ON THE GUSTATORY EFFECTS OF GYMNEMIC ACID AND MIRACULIN IN DOG, PIG AND RABBIT

The effects of gymnemic acid, 1 mg/ml, and miraculin, 1 mg/mlor in a tablet (Miralin^TM) on the taste response to sucrose,citric acid, NaCl and quinine have been studied in dog, pigand rabbit. In the dog gymnemic acid suppressed the responseto sucrose for about 5 min in two out of three animals. It alsoaffected the response to NaCl. Miraculin caused a slight short-lastingincrease in the response to acid. No effects of the taste modifierswere observed in the pig. In the rabbit gymnemic acid did notsuppress the response to sucrose while miraculin enhanced theresponse to citric acid in one out of three animals for a fewminutes.     

ON THE GUSTATORY EFFECTS OF MIRACULIN AND GYMNEMIC ACID IN THE MONKEY

The summated response from the chorda tympani proper nerve of9 monkeys was recorded during stimulation with solutions ofacetic and citric acids, sodium chloride, quinine sulfate, sucrose,glucose and fructose before and after application of extractsof Synsepalum dulcificum-miraculin- and Gymnema sylvestre-gymnemicacid-on the tongue. It was observed that (a) miraculin enhancedthe response to all acids used (b) miraculin had no significanteffect on the response of the other taste stimuli (c) its effectlasts for more than h and was not removed by rubbing of thetongue (d) gymnemic acid had no significant effect on the responseto any of the stimuli used if miraculin had not been appliedbeforehand (e) gymnemic acid applied after miraculin diminishedthe response to acid, then miraculin enhanced the response toacid again. It was concluded that these electrophysiologicalfindings in monkey parallel the psychophysical observationsin man with regard to the effect of miraculin and gymnemic acidon the response to acids, but that they differ with regard tothe effect of gymnemic acid on the response to sugars. ^* On leave from Dept. of Psychology, University of New Hampshire,U.S.A. ^** On leave from Dept. of Oral Physiology, Osaka University,Japan.     

苯肾上腺素对豚鼠和兔离体心室乳头肌的作用

在心得安(1μM)阻断β-受体的情况下,本文通过观察苯肾上腺素(PE)对豚鼠和兔心室乳头肌动作电位及收缩的作用,探讨了心脏α-受体兴奋引起正性变力作用的机制。PE(1—16μM)延长豚鼠心室乳头肌动作电位时程(APD),增加兔和豚鼠心室乳头肌的收缩幅度(AC)。PE 在兔心室乳头肌上表现出的正性变力作用比在豚鼠心室肌上显著得多。FE(16μM)加强兔和豚鼠心室乳头肌收缩力的作用可被α_1-受体阻断剂哌唑嗪(Prazosin)(0.3—0.5μM)所取消。然而,在豚鼠心室乳头肌上被PE延长的APD,仅APD_(30)在哌唑嗪作用下有所缩短,而APD_(90)则不受其影响。在高钾(22mM)除极的心室乳头肌,PE(50μM)使 9个兔标本中的8个、8个豚鼠标本中的2个分别恢复慢反应动作电位。这些慢反应动作电位可被哌唑嗪(1μM)或钙通道阻断剂Mn~( )(1mM)所取消或抑制。以上的结果提示心脏α-肾上腺素能受体兴奋引起正性变力作用可能是由于慢内向电流(I_si)的增加。     

单眼剥夺对金黄地鼠视觉中枢GABA神经元分布的影响

用免疫细胞化学技术观察了单眼剥夺后金黄地鼠视觉中枢GABA神经元分布的变化。结果表明:单眼剥夺后,金黄地鼠视皮层和上丘的GABA阳性神经元暂时性增多,但剥夺后六个月,其数目显著减少。在单眼剥夺前和剥夺后侧膝体中GABA阳性神经元数目没有明显差异。剥夺眼对侧视皮层GABA阳性神经元数比剥夺眼同侧视皮层GABA神经元数目少。单眼剥夺后视觉中枢GABA神经元类型及形态与剥夺前没有差别。晚期单眼剥夺也能引起视觉中枢GABA神经元数量和分布的变化。以上结果表明,单眼剥夺后视觉中枢抑制神经元的结构发生了变化。     

EFFECTS OF SHOCK AND ANOXIA ON NUCLEOTIDES AND CREATINE PHOSPHATE IN THE ISOLATED BRAIN OF THE DOG1

Surgically isolated canine brains were maintained with compatible donor blood from an extracorporeal perfusion system. Small samples of frozen cerebral cortex were removed with a newly-developed Freon cryoprobe and were analysed for acid-soluble nucleotides, creatine phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Most animals were in the early stages of shock unless they had received preoperative α-adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (Dibenzyline). Values for high-energy phosphates were in the normal range only when the animal had been premedicated with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride. During a 4-min period of anoxia (induced by blood which had been equilibrated with 95% N₂ and 5% CO₂), the cerebral cortex rapidly became iso-electric, and the levels of creatine phosphate and ATP decreased concomitantly with increases in levels of ADP and P_i. These electrical and chemical changes were rapidly and completely reversed by reoxygenation. The levels of high-energy phosphates provide a sensitive criterion of functional adequacy that may be more readily quantitated than cerebral electrical activity (EEG). EEG recovery did not correlate closely with rephosphorylation.     

家兔延髓区域阻滞对呼吸的影响

实验在麻醉、切断迷走神经的家兔上进行。记录双侧膈神经放电和气管内压作为呼吸的指标。用尖端直径为70—100μm的玻璃微管接微量注射器,脑内注入1％普鲁卡因,双侧对称地阻滞闩前2.0—3.0mm,中线旁开2.0—2.5mm,背侧表面下3.5—4.5mm的区域后,38只兔都出现了可逆性呼吸停止。双侧性电损毁此区,则可造成不可逆性呼吸停止。以同法注入同量生理盐水,则对呼吸无影响。经组织学检查,此区范围相当于Meessen图谱的面后核内侧区——包括面后核(Nr.Ⅶ)内侧部、网状小细胞核(R·pc)腹侧部、网状巨细胞核(R·gc)背外侧部和外侧网状核(Rl)的内侧部分。用同样方法阻滞延髓头端区、孤束核区及疑核尾端区、对呼吸节律均无明显影响。用1％普鲁卡因局部麻醉延髓腹侧面的中枢化学感受器I(s)区,呼吸也无明显变化。结果提示,面后核内侧区的一些结构可能在形成呼吸节律中起重要作用。     

THE EFFECTS OF RESERPINE AND HYPOXIA ON THE AMINE-STORING GRANULES OF THE HAMSTER CAROTID BODY

The carotid bodies from control, reserpine-treated, and hypoxia-treated hamsters were fixed with phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, s-Collidine-buffered osmium tetroxide, or phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde followed by potassium dichromate incubation. Following glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation no differences in density or population of the electron-opaque granules in the glomus cells of either control or experimental animals were observed. With s-Collidine-buffered osmium tetroxide and the glutaraldehyde-dichromate technique a marked decrease in density without an appreciable reduction in number of granules was noted after reserpine treatment, while in hypoxia-treated hamsters the density and population of the granules were not different from those of the controls. The results indicate that reserpine depletes the amines without granule disappearance and that hypoxia does not affect the amine content of the granules. It is suggested that following glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide double fixation, persistence of the density of the granules in reserpine-treated animals is due primarily to the nonamine content, and that the amines in the glomus cells are probably not directly involved in the respiratory reflex.     

猪血清及某些血清免疫球蛋白对猪精子的作用

新鲜猪血清对猪精子具有毒性作用。灭活补体的血清失去了杀精子作用,但使精子产生头对头凝集。分子筛层析证明,血清凝精子活性存在于富含免疫球蛋白的洗脱峰内。从５头处女猪的混合血清中制备出电泳纯的ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ（ＩｇＧ２和ＩｇＧ２的混合物）、ＩｇＭ在０．０２５－０．０５ｍｇ／ｍｌ（３×１０７个精子）时就引起明显的精子凝集,而ＩｇＧ在浓度为１．４１ｍｇ／ｍｌ（３×１０７个精子）时仍无凝精子作用。精浆对血清引起的精子凝集有抑制作用。在自身血清中,被精浆的猪红细胞自动凝集。环状沉淀显示,由分子筛层析得到的具有凝精子活性的洗出液可与精浆作用产生沉淀。双向免疫扩散显示,精浆跟血清作用形成一条沉淀线。以上结果提示：新鲜血清的杀精子作用可能与补体反应有关;ＩｇＭ是血清中主要的精子凝集团子;精子凝集可以跟精浆中的某种物质有关,这种物质可以竞争性地抑制血清的凝精子作用。     

EFFECTS OF HEALTH DISORDERS AND POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON GUSTATORY FUNCTION

Gustatory function is not static within an individual. Taste sensitivity and preferences are modified by numerous, well-documented external factors (e. g. smoking) as well as less widely recognized physiologic or internal idiosyncratic attributes such as salivary composition and genetic make-up. In addition, no single gustatory attribute adequately characterizes an individual's taste world. Measures of threshold sensitivity, suprathreshold sensitivity and preference may vary independently necessitating the assessment of each to derive a reliable assessment of an individual's gustatory status. Measures of taste preference, however, appear to hold the greatest predictive power for dietary behavior. Gustatory disorders may be manifest in the following forms: hypergeusia, hypogeusia, dysgeusia, ageusia, food aversions and food cravings. Each of these disorders is defined and, to the extent that information is available, the prevalence, etiology and clinical significance of each is discussed. Following this, a general scheme is presented along with numerous examples for evaluating the potential impact health or nutritional disorders may have on gustatory function. Finally, implications of health and nutritional disorders for applied sensory research are briefly considered.     

常咯啉,磷酸咯啶等药物对家兔心肌脂质易化钙离子转运的影响

已知心肌细胞膜微粒体脂质(CMML)能易化钙离子从水到脂相的转运。奎尼丁能抑制这一转运过程。为进一步证明其他带含氮碱性基团的心血管药物是否也能抑制CMML易化钙离子转运过程。本文选用了常咯啉(C),磷酸咯啶(P),奎尼下(Q),乌头碱(A),调微Ⅱ号(莨菪类,T),和非含氮碱性药物成脉安(V),研究了它们对这种易化钙转运过程的影响。结果表明C,P,Q和A在30μg/ml时对这一过程的抑制均超过70％。V和T在相同浓度时抑制作用分别为37.8％和微弱作用·C,P和Q的抑制作用可能是它们治疗作用的生化基础。V和T的药理机制可能与以上药物不同。     

腺苷及其类似物对猪血小板肌动蛋白聚合的抑制作用及可能机理

凝血酶和ADP刺激血小板肌动蛋白的聚合,腺苷、5′-氯-5′-脱氧腺苷及2′-脱氧腺苷抑制凝血酶和(或)ADP诱导的肌动蛋白聚合;腺苷和5′-氯-5′-脱氧腺苷对磷脂酰肌醇的磷酸化有抑制作用,且呈剂量效应关系;腺苷对凝血酶刺激的血小板中肌醇二磷酸的生成有抑制作用。本实验提示腺苷及其类似物对肌动蛋白聚合的抑制作用可能与它们对肌醇磷脂转换的抑制有关。     

安定对兔心乳头肌动作电位和收缩的作用

本文观察了安定、戊脉安和PK11195对兔心乳头肌动作电位和收缩的作用,并比较了安定对兔与豚鼠心肌收缩作用的差异。安定(0.7×10~(-6)-22.4×10~(-6)mol/L)使兔乙乳头肌动作电位时程(APD)及钙依赖动作电位(Ca-AP)时程缩短,并使Ca-AP的最大上升速率(V_(max))和幅值减小;安定还抑制兔与豚鼠心室乳头肌的收缩,相比之下对豚鼠的作用更明显。在戊脉安(2×10~(-6)mol/L)作用下,兔心乳头肌Ga-AP逐渐消失。提高溶液中Ca~(2 )的浓度可拮抗安定和戊脉安的作用。PK11195(1×10~(-6)mol/L)可使安定对兔心乳头肌APD作用的剂量-反应曲线平行右移,且拮抗安定对Ca-AP的作用。预先加入PK11195(3×10~(-6)mol/L),则戊脉安不能取消Ca-AP。上述结果提示。(1)兔心乳头肌存在的苯二氮(艹卓)结合位点具有外周型苯二氮(艹卓)受体(BZR)的性质;(2)这种受体的激活可导致钙内流减少;(3)BZR的密度及反应性可能存在种属差异。     

安徽淮北农区大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠种群动态的研究

1982一1988年在安徽淮北农区的调查结果表明:大仓鼠种群数量的季节消长特点是,数量高的年份出现3个波峰(即前峰、中峰和后峰),平常年份有2个波峰(中峰和后峰),数量低的年份仅1个波峰(后峰)。波峰峰度大都是后峰最高。黑线仓鼠的波峰数除个别数量高的年份有2个(前峰和中峰)外,多数年份只有1个前峰。两种仓鼠的年间数量变幅皆较明显,推测两鼠各自从一个高峰期到另一个高峰期之间需经历7—8年左右时间。繁殖期,大仓鼠为7个月(4—10月),黑线仓鼠为10个月(2—11月);两者均有两个繁殖盛期,即春峰和秋峰经相关分析,大仓鼠的年数量与年怀孕率存在密切的正相关关系,而黑线仓鼠则为年怀孕率对次年数量有明显的影响。     

家兔Bezold—Jarisch反射的血流动力学效应

在40只麻醉兔,观察经冠脉内注射尼古丁诱发Bezold-Jarisch反射时的血流动力学变化。反射效应表现为心率减慢、动脉血压和左心室收缩压降低以及左心室内压微分值减小。切断两侧窦神经和减压神经后,上述效应增强;两侧迷走神经切断后,多数动物反射效应消失。 冠脉内注射尼古丁后,心输出量和总外周阻力均下降。人工起搏心脏以防止心率减慢时,对上述效应无明显影响。动物阿托品化并切除两侧星状神经节后,心率减慢基本消失,但动脉血压降低的程度并无明显变化。结果提示,Bezold-Jarisch反射时所表现的动脉血压降低,可归因于心输出量减少和总外周阻力降低,而以后者为主。     

EFFECT OF ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION ON THE SWEETNESS INTENSITY OF THAUMATIN I

The lysine residues in thaumatin I were chemically modifiedby acetylation with acetic anhydride and by reductive methylation,under various conditions. The acetylated and methylated thaumatinswere isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. The number ofremaining free amino groups was determined by trinitrophenylation. At least four acetylated thaumatins with either one, two, threeor four acetylated amino groups were obtained as well as onemethylated thaumatin with six dimethyl lysine residues and onemonomethyl lysine residue. The sweetness intensity of the acetylated thaumatins decreasedwith the increasing number of acetylated amino groups; the sweettaste had disappeared completely when four amino groups wereacetylated. The methylated thaumatin with seven modified lysineresidues had a sweetness intensity practically equal to thatof the original thaumatin. The total net change, i.e. the isoelectric point of thaumatin,might play a role in the physiological behaviour of thaumatincausing a sweet taste sensation.     

吗啡和纳洛酮对豚鼠离体胆囊肌条活动的作用

5种浓度的吗啡对胆囊肌条的自动节律性收缩,均有明显加强作用。阿片受体拮抗剂——纳洛酮可阻断和翻转吗啡对胆囊肌条的作用,说明豚鼠的胆囊壁有阿片受体。乙酰胆碱显著地加强胆囊肌条的收缩,此效应可被阿托品阻断,而且阿托品也使吗啡对胆囊肌条的作用明显减弱。异丙肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素分别抑制和加强胆囊肌条的运动,前者的效应可被心得宁阻断,后者则被酚妥拉明阻断,但两者的效应均不受纳洛酮的影响。而心得宁和酚妥拉明不影响吗啡对胆囊肌条的作用。本实验似能表明,吗啡对胆囊肌条运动的调节是通过阿片受体而起作用的。但吗啡对胆囊肌条的作用与肾上腺素能α和β受体无关。     

THE EFFECT OF HIBERNATION ON THE LIPIDS OF BRAIN MYELIN AND MICROSOMES IN THE SYRIAN HAMSTER

Abstract— Microsomal and myelin membrane fractions were prepared from the brains of warm-adapted (room temperature) and hibernating Syrian hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ). Lipid extracts of these preparations were assayed for phospholipid and galactosphingolipid composition, and for cholesterol levels. In both myelin and microsomes, plasmenlethanolamine levels decreased while total ethanol-amineglycerophospholipid levels remained constant with hibernation. Cerebroside levels changed slightly, increasing in microsomes while decreasing in myelin. No changes in cholesterol levels were detectable. Fatty acid analyses of microsomal ethanolamineglycerophospholipids and phosphatidylserine showed predominantly increases in 18:1 and 20:4 (n-6), and decreases in 18:0 and 22:6 (n-3), in both lipid classes with hibernation. Myelin ethanolamineglycerophospholipids exhibited a decrease in 20:1 and an increase in 20:4 (n-6). Aldehyde analyses of plasmenylethanolamines revealed a decrease in 16:0 and an increase in 18:1 in microsomes, and an increase in 18:O in myelin. The hydroxylated fatty acids of myelin cerebrosides showed no discernible changes in composition with hibernation. It is proposed that these lipid changes aid in the maintenance of the structure and function of brain membranes at the reduced temperatures encountered during hibernation.     

离体兔耳动脉中内啡肽的含量及其作用的研究

已有实验证明,外周动脉壁上含有阿片受体。但其中是否含有内啡肽(OLS),迄今尚无定论。本文以兔耳动脉条为实验材料,用生物鉴定法测定了OLS的含量,又用放射免疫法测定了亮脑啡肽(Leu-enk)的含量,其平均值分别为377.2±118.0和40.51±6.1(pg/mg 组织湿重)。这表明,在兔耳动脉壁上是有 OLS生物活性和 Leu-enk 免疫活性物质存在的。本实验还通过电场刺激动脉条引起收缩的高度的变化,分析了 OLS(或 Leu-enk)对收缩活动的影响。用纳洛酮阻断阿片受体后,动脉条的收缩反应明显增高;用链霉蛋白酶分解OLS(或Leu-enk)后,动脉条的收缩反应也同样明显增高。这提示,动脉条在电场刺激下释放的OLS(或Leu-enk),对其收缩活动有明显抑制作用。本工作的某些初步结果还提示,OLS(或Leu-enk)的这一抑制效应,可能是通过突触前抑制去甲肾上腺素的释放和突触后抑制平滑肌而实现的。     

氟安定对家兔结合臂旁核区呼吸性单位放电的影响

在36只麻醉、麻痹、切断双侧颈迷走神经及人工呼吸的家兔上,用五管微电极记录结合臂旁核区细胞外放电并微电泳药物离子。在47个吸气性单位(IUs)、18个呼气性单位(EUs)、12个吸-呼跨根性单位(I-EUs)、11个呼-吸跨相性单位(E-IUs)和71个非呼吸性单位(NR-Us)中,微电泳氟安定(Flu)引起阻遏的单位分别占55.3％、94.4％、91.7％、18.1％和60.6％。经统计:Flu抑制IUs和EUs的百分率与抑制I-EUs和E-IUs的百分率有显著差别。GABA-A受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱不能阻断Flu对IUs和EUs的阻遏作用,但能阻断Flu对NRUs的抑制作用,阻断率为60％。在20个IUs中,ACh引起兴奋效应的占75％,未见有阻遏效应的;ACh对其它类型呼吸性单位(RUs)则有不同的效应。ACh不能对抗Flu的阻遏效应。ACh对NRUs主要呈兴奋效应。以上结果表明:Flu对结合臂旁核区RUs和NRUs主要起抑制作用,其中抑制EUs和I-EUs的作用较大;而且,Flu抑制RUs和NRUs的递质机制有差异,抑制NRUs可能主要通过内源性GABA系统,而抑制RUs的机制则不提示有该系统参与。ACh对IUs和NRUs主要起兴奋作用。     

川芎嗪对豚鼠心室乳头肌电生理和机械特性的影响

本实验观察了川芎嗪对豚鼠乳头肌快反应电位(FAP)、慢反应电位(SAP)及收缩力(FC)的作用。结果表明,川芎嗪(3～100μmol/L)对FAP的复极化50％和90％时程(APD_(50)、APD_(90)及FC均呈剂量依赖性抑制,对静息电位(RP)及动作电位幅值(APA)则无明显影响。川芎嗪对组胺、BaCl_2或氨茶硷诱发的SAP的零期除极最大速率(V_(max))、APA、APD_(50)、APD_(90)及FC均呈剂量依赖性抑制作用,对RP无明显影响。提高细胞外液Ca~(2 )浓度至3.6mmol/L可拮抗川芎嗪对FC的抑制作用。结果提示川芎嗪抑制心肌慢内向电流I_(si)。