-containing medium and suspension cells in the commercialized serum-free medium. However, the percentage of infectious viruses was lower for suspension culture in the serum-free medium. These results demonstrate the great potential of this suspension MDCK cell line in serum-free medium for influenza vaccine production and further improvements are warranted.     

MDCK细胞的悬浮驯化及初步应用

目的：驯化MDCK细胞使之适应悬浮培养,以之作为生产流感病毒疫苗的介质,为以细胞代替鸡胚制备流感病毒疫苗提供保证。方法：通过直接法和间接法分别驯化MDCK细胞,放大培养能悬浮生长的MDCK细胞,并以之作为介质培养流感病毒。结果：获得了能悬浮培养的MDCK细胞,其在悬浮条件下生长良好;以之作为载体培养流感病毒,可获得较高产量的病毒。结论：建立了悬浮培养的MDCK细胞,以之作为载体培养流感病毒可获得较高病毒滴度,为细胞培养生产流感病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

Substitution of glutamine by pyruvate to reduce ammonia formation and growth inhibition of mammalian cells

In mammalian cell culture technology glutamine is required for biomass synthesis and as a major energy source together with glucose. Different pathways for glutamine metabolism are possible, resulting in different energy output and ammonia release. The accumulation of ammonia in the medium can limit cell growth and product formation. Therefore, numerous ideas to reduce ammonia concentration in cultivation broths have been developed. Here we present new aspects on the energy metabolism of mammalian cells. The replacement of glutamine (2 mM) by pyruvate (10 mM) supported cell growth without adaptation for at least 19 passages without reduction in growth rate of different adherent commercial cell lines (MDCK, BHK21, CHO-K1) in serum-containing and serum-free media. The changes in metabolism of MDCK cells due to pyruvate uptake instead of glutamine were investigated in detail (on the amino acid level) for an influenza vaccine production process in large-scale microcarrier culture. In addition, metabolite profiles from variations of this new medium formulation (1-10 mM pyruvate) were compared for MDCK cell growth in roller bottles. Even at very low levels of pyruvate (1 mM) MDCK cells grew to confluency without glutamine and accumulation of ammonia. Also glucose uptake was reduced, which resulted in lower lactate production. However, pyruvate and glutamine were both metabolized when present together. Amino acid profiles from the cell growth phase for pyruvate medium showed a reduced uptake of serine, cysteine, and methionine, an increased uptake of leucine and isoleucine and a higher release of glycine compared to glutamine medium. After virus infection completely different profiles were found for essential and nonessential amino acids.     

MDCK细胞微载体悬浮培养放大工艺研究

MDCK细胞对各种流感病毒具有高度敏感性,广泛应用于流感病毒的分离和疫苗制备.通过探索培养基中促进细胞贴壁的关键组分,并筛选水解物,开发了适合MDCK细胞生长的低血清培养基.发现钙、镁离子是细胞贴壁不可缺少的物质,麦麸水解物可以部分代替培养基中的血清.利用该低血清培养基,经过消化转移将MDCK细胞从5L反应器放大至25 L反应器,微载体上细胞贴附均匀、生长旺盛,25 L反应器中培养48 h细胞密度可达30.5×105 cells/ml.研究结果为工业规模反应器微载体悬浮培养MDCK细胞生产流感病毒奠定了基础.     

稳定表达人Siat7e基因的MDCK细胞系的建立和全悬浮细胞的驯化

目的:现有的禽流感疫苗生产的方法已经不能适应工业化大生产的需求,有必要开发全悬浮培养的细胞系来满足大生产的需求。方法:我们通过转染稳定表达 Siat7e 基因的真核表达载体对MDCK细胞进行改造,并经过后期的驯化,筛选适应于全悬浮培养的MDCK细胞。结果:成功筛选到能稳定表达 Siat7e 基因并能适应全悬浮生长的细胞系。结论:该细胞系具有潜在的应用价值,为MDCK细胞的培养以及工业化大生产疫苗提供参考。     

适于无血清贴壁培养的抗凋亡宿主细胞系CHO-IVB2的构建

应用无血清培养基培养CHO细胞时,由于没有血清提供各种贴壁因子,细胞以悬浮的方式生长。在实际的大规模细胞培养中,CHO细胞往往以贴壁方式培养,要么贴壁于悬浮的微载体中,要么贴壁于固定的聚酯盘状介质或中空纤维中,而很少直接悬浮于培养基中。在无血清培养基中,Vitronectin单一组分可以促使CHO细胞的贴壁和扩增。通过双表达lgf-1和Bcl-2基因,已经构建了可以在无蛋白培养基IMEM中抗凋亡生长的细胞株CHO-IB3。在此基础上,构建了可以同时表达Igf-1、Vitronectin和Bcl-2三个蛋白的三顺反子表达载体pCI—NII—IVB。将该载体转染于CHO—dhfr^-细胞中,构建了一个细胞株CHO—IVB2。该细胞株可以在无蛋白培养基中抗凋亡生长,适于以贴壁的方式大规模培养,用于大量生产外源目的蛋白。     

CHO工程细胞无血清悬浮分批培养的生长代谢特征及动力学模型

以悬浮适应的表达尿激酶原CHO工程细胞为研究对象,在100mL的摇瓶中进行无血清悬浮培养,以细胞密度、细胞活力、Pro-UK活性、葡萄糖比消耗速率(qglc)、乳酸比生产速率(qlac)、乳酸对葡萄糖的得率系数(Ylac/glc)为观察指标,同时以细胞有血清悬浮培养作为参照,考察CHO工程细胞无血清悬浮培养生长和代谢特征。观察结果表明,CHO工程细胞在无血清及有血清悬浮培养条件下表现为大致相似的细胞生长和代谢特征。在此基础上,依据实际检测的数据,应用MATLAB软件对细胞对数生长期的细胞生长、乳酸生成及葡萄糖消耗的模型参数进行非线性规划,获得全局性收敛的最优参数估计值,建立了细胞在无血清培养条件下的生长及代谢动力学模型。     

Production of canine adenovirus type 2 in serum-free suspension cultures of MDCK cells

The potential of adherent Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells for the production of influenza viruses and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) for vaccines or gene therapy approaches has been shown. Recently, a new MDCK cell line (MDCK.SUS2) that was able to grow in suspension in a fully defined system was established. In this work, we investigated whether the new MDCK.SUS2 suspension cell line is suitable for the amplification of CAV-2 under serum-free culture conditions. Cell growth performance and CAV-2 production were evaluated in three serum-free media: AEM, SMIF8, and EXCELL MDCK. CAV-2 production in shake flasks was maximal when AEM medium was used, resulting in an amplification ratio of infectious particles (IP) of 142 IP out/IP in and volumetric and cell-specific productivities of 2.1?×?10⁸ IP/mL and 482 IP/cell, respectively. CAV-2 production was further improved when cells were cultivated in a 0.5-L stirred tank bioreactor. To monitor infection and virus production, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. A correlation between the side scatter measurement and CAV-2 productivity was found, which represents a key feature to determine the best harvesting time during process development of gene therapy vectors that do not express reporter genes. This work demonstrates that MDCK.SUS2 is a suitable cell substrate for CAV-2 production, constituting a step forward in developing a production process transferable to industrial scales. This could allow for the production of high CAV-2 titers either for vaccination or for gene therapy purposes.     

Efficient suspension bioreactor expansion of murine embryonic stem cells on microcarriers in serum-free medium

Large numbers of cells will be required for successful embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based cellular therapies or drug discovery, thus raising the need to develop scaled-up bioprocesses for production of ESCs and their derived progeny. Traditionally, ESCs have been propagated in adherent cultures in static flasks on fibroblasts layers in serum-containing medium. Direct translation of two-dimensional flatbed cultures to large-scale production of the quantities of cells required for therapy simply by increasing the number of dishes or flasks is not practical or economical. Here, we describe successful scaled-up production of ESCs on microcarriers in a stirred culture system in a serum-free medium. Cells expanded on CultiSpher S, Cytodex 3, and Collagen microcarriers showed superior cell-fold expansions of 439, 193, and 68, respectively, without excessive agglomeration, compared with 27 in static culture. In addition, the ESCs maintained their pluripotency after long-term culture (28 days) in serum-free medium. This is the first time mESCs have been cultured on microcarriers without prior exposure to serum and/or fibroblasts, while also eliminating the excessive agglomeration plaguing earlier studies. These protocols provide an economical, practical, serum-free means for expanding ESCs in a stirred suspension bioprocess.