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1.
The potential for gibberellins (GAs) to control stem elongation and itsplasticity (range of phenotypic expression) was investigated inStellaria longipes grown in long warm days. Gibberellinmetabolism and sensitivity was compared between a slow-growing alpine dwarfwithlow stem elongation plasticity and a rapidly elongating, highly plastic prairieecotype. Both ecotypes elongated in response to exogenous GA1,GA4 or GA9, but surprisingly, the alpine dwarf wasrelatively unresponsive to GA3. Endogenous GA1,GA3, GA4, GA5, GA8, GA9and GA20 were identified and quantified in stem tissue harvested atcommencement, middle and end of the period of most rapid elongation. Theconcentration of GAs which might be expected to promote shoot elongation washigher during rapid elongation than toward its end for both ecotypes. Whilethere was a trend for certain GAs (GA3, GA4,GA9, GA20) to be higher in stems of the alpine ecotypeduring rapid elongation, that result does not explain the slower growth of thealpine ecotype and the faster growth of the prairie ecotype under a range ofconditions. To determine if the two ecotypes metabolized GA20differently, plants were fed [2H]- or[3H]-GA20. The metabolic products identified included[2H2]-GA1, -GA8, -GA29,-GA60, -3-epi-GA1, GA118(-1-epi-GA60) and -GA77. The concentration of[2H2]-GA1 also did not differ between the twoecotypes and metabolism of [2H2]- or[3H]-GA20 was also similar. In the same experiments thepresence of epi-GA1, GA29, GA60,GA118 and GA77 was indicated, suggesting that these GAsmay also occur naturally in S. longipes, in addition tothose described above. Collectively, these results suggest that while stemelongation within ecotypes is likely regulated by GAs, differences in GAcontent, sensitivity to GAs (GA3 excepted), or GA metabolism areunlikely to be the controlling factor in determining the differences seen ingrowth rate between the two ecotypes under the controlled environmentconditionsof this study. Nevertheless, further study is warranted especially underconditions where environmental factors may favour a GA:ethylene interaction.  相似文献   

2.
Ectopic expression of the apple 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (DOX, 2ODD) gene, designated MdDOX-Co, is thought to cause the columnar shape of apple trees. However, the mechanism underlying the formation of such a unique tree shape remains unclear. To solve this problem, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing MdDOX-Co contained reduced levels of biologically active gibberellin (GA) compared with wild type. In summary: (i) with biochemical approaches, the gene product MdDOX-Co was shown to metabolize active GA A4 (GA4) to GA58 (12-OH-GA4) in vitro. MdDOX-Co also metabolized its precursors GA12 and GA9 to GA111 (12-OH-GA12) and GA70 (12-OH-GA9), respectively; (ii) Of the three 12-OH-GAs, GA58 was still active physiologically, but not GA70 or GA111; (iii) Arabidopsis MdDOX-Co OE transformants converted exogenously applied deuterium-labeled (d2)-GA12 to d2-GA111 but not to d2-GA58, whereas transformants converted applied d2-GA9 to d2-GA58; (iv) GA111 is converted poorly to GA70 by GA 20-oxidases in vitro when GA12 is efficiently metabolized to GA9; (v) no GA58 was detected endogenously in MdDOX-Co OE transformants. Overall, we conclude that 12-hydroxylation of GA12 by MdDOX-Co prevents the biosynthesis of biologically active GAs in planta, resulting in columnar phenotypes.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Interconversion of GA4 to GA1 and GA34 occurred within 24 h of application of 1,2-[3H]-GA4 to seedlings of dwarf rice, cv. Tan-ginbozu. Identification was made by direct comparison of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the methyl esters of Silica-gel partition-column fractions on gas-liquid radiochromatography with derivatized GA1 and GA34 standards on three columns: 2% QF-1, 2% SE-30, and 1% XE-60. GA2, an artifact of the purification and chromatography system, may also be formed by the plant. The conversions from GA4 to GA1 and GA34 are single hydroxylations. At least two unidentified radioactive products were also formed by the plant. Interconversions were in the order of 0.3 to 0.8% of applied [3H]-GA4.Abbreviations GA gibberellin - GLC gas-liquid chromatography - GLRC gasliquid radiochromatography - TMSMe trimethylsilyl ether of methyl ester - TLC thin-layer chromatography  相似文献   

4.
The influence of photoperiod on the metabolism of GA20 in Salix pentandra was studied by feeding [3H]-GA20 to seedlings which had been grown previously under long day (LD) or short day (SD) conditions. After 48 h in LD or SD, metabolites were separated on sequential, silica gel partition columns and reversed-phase C18 HPLC. The principal metabolite co-chromatographed with [3H]-GA1 and this conversion was confirmed by feeding [2H]-GA20, which was converted to [2H]-GA1 as identified by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring. Chromatographic evidence also indicated the minor conversion of [3H]-GA20 to [3H]-GA8 (via [3H]-GA1) and trace conversion to [3H]-GA29 (GAs A1.8,20.29 are native in Salix). Ethyl acetate-insoluble [3H] metabolites were formed and could be cleaved by cellulase to release putative [3H]-GA20 and [3H]-GA1 suggesting the conversion to glucosyl conjugates of these GAs. Metabolism of [3H]-GA20 was slightly more rapid in plants previously grown under LD than SD, an effect which reflected the generally increased shoot growth under LD. However, altering the photoperiod after [3H]-GA20 addition had only a slight effect on the metabolism of [3H]-GA20 in Salix seedlings. This indicates that the conversion of GA20 to GA1 is not a controlling step in the photoperiodic regulation of growth cessation in Salix.  相似文献   

5.
Two new strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from the bark of Moringa peregrina and identified as Aspergillus caespitosus LK12 and Phoma sp. LK13. These endophytes were identified through amplifying polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing the 18S internal transcribed spacer of DNA extracted from both endophytes. Pure cultures of endophytic fungi were subjected to extract and isolate gibberellins (GAs). Deuterated standards of [17,17-2H2]-GA1, [17,17-2H2]-GA3, [17, 17-2H2]-GA4 and [17, 17-2H2]-GA7 were used to quantify the endophytic fungal GAs. The analysis revealed that both the endophytes are producing bioactive GAs in various quantities (ng mL?1). A. caespitosus LK12 was producing GA1 (54.51 ± 1.23), GA4 (26.5 ± 0.65), and GA7 (2.87 ± 1.23) while Phoma sp. LK13 was secreting GA1 (4.8 ± 0.12), GA3 (8.65 ± 0.21), GA4 (23.7 ± 0.98), and GA7 (22.7 ± 0.73). The culture filtrate (CF) of A. caespitosus and Phoma sp. significantly increased the shoot length of GAs-deficient mutant waito-c and normal Dongjin-beyo rice seedlings as compared to control. Application of such growth-promoting and GAs-producing endophytes can ameliorate poorly growing crop plants.  相似文献   

6.
Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria have been identified as potential growth regulators of crops. Endophytic bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. LK11, was isolated from the leaves of Tephrosia apollinea. The pure culture of Sphingomonas sp. LK11 was subjected to advance chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to extract and isolate gibberellins (GAs). Deuterated standards of [17, 17-2H2]-GA4, [17, 17-2H2]-GA9 and [17, 17-2H2]-GA20 were used to quantify the bacterial GAs. The analysis of the culture broth of Sphingomonas sp. LK11 revealed the existence of physiologically active gibberellins (GA4: 2.97 ± 0.11 ng/ml) and inactive GA9 (0.98 ± 0.15 ng/ml) and GA20 (2.41 ± 0.23). The endophyte also produced indole acetic acid (11.23 ± 0.93 μM/ml). Tomato plants inoculated with endophytic Sphingomonas sp. LK11 showed significantly increased growth attributes (shoot length, chlorophyll contents, shoot, and root dry weights) compared to the control. This indicated that such phyto-hormones-producing strains could help in increasing crop growth.  相似文献   

7.
Gibberellin A1 (GA1), 3-epi-GA1 GA17, GA19, GA20, and GA77 were identified by Kovats retention indices and full-scan mass spectra from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of a purified extract of mature seeds of photoblastic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids). Non-13-hydroxylated GAs such as GA4 and GA9 were not detected even by highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. These results show that the major biosynthetic pathway of GAs in lettuce seeds is the early-13-hydroxylation pathway leading to GA1, which is suggested to be physiologically active in lettuce seed germination. Quantification of endogenous GAs in the lettuce seeds by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring using deuterated GAs as internal standards indicated that the endogenous level of GA1 increased to a level about three times that of dark control 6 h after a brief red light irradiation, and that far-red light given after red light suppressed the effect of red light. The contents of GA20 and GA19 were not affected by the red light irradiation. Evidence is also presented that 3-epi-GA1 is a native GA in the lettuce seeds.  相似文献   

8.
A mutant R-9 of Gibberella fujikuroi has been isolated and shown to be blocked for GA1 and GA3 biosynthesis, but not for GA4, GA7 and other gibberellins. Cultures of this mutant convert low concentrations of [1,2-3H2]-GA1 into GA3 in a radiochemical yield of 2·7 %.  相似文献   

9.
The synthesis of 2,3-(3H)-gibberellin A9 (GA9) with a specific activity of 47 Ci mmole?1 is described. 2,3GA9 methyl ester epoxide was converted to (3H)-GA9 methyl ester epoxide using carrier-free tritium gas. This product was de-epoxidized then hydrolysed to yield (3H)-GA9.  相似文献   

10.
To determine whether daylength influences the rate of metabolism of gibberellins (GAs) in the long-day (LD) rosette plant Agrostemma githago L., [3H]GA20 and [3H]GA1 were applied under short day (SD) and LD. Both were metabolized faster under LD than under SD. [3H]GA20 was metabolized to a compound chromatographically identical to 3-epi-GA1. [3H]GA1 was metabolized to two acidic compounds, the major metabolite having chromatographic properties similar to, but not identical with GA8. [3H]3-epi-GA1 applied to plants under LD was metabolized much more slowly than was [3H]GA1, and formed a very polar metabolite which did not partition into ethyl acetate at pH 2.5. Very polar metabolites were also formed after the feeds of [3H]GA20 and [3H]GA1. It was not possible to characterize these very polar compounds further because of their apparent instability. The results obtained suggest that in Agrostemma GA20 is the precursor of 3-epi-GA1, but there is at present no evidence indicating the precursor of GA1.  相似文献   

11.
Summary HPLC chromatograms indicated that transformation of gibberellic acid (GA3) to the corresponding dicarboxylic acid via iso-GA3 occurred in weak alkaline solution. The bioactivity of this dicarboxylic acid was about 20% that of GA3 and above 0.3 M NaOH this compound appeared to decompose. Aqueous solutions of NaOH cannot, therefore, be used as solvent in bioassays of GA3 activity.  相似文献   

12.
Decomposition of aqueous solutions of gibberellic acid on autoclaving   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
R.J. Pryce 《Phytochemistry》1973,12(3):507-514
A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the decomposition of unbuffered and buffered (pH 3–8) aqueous solutions of gibberellic acid (GA3) on autoclaving is recorded. The identified products, which vary in composition with pH, are iso-GA3 (II), iso-GA3 hydroxy acid (III), gibberellenic acid (IV), allogibberic acid (V), epiallogibbe detected after autoclaving in all cases. The identified products, in all cases, account for not less than 95% of the decomposition product, Dehydroallogibberic acid has not previously been recorded as an aqueous decomposition product of GA3 and its biological activity in the lettuce hypocotyl test is recorded.  相似文献   

13.
The following seven gibberellins (GAs) have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in shoots and leaves of the long-day plant Agrostemma githago: GA53, GA44, GA19, GA17, GA20, GA1, and 3-epi-GA1. The levels of these compounds were measured, using selected ion monitoring, during photoperiodic induction. The levels of GA44, GA19, GA17, and GA20 all increased to a peak at eight long days (LD), followed by a decline, while the levels of GA1 and 3-epi-GA1 did not reach a peak until 12 LD. The level of GA53 remained steady over the first 10–12 LD. Later in the LD treatment the levels of GA53, GA44, GA19, and GA17 increased again. The rate of metabolism of all GAs except GA53 was higher after 12–16 LD than under short days. These data thus provide indirect evidence for an effect of photoperiodic induction on GA turnover in A. githago.Abbreviations AMO-1618 2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine-carboxylate methyl chloride - GA(s) gibberellin(s) - GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - LD long day(s) - MeTMS trimethylsilylether of the methyl ester - SD short day(s) - SIM selected ion monitoring  相似文献   

14.
[2H2]Gibberellin A24 (GA24) and [2H4]-GA9 were applied to the apices of normal-type cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Yomaki) seedlings treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis. The metabolites from these feeds were identified by full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to confirm the conversions of [2H2]GA24 to [2H2]GA9 and of [2H4]GA9 to [2H4]GA4. The results show that GA4 is biosynthesized from GA24 via GA9. In a cucumber hypocotyl elongation bioassay using cv. Yomaki, prohexadione (DOCHC), an inhibitor of 2-oxoglutaratedependent dioxygenase, inhibited the hypocotyl elongation caused by application of GA9, while DOCHC enhanced the elongation caused by application of GA4. These results indicate that GA4 is a physiologically active GA and that the activity of GA9 is due to its conversion to GA4 in cucumber shoots.  相似文献   

15.
Jacobs, W. P., Beall, F. D. and Pharis, R. P. 1988. The transport and metabolism of gibberellins A1 and A5 in excised segments from internodes of Phaseolus coccineus. -Physiol. Plant. 72: 529–534. The transport and metabolism of gibberellins (GAs) ([3H]-GA, and [3H]-GA5) of high specific radioactivity were investigated in excised segments from young internodes of Phaseolus coccineus L. Both GA1 and GA5 are native to this species and present in shoot tissue. The segments, 5.1 mm long, were incubated for 6 h in the horizontal position with agar donor blocks containing the [3H]-GA on the morphological apical or basal ends and with plain agar receiver blocks on the opposite end. At the end of incubation, the individual agar blocks were analyzed immediately for total radioactivity, or both blocks and intervening tissue were frozen and freeze-dried for later chromatographic analysis. The movement of both [3H]-GA, and [3H]-GA5 was found to be consistently without polarity. However, approximately 5-fold more [3H]-GA, than [3H]-GA5 was transported through the Phaseolus segments into receivers when equal amounts were in the donors. The extractable radioactivity from receiver blocks was primarily that of the donor GA. No putative GA conjugates were found in any class of receivers, but more GA metabolites were found in the free acid fraction from acropetal than basipetal receivers. Chromatographic analysis by reversed phase C18 high performance liquid chromatography of the tissue segments showed that [3H]-GA, was metabolized more than [3H]-GA5. Tissue adjacent to receiver blocks contained not only the precursor GA from the donor, but also polar ‘free GA metabolites’ and putative GA glucosyl conjugates. These results provide evidence that GA., which is the known ‘effector’ GA for elongation in shoot tissue of several species, is more effectively transported than GA5 (a known precursor of GA1) or than GA1s more polar metabolites.  相似文献   

16.
Evidence has been reported that bulb development in onion plants (Allium cepa L.) is controlled by endogenous bulbing and anti-bulbing hormones, and that gibberellin (GA) is a candidate for anti-bulbing hormone (ABH). In this study, we identified a series of C-13-H GAs (GA12, GA15, GA24, GA9, GA4, GA34, and 3-epi-GA4) and a series of C-13-OH GAs (GA44, GA20, GA1 and GA8) from the leaf sheaths including the lower part of leaf blades of onion plants (cv. Senshu-Chuko). These results suggested that two independent GA biosynthetic pathways, the early-non-hydroxylation pathway to GA4 (active GA) and early-13-hydroxylation pathway to GA1 (active GA), exist in onion plants. It was also suggested that GA4 and GA1 have almost the same ability to inhibit bulb development in onion plants induced by treatment with an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, uniconazole-P. The endogenous levels of GA1 and GA4, and their direct precursors, GA20 and GA9, in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and roots of 4-week-old bulbing and non-bulbing onion plants were measured by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring with the corresponding [2H]labeled GAs as internal standards. In most cases, the GA levels in long-day (LD)-grown bulbing onion plants were higher than those of short-day (SD)-grown non-bulbing onion plants, but the GA1 level in leaf blades of SD-grown onion plants was rather higher than that of LD-grown onion plants. Relationship between the endogenous GAs and bulb development in onion plants is discussed.  相似文献   

17.
[3H]-Gibberellin A5 ([3H]-GA5) applied to seedlings of dark-grown dwarf pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Meteor), was converted to two acidic compounds, GA3 and a chromatographically similar unknown. Identification of GA3 was made by gas-liquid radiochromatography using three stationary phases.  相似文献   

18.
[2H2]Gibberellin A24 (GA24) and [2H4]-GA9 were applied to the apices of normal-type cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Yomaki) seedlings treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis. The metabolites from these feeds were identified by full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to confirm the conversions of [2H2]GA24 to [2H2]GA9 and of [2H4]GA9 to [2H4]GA4. The results show that GA4 is biosynthesized from GA24 via GA9. In a cucumber hypocotyl elongation bioassay using cv. Yomaki, prohexadione (DOCHC), an inhibitor of 2-oxoglutaratedependent dioxygenase, inhibited the hypocotyl elongation caused by application of GA9, while DOCHC enhanced the elongation caused by application of GA4. These results indicate that GA4 is a physiologically active GA and that the activity of GA9 is due to its conversion to GA4 in cucumber shoots.  相似文献   

19.
In previous experiments with many gibberellins (GAs) and GA derivatives applied to Lolium temulentum L., quite different structural requirements were evident for stem elongation on the one hand and for the promotion of flowering on the other. Whereas hydroxylation at carbons 12, 13 and 15 enhanced flowering relative to stem growth, the reverse was the case at carbon 3 (L.T. Evans et al. 1990, Planta 182, 97–106). The significance of hydroxylation at carbon 3 is examined in this paper. The application of inhibitors of 3β-hydroxylation, including C/D-ring-rearranged GAs, reduced stem growth but, in the case of the two acylcyclohexanediones, increased the flowering response when applied on the inductive long day. Later applications of the acylcyclohexanediones, made after floral initiation had occurred, were inhibitory to flowering, suggesting that subsequent inflorescence development requires 3β-hydroxylated GAs. Applications of the 3α-hydroxy epimers of GA1, GA3 and GA4 gave slightly less promotion of flowering in comparison with the 3β-hydroxy GAs, but far less promotion of stem elongation, except in the case of 3-epi-GA4, which was comparable to GA4. The 3α-hydroxy epimer of 2,2-dimethyl GA4 gave less promotion of flowering than its 3β-hydroxy epimer but almost no promotion of stem elongation. The 3α-hydroxy epimers of GA3 and 2,2-dimethyl GA4 did not act as competitive inhibitors of the stem elongation elicited by GA3 and 2,2-dimethyl GA4, respectively. These results extend the differences in GA structure which favour flowering as opposed to stem elongation, and indicate that 3-hydroxylation and its epimeric configuration are of much greater importance to stem elongation than to flower initiation in Lolium.  相似文献   

20.
The activities of (±)-gibberellin A15 ((±)-GA15) and (±)-gibberellin A15-isolactone ((±)-iso-GA15) which were obtained by stereocontrolled total synthesis and gibberellin A15 (E-GA15) synthesized by interconversion of enmein were assayed by the rice seedling test. As expected, (±)-GA15 showed half the activity of natural gibberellin A15 (GA15). E-GA15 which has a natural configuration showed the same activity as natural gibberellin A15 while (±)-iso-GA15 was almost inactive. These samples were also submitted to the cucumber hypocotyl assay. Contrary to what has already been reported, they were almost inactive.  相似文献   

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