Development of research into the physiology and pathophysiology of the fibrinolysis system

A modern data review on the importance of fibrinolysis system is given. A considerable success has been scored during the study of molecular parameters of fibrinolysis system: the plasminogen, plasmin, its inhibitors, plasminogen activators and the mechanism of activation system have been characterized. The entrance of A, K, C, P and PP vitamins has been established to be necessary for the normal functioning of the fibrinolysis system; the dependence of the blood fibrinolytic activity upon the initial plasminogen content and concentration of its activators in blood has been revealed. The plasminogen activator depletion in tissues has been shown to be one of the reasons of some pathological states development, especially at cardiovascular diseases. The increase of fibrinolysis level by the active fibrinolytic ferment injection in blood has a medical effect at thrombosis. The ferment fibrinolysin received in the laboratory is successfully used in clinical practice. Some other activators of fibrinolytic system: tricholysine and longolytin from the culture of saprophyte fungi, plasminogen activator from the pig heart and the cells culture of the calf kidney have been received and are being studied.     

Effect of physical exercise on fibrinolytic properties of erythrocytes

The fibrinolytic properties of blood and erythrocytes were studied before and after physical exercise in male volunteers. Their fibrinolytic responses were of two distinct types. In type 1 response, fibrinolytic activities of blood and erythrocytes increased; the plasminogen activator and active plasmin contents in erythrocytes also increased, whereas the profibrinolysin content correspondingly decreased. In addition, physical exercise increased the erythrocyte adsorption properties for plasma activators of fibrinolysis. Type 2 response was characterized by a decrease in the fibrinolytic activity of blood; neither fibrinolytic activity nor adsorption properties of erythrocytes increased. The type of blood and erythrocyte response to muscular activity was determined by the pre-exercise level of red blood cell fibrinolytic activity. It was low in type 1 response due to a lesser content of plasmin activators and greater content of antiplasmin. In type 2 response, the initially high lytic capacity is connected with a greater reserve of activators and lesser reserve of inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system. A conclusion was made that individual differences in fibrinolytic responses to physical exercise were largely accounted for by the properties of erythrocytes.     

Blocking of the fibrinolytic antiactivator by substituted benzoates

The effects of substituted benzoates on the inhibition of the urokinase-activation of profibrinolysin by the fibrinolytic antiactivator in plasma were investigated. It was found that substituted benzoates block the inhibition of urokinase by plasma fibrinolytic antiactivators. The urokinase which is bound by the antiactivator appears to be released and hence is available to activate profibrinolysin to fibrinolysin. The nitrobenzoates were the most effective of all compounds tested.     

Production by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Acremonium, Verticillium of extracellular proteases which coagulate blood plasma and lyse blood clots

Among 24 fungal strains belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Acremonium and Verticillium, eight strains synthesized proteases with the coagulating activity. The most active strains producing such proteases were found among Aspergillus species. The fibrinolytic activity was detected in 12 strains of the fungi. Proteases with the fibrinolytic activity differed in their sensitivity to plasma inhibitors and the least sensitive proteases were found in A. niger and A. flavus. Some fungal strains synthesized proteases with the fibrinolytic activity exerting an indirect action. Such enzymes activated the conversion of blood profibrinolysin into fibrinolysin in a manner similar to that of staphylokinase, urokinase and trypsin.     

青藏高原东缘匍匐茎草本野草莓的分株种群特征及其沿海拔梯度的变化

对青藏高原东缘 5个不同海拔高度 ( 2 4 2 6m、2 75 0 m、32 0 0 m、3484m和 3944m)上旷地和林下遮荫条件下匍匐茎草本野草莓的分株种群特征进行了研究。结果显示 :无论在旷地或林下遮荫条件下 ,野草莓分株种群的密度随海拔升高显著减小 ,旷地条件下野草莓分株种群密度显著高于遮荫条件下的分株种群密度。不同海拔高度上 ,野草莓分株种群密度在不同光照条件下的变化存在显著差异。旷地条件下 ,随海拔升高其根冠比呈二次曲线变化。林下遮荫条件下 ,海拔 2 4 2 6m处的根冠比最低。光照条件的变化对野草莓分株种群的根冠比没有显著影响。运用空间自相关分析法 ( Moran` I)研究和 3944m处野草莓分株种群的空间分布格局 ,结果显示野草莓分株种群在多个尺度上呈现非随机分布格局 ,其中研究了海拔 348m处 d=1( 0 .2 m)尺度的集聚分布格局频率最高 ;与海拔 3484m相比 ,3944m处野草莓分株种群的集聚尺度更大。最后 ,结合克隆植物对环境的生态适应意义进行了讨论。     

Deep venous thrombosis of the arm: a study of coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Sixty consecutive patients with phlebographically verified deep venous thrombosis of the upper arm were studied for disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis. No appreciable increase in abnormalities of the factor VIII complex, antithrombin III, or inhibitors of activators of fibrinolysis were found. A decreased fibrinolytic defence mechanism, evident either as a deficient release capacity of fibrinolytic activators from the vein during stasis or as decreased fibrinolytic activity in the vein wall as determined histochemically, was found in 26 out of 53 patients studied (49%). It is concluded that deep venous thrombosis of the upper arm is a multifactorial disease. An impaired fibrinolytic defence mechanism is one of the factors that may be of pathogenetic importance.     

Content of dicarboxylic acids and GABA in normal suslik brain and under the effect of oxygen at higher pressure

The content of glutamic, asparaginic and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) acids in norm and under hyperoxia was determined in different cerebral areas of susliks living in places at different heights above sea level. In susliks at a height of 1700-2000 m above sea level the content of glutamate aspartate and GABA lowers significantly as compared to that in susliks at a height of 500-600 m above sea level. Under the effect of oxygen 6 at. ga at the 22nd minute on the average there occur convulsions in susliks living both in high mountains and middle mountains. Acute oxygen poisoning is not accompanied by noticeable shifts in the content of free dicarboxylic amino acids in the studied cerebral areas of middle-mountain susliks and is characterized only by an increase of the GABA content in the cerebellum. In high-mountain susliks the content of glutamate under these conditions increases in great cerebral hemispheres, while the asparate content lowers in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. In the latter the drop in the content of GABA is statistically significant.     

Plasminogen activation: biochemistry, physiology, and therapeutics

The mammalian serine protease zymogen, plasminogen, can be converted into the active enzyme plasmin by vertebrate plasminogen activators urokinase (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), factor XII-dependent components, or by bacterial streptokinase. The biochemical properties of the major components of the system, plasminogen/plasmin, plasminogen activators, and inhibitors of the plasminogen activators, are reviewed. The plasmin system has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes such as fibrinolysis, tissue remodeling, cell migration, inflammation, and tumor invasion and metastasis. A defective plasminogen activator/inhibitor system also has been linked to some thromboembolic complications. Recent studies of the mechanism of fibrinolysis in human plasma suggest that tPA may be the primary initiator and that overall fibrinolytic activity is strongly regulated at the tPA level. A simple model for the initiation and regulation of plasma fibrinolysis based on these studies has been formulated. The plasminogen activators have been used for thrombolytic therapy. Three new thrombolytic agents--tPA, pro-uPA, and acylated streptokinase-plasminogen complex--have been found to possess better properties over their predecessors, urokinase and streptokinase. Further improvements of these molecules using genetic and protein engineering tactics are being pursued.     

青海湖湖盆南部的植被与海拔梯度

研究地区主要植被类型有三类,即温性草原、高寒灌丛和高寒草甸。温性草原主要分布于研究地区东段湖滨平原上;高寒灌丛分布于山地一定海拔范围内（３４００－３８００ｍ）：高寒草甸主要分布于海拔３８００－４２００ｍ之间,群落中优势种的重要值沿海拔梯度呈“钟型”或近似“钟形”变化趋势,即优势 沿海拔梯度分布上有一最适区,但不同种群其最适区彼此分离;而优势种在其分布区边缘则常常相叠,表明群落之间并无明显界限,这与     

Changes in the hemostatic function of muscle tissue in phylogenesis

Studies have been made on coagulating and fibrinolytic activity of muscle tissue from various animals (earthworm, clam, car, frog, pigeon, rat). It was shown that extracts from muscles of these animals contain activators and inhibitors of hemocoagulation and fibrinolysis, exhibiting also antiheparin activity. It is concluded that progressive development of hemostatic function of muscle tissue involves the decrease in anticoagulating activity and the increase of thromboplastic activity.     

Purification of recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the active conformation by refolding from inclusion bodies

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) acts as the major inhibitor of fibrinolysis by inhibiting tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. Although it shares a common tertiary structure with other serine protease inhibitors, PAI-1 is unique in its conformational lability, which allows conversion of the active form to the latent conformation under physiological conditions. Therefore, recombinant PAI-1 expressed in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells almost always contains its inactive, latent form, with very low specific activity. In this study, we developed a simple and efficient method for purifying the active form of recombinant PAI-1 rather than the latent conformation from PAI-1 overexpressing Escherichia coli cells. The overall level of expression and the amount of PAI-1 found in inclusion bodies were found to increase with culture temperature and with time after induction. Refolding of unfolded PAI-1 from inclusion bodies and ion-exchange column chromatography were sufficient to purify PAI-1. The purified protein yielded a single, 43kDa protein band upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it efficiently inhibited tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators similar to PAI-1 from natural sources. Activity measurements showed that PAI-1 purified from inclusion bodies exhibited a specific activity near the theoretical maximum, unlike PAI-1 prepared from cytosolic fractions. Conformational analysis by urea gel electrophoresis also indicated that the PAI-1 protein purified from inclusion bodies was indeed in its active conformation.     

Effect of altitude exposure on thermoregulatory response of man to cold.

The thermoregulatory responses to 10 degrees C (for 3 h) were investigated in 1) 12 natives from sea level (lowlanders) at 150 m, and on arrival at 3,350 and 4,340 m; 2) 6 of these during a 6-wk sojourn at 4,360 m, and on return to sea level; and 3) 5 natives from each of the two altitudes (highlanders) in their respective habitat, and after descent to 150 m. The cold-induced increase in the rate of O2 consumption (Vo2) of the lowlanders was significantly smaller at both altitudes than at sea level. It did not recover substantially during the 6 wk at altitude, but was restored to its initial rate on return to sea level. By contrast, visible shivering activity was augmented on arrival at altitude. It persisted throughout the 6 wk there, but was greatly depressed on return to sea level, despite the increased Vo2. Mean skin temperatures (Tsk) stabilized in the cold at significantly higher values at altitude. Rectal temperature (Tre) decreased similarly at all altitudes. Vo2 of the highlanders in the cold was significantly greater at sea level than at their resident altitudes, although shivering activity was less intense; Tsk stabilized at significantly lower levels at 150 m than at either altitude. These results indicate that altitude exposure reduces the calorigenic response of man to cold, and that this effect is not moderated by acclimatization to altitude, yet is reversible immediately on descent to sea level. The component of cold thermogenesis which appeared to be reduced by altitude exposure was nonshivering thermogenesis rather than visible shivering.     

Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity and Insulin and Lactate Levels at an Altitude Below Sea Level (–350 m) Compared to Those at an Altitude Above Sea Level (620 m) After Exercise

This study was designed to investigate the effect of exercise at 350 m below sea level altitude (–350 m) on the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), insulin, and lactate. The study was carried out on ten trained adult males with mean age of 23.3 ± 3.4 years following a 21-km noncompetitive run. Venous blood was withdrawn from the subjects before exercise and 5 min post exercise. For comparison purposes, a similar study was performed with the same subjects but at 620 m above sea level (+620 m). The results show a significant increase in LDH and lactate levels after exercise only at low altitude (–350 m). Serum insulin levels decreased significantly after exercise at both altitudes. These changes in serum levels of LDH, insulin, and lactate at different altitudes suggest that a type of metabolic adjustment is present that meets energy requirements during exercise.     

Tissue-type plasminogen activator binding to human endothelial cells. Evidence for two distinct binding sites

The endothelium may contribute to fibrinolysis through the binding of plasminogen activators or plasminogen activator inhibitors to the cell surface. Using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, we observed that antibodies to recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) bound to the surface of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC also specifically bound added radiolabeled rt-PA with apparent steady-state binding being reached by 1 h at 4 degrees C. When added at low concentrations (less than 5 nM), rt-PA bound with high affinity mainly via the catalytic site, forming a sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable 105-kDa complex which dissociates from the cell surface over time and which could be immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody to PAI-1. rt-PA bound to this high affinity site retained less than 5% of its expected plasminogen activator activity. At higher concentrations, binding did not require the catalytic site and was rapidly reversible. rt-PA initially bound to this site retained plasminogen activator activity. These studies suggest that tissue-type plasminogen activator and PAI-1 are expressed on the surface of cultured HUVEC. HUVEC also express unoccupied binding sites for exogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. The balance between the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors and these unoccupied binding sites for plasminogen activators on the endothelial surface may contribute to the regulation of fibrinolysis.     

Limb skeletal muscle adaptation in athletes after training at altitude

Morphological and biochemical characteristics of biopsies obtained from gastrocnemius (GAS) and triceps brachii muscle (TRI), as well as maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) and O2 deficit, were determined in 10 well-trained cross-country skiers before and after a 2-wk stay (2,100 m above sea level) and training (2,700 m above sea level) at altitude. On return to sea level, VO2 max was the same as the prealtitude value, whereas an increase in O2 deficit (29%) and in short-term running performance (17%) was observed (P less than 0.05). GAS showed maintained capillary supply but a 10% decrease in mitochondrial enzyme activities (P less than 0.05), whereas an increase in capillary supply (P less than 0.05) but unchanged mitochondrial enzyme activities were observed in TRI. Buffer capacity was increased by 6% in both GAS and TRI (P less than 0.05). A positive correlation was found between the relative increase in buffer capacity of GAS and short-term running time (P less than 0.05). Thus the present study indicates no effect of 2 wk of altitude training on VO2 max but provides evidence to suggest an improvement in short-term exercise performance, which may be the result of an increase in muscle buffer capacity.     

历山森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

采用多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数对山西历山森林群落物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为：青榨槭＋五角枫林>青榨槭＋鹅耳枥林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>华山松＋红桦林>油松＋栎林>白桦林>侧柏＋栓皮栎林>红桦林>华山松林>侧柏林>油松林>红桦＋山杨林;森林群落灌木层多样性指数和丰富度指数大于草本层和乔木层,而均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;海拔1 000～1 920 m之间,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill多样性指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈正相关(P<0.05),海拔大于1 920 m则呈现负相关;这些指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈现出“中间高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上物种多样性高而低海拔和高海拔物种多样性低.这主要是由于在中海拔（约1 900 m）地段水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致.     

青藏高原东缘过路黄在资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内资源共享

在青藏高原和四川盆地过渡带,分别于618m和1800m两个海拔高度上研究匍匐茎克隆植物过路黄(Lysimachia christinae)在资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内资源共享及其对生长的影响.结果显示, 在海拔1800m处,与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ) 和(Ⅱ)相比, 资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)下过路黄整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均获得显著增加;在海拔618m处,与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ) 和(Ⅱ)相比,资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)下过路黄整个克隆片段生物量显著增加.在海拔618m和1800m处,生长在低光高养条件下的远端分株, 若与高光低养的近端分株相连, 相比连接到低光高养的近端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地下部分;在海拔1800m处,生长在高光低养条件下的远端分株, 若与低光高养的近端分株相连, 相比连接到高光低养的近端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分.在海拔618m和1800m处,生长在高光低养条件下的近端分株, 若与低光高养的远端分株相连, 相比连接到高光低养的远端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分.处于资源交互斑块性生境中的过路黄发生了克隆内分工,依靠相连分株间的功能分化, 克隆植物能有效的利用异质性分布的资源, 缓解资源交互斑块性分布对克隆植物生长的不利影响.通过间隔子(匍匐茎或根状茎),相连分株间能够相互传递和共享由不同分株获得的资源,这种资源共享能够提高克隆植物在异质性生境中的存活与生长.同时,方差分析显示环境异质性和海拔的交互作用显著影响克隆片段的生物量和分株数.相比于海拔618m,在海拔1800m处克隆内资源共享对克隆植物生长表现的影响更大.     

37种杜鹃花属植物在迁地保育下的自然授粉研究

该文对主要栽培在四川都江堰龙池基地(海拔1 700 m)及玉堂基地(海拔700 m)和峨眉山生物试验站(海拔805 m)的5亚属15亚组37种杜鹃花属植物的自然授粉开展了为期4 a的数据采集与研究。以绿苗率(Gs)为主要指标,绿苗系数(Gc)、坐果率(St)和单位可育种子数(Sf)为辅助指标,初步揭示了迁地保育条件下杜鹃花属植物自然授粉的育性适应及其特征。结果表明:(1)除黄花杜鹃(Rhododendron lutescens)未形成种子外,受试的其他36个杜鹃花种类均能在其保育地点上不同程度地完成从种子(幼苗)到种子的生命循环,其中高可育型24种、可育型11种、弱育型1种。(2)上述4项指标,尤其是保育条件与原生地条件下同种的绿苗率、绿苗系数和单位能育种子数比较,均能不同程度地反映育性适合度的差异情况。(3)在上述具有不同程度可育性的36种杜鹃花中,有24种有不同程度的败育现象,其成因可能为不同程度的自交和花期重叠的同亚组到不同亚组异种间自然交配所引起的遗传不适,由于遗传选择的限制或胁迫,这种现象在一些开花个体有限的种类中尤为突出,因此保证最小存活种群(the minimum viable population,MVP)对于该属植物迁地保育至关重要。(4)杜鹃花属的特定种类可能存在一个受种性制约的单位种子数量幅度和上限,即不同的类群与种类的单位种子数量存在差异。(5)为探索自交和种间杂交提供了认识起点和参照,并提出了有关杜鹃花属植物可育性综合评价的指标体系和方法。     

不同海拔火绒草光合特性的研究

对生长于青藏高原东北部3个不同海拔地区（2300、2700和3800m）的火绒草叶片的光合特性进行了比较研究。结果发现,随着海拔的升高,叶绿素含量有降低的趋势,而叶绿素a／b比值及类胡萝卜素相对含量呈上升趋势。与海拔2300m处的相比,生长于海拔3800m处的火绒草的净光合速率、表观量子效率和光补偿点较低,但光饱和点较高。研究表明,火绒草在光合特性上的变化是对逆境的一种适应．是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

有序样方聚类在植被垂直划分中的应用

 本文介绍一种非等级分类方法——有序样方聚类法,并将其应用于山西绵山植被垂直带的划分,结果为：1,落叶阔叶林带(包含3个亚带：Ⅰ．落叶阔叶灌丛亚带,Ⅱ．松栎林亚带,Ⅲ．落叶阔叶林亚带),2．寒温性针叶林带和3,亚高山草甸带。基于黄金分割法(或Fisher’s法)的有序样方聚类法,是按照样方在空间(或时间)先后出现的序号和组内相似性最大,组间相似性最小的标准,对样方进行分类,因此,所得结果是最优的。与TWINSPAN的结果比较,在绵山植被遭到严重扰动的情况下,有序样方聚类要优于TWINSPAN。