多样化的棉田生态系统控害保益功能特征研究

应用数量分析与能量测定相结合的方法 ,定量地分析和比较了华北棉区多样化的套间作棉田生态系统与单作棉田生态系统中主要害虫、天敌的种群动态及其天敌对害虫的控制作用 .结果表明 ,多样化的套间作系统中苗蚜与 2代棉铃虫发生轻 ,而伏蚜与 3代棉铃虫发生重 ;套间作系统有利于天敌群落能量的生产 ,尤其是利于捕食性蜘蛛类群的能量生产 ;从棉田生态系统棉株 害虫 天敌相互作用关系来看 ,尽管间套作系统内天敌群落生产力增加 ,保护益虫 (天敌 )作用好 ,同时也增加了害虫群落生产力 ,其控害功能较差 .     

免耕法对棉田生态系统能流功能的影响

比较了常规与免耕法对棉田生态系统中土壤微生物、害虫、天敌、棉株及其整个棉田生态系统能流功能的影响 .结果表明 ,免耕棉田土壤微生物量与年呼吸耗氧量均明显高于常规棉田 ,分别为常规棉田的 1 .32倍和 1 .63倍 ;免耕棉田的苗蚜与秋蚜、2代与 4代棉铃虫种群生产力下降 ,而伏蚜与 3代棉铃虫种群生产力增加 ;免耕棉田内天敌种群生产力及其捕食利用效率下降 ;免耕可提高棉田系统的光能利用率和总生产力 ,减少辅助能的投入 ,具有低耗、高效的特点 .     

武汉东西湖棉田蜘蛛资源调查

1985—1988年在武汉东西湖棉区,对棉田蜘蛛群落结构和数量动态进行了调查,现报告于下。1调查方法1985—1988年在武汉市东西湖棉区,分季节不定期地随机采集棉田内的蜘蛛种类、害虫种类及其它捕食性天敌;在调查棉区选择不同类型的棉田进行定期定点系统调查。每块田按大五点取样法。每隔五天调查一次。2结果与分析2.1棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落的种类组成通过几年调查发现在当地为害棉花的节肢动物23种,分属8目13科;捕食性天敌45种,分属7目21科,其中昆虫13种,捕食螨2种,蜘蛛30种。表1棉田蜘蛛与其它捕食性天敌发生量(%)的比较(1985)五月六月七月…     

边缘效应对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响

比较了棉田中间棉株与边缘棉株上害虫、天敌的种群动态,分析了边缘效应对棉株-害虫-天敌能量动态的影响。结果表明,棉田边缘棉株上第2代棉铃虫幼虫发生量比其中间棉株高出1．94倍;第3代棉铃虫发生量比棉田中间要低62．12％;第4代棉铃虫比中间棉株高12．5％。棉田边缘棉株上苗蚜发生量比棉田中间要高出1．09倍,伏蚜和秋蚜的数量比棉田中间分别低97．73％和37．70％。棉田边缘棉株上捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌的种群数量低于棉田中间的数量,分别为棉田中间的73．81％、35．79％、52．90％和39．11％;棉田边缘棉株上害虫群落多样性高于棉田中间,而天敌群落的多样性低于棉田中间;棉田边缘的光能利用率和生产力比棉田中间的值要高。     

化学防治对不同类型棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响

分析比较了化学防治对8种不同类型棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响。研究结果表明,化学防治对棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数、丰富度及个体数的变化有较大的影响,尤其对捕食性天敌群落的影响显著。但这种作用依不同类型棉田或棉花不同生育阶段而异：化学防治对套作棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较小,而对单作棉田和豆间棉棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较大;晚播棉田害虫与捕食性天敌群落较早播棉田受化学防治的影响更大;化学防治对免耕棉田害虫、天敌群落的影响更大,非免耕棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落受其干扰较小;春套棉边害虫、捕食性天敌群落与其它棉田类型相比,受化学防治的影响较少;棉花害虫在棉花生育前期对化学防治较棉花生育后期敏感,而捕食性天敌在棉花整个生育期均对化学防治敏感。     

不同类型棉田捕食性天敌的种群能量动态及其对害虫的控制作用

为充分发挥棉田捕食性天敌的生态调控作用,本文根据田间调查与室内测定的结果,以能量为统一单位,计算出了棉田捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛及所有捕食性天敌类种群的能流参数值,分析和比较了不同播种期、套间作和免耕法对棉田捕食性天敌种群能量获取利用的作用特点,总结出了各类天敌在不同类型棉田对害虫的控制作用规律,评价了它们在棉田生态系统中的作用与地位。     

播种时间对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响

通过对3种不同时间播种的棉田内害虫、天敌系统调查,分析和比较了播种时间对棉田害虫、天敌种群和群落的影响。结果表明,播种期推后,可减轻或避免第二代棉铃虫的为害,加重第三代和第四代棉铃虫的为害;但不同播种日期对不同时期的棉蚜影响不同,苗蚜以迟播棉田内种群数量最高,伏蚜则以夏播棉田内种群数量最高。播种期的推后,不利于棉田捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌种群增长。棉田害虫和天敌群落多样性指数也随播种期的推后而下降．因此．应针对不同时间播种的棉田开展相应的害虫生态管理。     

定量评价天敌控害功能的生态能学方法

由于昆虫的能量完全来自于寄主,因此昆虫摄入的能量相当于食物的被取食消耗量。生态能量学方法的基本原理就是捕食性天敌完全依靠捕食猎物(害虫)而获取能量。显然,捕食性天敌摄入的能量就相当于为猎物(害虫)的被捕食消耗量,也即是捕食性天敌摄入量等于猎物(害虫)的被捕食消耗量。由此,可通过研究捕食性天敌和害虫种群的能量动态,定量分析捕食性天敌对害虫的控制作用。本文详细论述了生态能量学方法的基本原理、测算方法,并以棉田捕食性瓢虫类捕食作用为例,介绍了该方法的应用,为定量评价天敌的控害作用提供了一种新方法。     

棉田捕食性瓢虫控害功能的分析

在系统调查棉田捕食性飘虫种数量动态的基础上,应用生态能学的方法,分析并比较了不同插种期、套间作等农业措施对棉田捕食性飘虫控害虫功能的影响。结果表明,不同类型棉田飘虫对害虫的摄入量为26．45－70kJ.m^-2,分别占整个捕食性在天敌摄入量的28．30％－47．88％,是棉田捕食性天敌的优势种类;不同类型棉田飘虫对棉蚜的控害系数为5．07％－12．85％,并随着棉花播种期的推后和间套作呈现出下降趋势,它们在棉田生态系统害虫生态调控中发挥着重要作用。     

棉田生态系统中害虫、天敌群落结构与功能关系的研究

为探讨生物群落结构与功能的关系,有效地开展棉田害虫、天敌的生态调控,作者在系统调查与测定华北棉区８种不同时空类型棉田害虫、天敌群落物种丰富度、总个体数、能流量多样性指数及群落生产力的基础上,分析了各类型棉田害虫、天敌群落结构与功能的关系,总结了如下的一般规律：１）上一营养层（棉株或害虫）的生产力越高,其所支持的下一营养层（害虫或天敌）群落的总个体数和生产力增加;２）害虫群落的物种丰富度与其群落生产     

森林干扰对大兴安岭北部森林小流域径流情势的影响

为了解大兴安岭森林流域水文过程对森林干扰的响应,利用近配对流域方法,排除了气候变量的时空差异,对比研究了森林干扰后大兴安岭北部典型森林小流域(100 km2)洪峰径流(High flow)和枯水径流(Low flow)径流情势(Flow regimes)的变化趋势。结果表明,森林干扰对枯水径流情势影响显著,与对照流域(小北沟流域)相比,森林干扰(占流域总面积的6.74%)使老沟河流域平均枯水径流流量降低了26.58%,平均枯水径流变异系数值增加了36.77%,并且差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。另一方面,森林植被的干扰相对增加了森林小流域的洪峰流量、历时和变异性,但与对照流域相比差异均未达到统计显著水平,说明小面积的森林植被干扰未能引起流域洪峰径流情势的显著变化。进一步对配对流域的径流浮动系数(Flashiness Index)的分析发现,森林干扰显著增加了森林小流域的径流浮动性,研究时段内干扰流域的径流浮动系数为0.078,是对照流域(0.057)的1.37倍。大兴安岭北部森林小流域的天然径流情势(Natural flow regimes)对森林干扰比较敏感,在与水文循环联系紧密的区域(例如河岸带),小范围的森林干扰便可以引起径流情势的显著变化,这在未来该地区森林和水资源的管理中需要特别注意。     

磷元素物质流分析研究进展

磷是重要的营养元素,也是不可再生的重要非金属矿物资源。为了分析人类活动对磷流动的扰动,国内外开展了大量磷元素的物质流分析和模拟。综述了磷元素物质流分析的最新研究进展,分析了国内外磷元素物质流研究的特点和不足,并展望了未来相关研究的研究热点和发展方向。从研究尺度看,现有磷元素的物质流研究以全球尺度和国家尺度为主,区域和城市尺度以及企业和产品尺度的研究较少。从研究问题看,现阶段研究主要关注农业或者食品生产和消费对磷流动的影响,对林业、钢铁和能源部门略有涉及。从模型特征看,现有研究以分析流量变化的静态模型为主,考虑存量变化的动态模拟较少。从研究的发展方向看,未来磷物质流的相关分析将关注五大问题:(1)考虑不同驱动力和存量变化的动态模拟;(2)不同层次和尺度的磷足迹研究;(3)磷与其他元素相比对社会经济的重要性;(4)全球变化背景下不同部门磷依赖的脆弱性;(5)磷和其他元素的耦合研究。为了适应未来的研究需求,磷的物质流模拟重点在于开发动态模型,并将物质流分析与多种手段结合,以预测全球变化、社会经济发展、技术变化以及其他重要变化对磷流动的扰动及其相应的环境影响。     

Flow Cytometry studies of marine phytoplankton populations

Abstract

Flow cytometry has been applied to the study of phytoplankton populations and cell components. In this work, cells cycle studies on three marine diatoms cultures were carried out by a flow cytometer. Phaeodactylum tricomutum, Chaetoceros simplex and Thalassiosira allenii, showed different DNA patterns in G1, G2, S, phases. This situation may be related to the specific algal physiology. Cultures of P. tricomutum were maintained in 4 media with different silicates concentrations. The lack of silicates did not seem produced a significative cells arresting in the cell cycle phases. During the experiment, the cell fraction in S phase, decreased in all media tested. These preliminary results could be further developed to apply flow cytometry to environmental problems in order to identify general algal groups and study algal physiology in different growth conditions.     

河流生态径流计算的逐月频率计算法

界定了生态径流、最小生态径流、最大生态径流、适宜生态径流的概念,提出了一种新的河流生态径流计算方法——逐月频率计算法,指出了方法的优缺点以及适用范围。以计算洛阳市境内伊河的栾川站和龙门镇站生态径流为例,说明了计算过程,同时用Tennant法作对比。结果表明:运用新的逐月频率计算法比用以往的逐月频率计算法得到的适宜生态径流过程径流量要大,河流的生态状况更好,更有利于河流自身的生态健康和河流周围生物栖息地的保护。     

入口流动条件下血管壁运动的数学模型

根据血管入口流动条件,从血液流动、血管壁运动、血液－血管壁耦合运动３个方面出发,推导出血管生运动的教学模型．通过理论分析与实例计算,进一步明确了模型的物理意义．     

Recirculation zone length in renal artery is affected by flow spirality and renal-to-aorta flow ratio

Haemodynamic perturbations such as flow recirculation zones play a key role in progression and development of renal artery stenosis, which typically originate at the aorta-renal bifurcation. The spiral nature of aortic blood flow, division of aortic blood flow in renal artery as well as the exercise conditions have been shown to alter the haemodynamics in both positive and negative ways. This study focuses on the combinative effects of spiral component of blood flow, renal-to-aorta flow ratio and the exercise conditions on the size and distribution of recirculation zones in renal branches using computational fluid dynamics technique. Our findings show that the recirculation length was longest when the renal-to-aorta flow ratio was smallest. Spiral flow and exercise conditions were found to be effective in reducing the recirculation length in particular in small renal-to-aorta flow ratios. These results support the hypothesis that in renal arteries with small flow ratios where a stenosis is already developed an artificially induced spiral flow within the aorta may decelerate the progression of stenosis and thereby help preserve kidney function.     

Clarifying tetrapod embryogenesis by a dorso-ventral analysis of the tissue flows during early stages of chicken development

The formation of an animal body remains largely a mystery. It is still not clear whether anything like an organization plan or an "archetype" as coined by Darwin himself, actually exists, or whether animals are organized by a succession of stop-and-go genetic, non-linear, instructions with no global pattern. Nevertheless, it was recognized long ago that the early stages of amniote development consist of large scale rotatory movements over a discoidal blastula (Wetzel, 1924). Such rotatory movements reshuffle a mass inside a finite volume, and thus may have to bear physical conservation laws which contribute to establish the plan of animals in a global fashion. In this article I use dual dorso-ventral imaging of the chicken blastula, to show experimentally that the global movement of early vertebrate embryogenesis is organized with a very simple topology, around and away of a series of hyperbolic points in the vector flow of movement. At the first hyperbolic point, a layer of tissue (the mesoderm) ingresses and moves as a viscous sheet radially. It is found that the sheet flows away with a scaling law for the radius R(t)～exp(t/τ). Also, the movement of this mesoderm changes the flow on the other layer (the ectoderm) by the principle of action and reaction. By mesoderm wetting the ectoderm, the first hyperbolic point migrates from the anal region, to the umbilical region. The final location of the hyperbolic point defines eventually the central part of the body (the umbilical region). Thus, the formation of the vertebrate body is fixed, as a global movement, by the dynamics of singular points in the visco-elastic flow, governed by mechanical forces within the tissue.     

Bioluminescence of the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis noctiluca induced by laminar and turbulent Couette flow

The excitation of bioluminescence by different flow regimes generated within a Couette chamber was examined using the dinoflagellates Pyrocystis noctiluca. Cultured cells of P. noctiluca were gently transferred into a cylindrical Couette chamber in a dark room. In initial experiments, the velocity of the outer Couette cylinder was then gradually increased. The bioluminescence emissions in response to stationary-laminar and turbulent flows were quantified using a photomultiplier tube. Video images were also recorded in order to identify the location of bioluminescence emissions within the Couette chamber. Reflective flake flow visualizations were used to correlate these locations to the flow regimes in those parts of the chamber. These experiments clearly demonstrated that the strongest bioluminescence emissions were only triggered by the onset of turbulence at high rotation speeds. Below the turbulence threshold, much lower bioluminescence emissions were detected and appeared to be in response to a nonhomogeneity in the stationary-laminar flow (end cap effects and Ekman cells). In a second set of experiments, the excitation of bioluminescence in response to acceleration was studied by abrupt starts of the rotating Couette cylinder. These experiments also triggered massive bioluminescence emissions. We conclude that pure laminar-stationary, homogenous shear flow excites very little bioluminescence in P. noctiluca. The bulk of bioluminescence emissions primarily occurred under nonhomogenous or nonstationary flow conditions, where the cells experience velocity changes as they move through the flow. These findings are discussed in relation to the theory that bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is an antipredation mechanism.     

高校校园生态系统可控性

在环境问题日趋严重的背景下,人类一直在探索将城市生态系统改造成能够自身循环、更好利用可再生能源、同时大幅减少排放的受控系统,但由于该系统的复杂度太高,可控程度较低,其实现难度很大。高校校园可视为比较典型的城市生态系统的子系统,在合理的管控与现代信息技术的支持下,高校校园最有可能实现生态系统可控化建设。对四个主要生态流(物质流、能量流、人口流、信息流)在高校生态系统中的作用进行理论阐述,针对具有中国特色、学生大规模集中居住的高校校园,提出了一种新的受控生态系统改造方案。通过对现有校园生态工程技术进行组装,完成校园生态系统基础构筑。利用综合的校园生态系统信息流管理平台监管校园物质循环、能量流动、人口流动,探讨了可实现的高校受控生态系统的建设模式,最终提出了高校受控生态系统建设的理论模型,以期达到高校校园物质与能源利用效率最大化,降低碳排放,改善局部小型气候群,进而改善环境大气候。研究结果如能较好的应用到实践中,将为城市生态系统建设提供重要参考,意味着现代生态学将为人类发展作出一定的贡献。     

Bivariate flow cytometry of farm animal chromosomes: a potential tool for gene mapping

Bivariate flow karyotypes of chromosomes from sheep, cattle and pig lymphocytes and from a cattle-mouse somatic cell hybrid line were obtained using a dual laser fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Pig chromosomes were resolved into 19-20 peaks, indicating that most, if not all, pig chromosomes could be separated by this technique. Sheep chromosomes showed incomplete separation but three clear peaks, presumably representing the three large metacentric chromosomes, plus five other clusters were obtained. Cattle chromosomes showed poor separation but about four peaks could be distinguished, indicating that certain chromosomes could be sorted in this species. The use of cattle-mouse hybrids may enable other individual cattle chromosomes to be obtained. It is concluded that FACS separation will be a useful additional tool for gene mapping.