荧光定量PCR检测人巨细胞病毒的方法学建立

目的建立人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）的TaqMan MGB探针荧光定量PCR（FQ—PCR）检测方法。方法选取HCMV MIE exon4为PCR扩增靶序列,经TA克隆构建重组质粒作为定量标准品,经FQ—PCR反应条件的优化及方法学评价,再将其应用于临床检测。结果FQ—PCR最适循环参数为：95℃ 5 min;95℃ 20 s,60℃ 60 s（40 cycles）,20μl最适反应体系为：2．0mmol／L Mg^2＋、0．5μmol／L引物、1．5μmol／L探针、200μmol／L dNTP、2110×buffer、1．0 U Taq酶、2．0μl DNA模板。检测批内CV（变异系数）值为1．32％,批间CV值为1．96％;特异性较好;线性范围为10^2-10^8copies／μl。结论成功地建立了检测HCMV的FQ—PCR法,完全适用于临床检测。     

实时聚合酶链反应方法检测人偏肺病毒的比较研究

人偏肺病毒(the human metapneumovims,hMPV)是2001年首次从荷兰儿童的鼻咽部吸出物中分离出来的,为一种负链RNA病毒,初步被归属于副粘病毒科偏肺病毒属。hMPV和流感病毒、副流感病毒、腺病毒、鼻病毒、冠状病毒、人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)一样可导致儿童、成人及免疫功能受损患者的急性呼吸道感染(ARTI)。在儿童病原体不明的ARTI中,hMPV占1．5％-10％。但是,该病毒在     

EvaGreen实时荧光定量PCR检测猪圆环病毒2型方法的建立

根据GenBank中的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF4基因序列设计一对特异性引物,通过常规PCR扩增PCV2的ORF4基因,并将其纯化的PCR产物克隆入pMD18-T载体中,构建重组质粒。应用该重组质粒进行EvaGreen实时荧光定量PCR,建立了PCV2 DNA的标准曲线,并进行熔解曲线分析。结果显示:建立的EvaGreen实时荧光定量PCR特异性强,与其他非靶标病毒基因不发生交叉反应;灵敏度高,最高可检测到10拷贝/μL的病毒量;重复性好,3个浓度的批间和批内的变异系数均小于2.5%;对118份临床样品进行检测,阳性样品25份,阳性率为21.2%,检测结果与普通PCR相符率为99.2%,其中一份样品经荧光PCR检测为PCV2阳性,普通PCR检测为阴性。结果表明,建立的EvaGreen实时荧光定量PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感度高、重复性好、简便快捷等特点,可用于临床PCV2感染的早期诊断以及分子流行病学调查。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测HPV-DNA在宫颈癌筛查中应用

目的:探讨HPV感染与宫颈病变的关系。方法:对2008年2月-2009年3月期间在通山县人民医院皮肤性病科和妇科门诊就诊的1256位女性的宫颈拭子标本进行HPV DNA实时荧光定量PCR检测,比较不同宫颈病变级别组HPV的阳性率。结果:各病变组与正常组比较差异有显著性,P0.01,且随病变级别增加总阳性率逐渐上升。结论:HPV在人群具有较高的感染率,且HPV感染与宫颈病变的发生有关。实时荧光定量PCR检测HPV DNA可成为一种广泛应用的临床检验技术,作为筛查宫颈癌及癌前病变的首选方法。     

嗜肺军团菌实时荧光定量PCR快速检测方法的建立

目的：建立针对嗜肺军团菌Mip基因的实时荧光定量TaqMan PCR检测方法,并进行自来水和空调冷却水模拟标本的检测评价。方法：根据嗜肺军团菌Mip基因的特异性序列设计引物和TaqMan探针,建立嗜肺军团菌的实时荧光定量TaqMan PCR快速检测方法,对方法进行灵敏度及特异性评价,并对自来水和空调冷却水模拟标本中的嗜肺军团菌进行检测。结果：建立的方法对嗜肺军团菌的检测具有高度特异性,与3种非嗜肺军团菌和6种其他呼吸道病原均没有交叉反应;基因组DNA的检测灵敏度为1.6pg／μL,模拟自来水和空调冷却水标本的检测灵敏度为10CFU／mL。结论：建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法特异、灵敏、快速,适于嗜肺军团菌的日常监测和暴发疫情的应急诊断。     

快速检测伪狂犬病毒荧光定量PCR技术建立及应用

以伪狂犬病毒(PRV)保守的gE基因序列为参考,设计、优化出一对特异的PCR引物和一条TaqMan荧光探针,结合RotorGene检测系统,建立一种快速定量检测伪狂犬病毒的荧光定量PCR技术。该方法线形范围为1.0×102-1.0×107拷贝/μL,灵敏度达102拷贝/μLDNA,比常规PCR高10倍。检测的特异性明显高于常规PCR,同时避免了常规PCR因电泳造成的污染。应用该技术检测66例猪组织或鼻咽拭子样品,阳性42份,阳性检出率为63.6%(42/66)。与病毒分离培养、常规PCR相比较结果显示,该方法具有快速、灵敏、特异、重复性好和能定量检测等优点,该方法可用于猪场PRV感染的快速定量检测和肉类食品进出口检疫。     

快速检测伪狂犬病毒荧光定量PCR技术建立及应用

以伪狂犬病毒(PRV)保守的gE基因序列为参考,设计、优化出一对特异的PCR引物和一条TaqMan荧光探针,结合RotorGene检测系统,建立一种快速定量检测伪狂犬病毒的荧光定量PCR技术.该方法线形范围为1.0×102-1.0×107拷贝/μL,灵敏度达102拷贝/μLDNA,比常规PCR高10倍.检测的特异性明显高于常规PCR,同时避免了常规PCR因电泳造成的污染.应用该技术检测66例猪组织或鼻咽拭子样品,阳性42份,阳性检出率为63.6%(42/66).与病毒分离培养、常规PCR相比较结果显示,该方法具有快速、灵敏、特异、重复性好和能定量检测等优点,该方法可用于猪场PRV感染的快速定量检测和肉类食品进出口检疫.     

荧光定量PCR技术在临床微生物检测中的应用

荧光定量PCR技术是近些年来发展起来的一种核酸检测技术,它以灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好、快速准确定量等特点被广泛应用于各个领域。现主要介绍荧光定量PCR技术在病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫4个临床微生物检测方面的应用进展。     

木糖葡萄球菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

目的 本研究拟建立一种灵敏快速的实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR, qPCR)方法,用于检测大、小鼠木糖葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus xylosus,S.xylosus)。方法 本研究选择特异性gehM基因片段作为靶标合成了一套引物,建立了木糖葡萄球菌检测的qPCR方法。对木糖葡萄球菌标准菌株和其他非目标菌进行特异性分析。将木糖葡萄球菌的DNA进行10倍稀释测定其灵敏度。用送检的样本进行了临床应用并测序验证,同时与培养法进行比较。结果 仅木糖葡萄球菌出现特异性扩增曲线,而其他非目标菌未出现,表明设计的引物对木糖葡萄球菌具有特异性,灵敏度为100 fg/μL,组内和组间重复性均小于3%。共检测60份临床样品,有5份样品扩增曲线为典型的S曲线,将该qPCR产物克隆测序并进行同源性比对,该序列与木糖葡萄球菌的同源性为99.63%,表明该样本木糖葡萄球菌核酸阳性,所检测样本阳性率为8.3%,而培养法的阳性率为6.7%,qPCR方法阳性检出率比培养法略高。结论 建立的木糖葡萄球菌qPCR方法,具有快速、灵敏度高、特异性强和重复性好的优点,可用于实...     

荧光定量PCR检测土拨鼠肝炎病毒核酸方法的建立

目的建立土拨鼠肝炎病毒（woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV）核酸的荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）检测方法,应用于土拨鼠肝炎病毒模型的研究。方法分别根据土拨鼠肝炎病毒核心抗原（WHcAg）和表面抗原（WHsAg）的DNA序列设计13对扩增引物,从中筛选无非特异性扩增及引物二聚体且灵敏度高的引物,用于土拨鼠血清中WHV DNA的Real-time PCR检测。建立感染土拨鼠肝炎病毒的土拨鼠血清中WHV核酸的Real-timePCR检测方法。结果根据WHsAg基因的5＇端设计的一对引物WHVSF1与WHVSR1,检测灵敏度可达1×101拷贝/μL,病毒拷贝数与Real-time PCR Ct值的标准曲线的R2值为0.997,且电泳未见明显非特异性条带及引物二聚体。结论建立了土拨鼠血清中WHV DNA的Real-time PCR检测方法,该方法为进一步研究土拨鼠肝炎病毒模型奠定了基础。     

人偏肺病毒TaqMan-MGB探针实时定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

目的:建立人偏肺病毒(hMPV)核酸特异的快速、敏感的TaqMan-MGB探针实时定量RT-PCR检测方法.方法:分别设计hMPV特异的引物与荧光标记探针,合成hMPV绝对定量RNA模板,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法,并与常规RT-PCR平行比较,对其灵敏性、特异性和可重复性,以及用于临床样本的适用性等进行评价.结果:本方法可对hMPV进行特异性诊断,检测灵敏度可达10拷贝/25 μL,检测线性范围至少可达10 1～10 6拷贝/反应,且实验重复性好,初步应用于北京地区采集的158份临床鼻咽拭子标本,定量RT-PCR检出31份标本阳性,明显高于常规RT-PCR方法(22/158).结论:建立了人偏肺病毒TaqMan-MGB探针定量RT-PCR检测方法,并初步证实可用于临床鼻咽拭子标本的检测,为开展hMPV的流行监测及临床早期诊断提供了技术手段.     

北京地区成人呼吸道感染病人中人偏肺病毒感染情况的初步分析

目的:了解北京地区成人呼吸道感染患者中人偏肺病毒(hMPV)的感染情况、流行分布和临床表现特点。方法:采集2010年5月至2011年4月北京地区成人呼吸道感染患者鼻咽拭子标本413份,利用巢式PCR法进行hMPV筛查,对PCR阳性片段进行核酸序列测定,确定hMPV感染基因型别;同时,分析hMPV感染的流行病学特点,并对感染阳性患者进行临床表现的初步分析。结果:413份鼻咽拭子标本中检出hMPV阳性4份(0.97%),分别存在于2010年8月、10月和2011年2月、4月,其中1例合并鼻病毒感染;感染患者临床表现主要是发热、鼻塞、流涕、头痛、咳嗽,有1例出现呕吐和腹泻;hMPV阳性片段系统进化分析发现这4例感染中的3例为B2型,1例为A2b型。结论:北京地区成人呼吸道感染患者中存在hMPV感染,其基因型为B2和A2b型。     

The Development and Application of the Two Real-Time RT-PCR Assays to Detect the Pathogen of HFMD

Large-scale Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) outbreaks have frequently occurred in China since 2008, affecting more than one million children and causing several hundred children deaths every year. The pathogens of HFMD are mainly human enteroviruses (HEVs). Among them, human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the most common pathogens of HFMD. However, other HEVs could also cause HFMD. To rapidly detect HEV71 and CVA16, and ensure detection of all HEVs causing HFMD, two real-time hybridization probe-based RT-PCR assays were developed in this study. One is a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay, which was developed to detect and differentiate HEV71 specifically from CVA16 directly from clinical specimens within 1–2 h, and the other is a broad-spectrum real-time RT-PCR assay, which targeted almost all HEVs. The experiments confirmed that the two assays have high sensitivity and specificity, and the sensitivity was up to 0.1 TCID₅₀/ml for detection of HEVs, HEV71, and CVA16, respectively. A total of 213 clinical specimens were simultaneously detected by three kinds of assays, including the two real-time RT-PCR assays, direct conventional RT-PCR assay, and virus isolation assay on human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells). The total positive rate of both HEV71 and CVA16 was 69.48% with real-time RT-PCR assay, 47.42% with RT-PCR assay, and 34.58% with virus isolation assay. One HFMD clinical specimen was positive for HEV, but negative for HEV71 or CVA16, which was identified as Echovirus 11 (Echo11) by virus isolation, RT-PCR, and sequencing for the VP1 gene. The two real-time RT-PCR assays had been applied in 31 provincial HFMD labs to detect the pathogens of HFMD, which has contributed to the rapid identification of the pathogens in the early stages of HFMD outbreaks, and helped to clarify the etiologic agents of HFMD in China.     

蜜蜂克什米尔病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立和评价

蜜蜂克什米尔病毒(Kashmir bee virus,KBV)是一种高毒力的急性蜜蜂病毒,可以引起蜜蜂的死亡和蜂群崩溃.本研究旨在建立一种灵敏、快速检测KBV的TaqMan实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法.参照GenBank中polymerase polyprotein有关基因序列,设计一组特异性引物和探针,并通过体外转录法制备RNA标准品作为阳性模板.在对反应体系进行优化的基础上,建立了 KBV的实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法并进行了特异性试验、敏感性试验、重复性试验和临床样本验证.结果显示:该方法能有效扩增8×100拷贝/μL～8×107拷贝/μL 的KBV标准品,建立的标准曲线呈现良好的线性关系.该方法的检测灵敏度为8拷贝/μL,对其他蜜蜂病毒不发生交叉反应,具有很好的特异性;重复性试验结果显示组内和组间的变异系数分别低于1％和2％,重复性良好.应用本研究建立方法与常规RT-PCR方法对样品进行检测,TaqMan实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的特异性优于常规RT-PCR.本研究建立的实时荧光RT-PCR检测具有良好的敏感性、特异性和重复性,为KBV的检测和流行病学调查提供技术支持.     

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Human Adenoviruses and Identification of Serotypes 40 and 41

A quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR assay for detection of human adenoviruses (HAdV) was developed using broadly reactive consensus primers and a TaqMan probe targeting a conserved region of the hexon gene. The TaqMan assay correctly identified 56 representative adenovirus prototype strains and field isolates from all six adenovirus species (A to F). Based on infectious units, the TaqMan assay was able to detect as few as 0.4 and 0.004 infectious units of adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2) and AdV41, respectively, with results obtained in less than 90 min. Using genomic equivalents, the broadly reactive TaqMan assay was able to detect 5 copies of AdV40 (which had zero mismatches with the PCR primers and probe), 8 copies of AdV41, and 350 copies of AdV3 (which had the most mismatches [seven] of any adenovirus serotype tested). For specific detection and identification of F species serotypes AdV40 and AdV41, a second real-time PCR assay was developed using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes that target the adenovirus fiber gene. The FRET-based assay had a detection limit of 3 to 5 copies of AdV40 and AdV41 standard DNA and was able to distinguish between AdV40 and AdV41 based on melting curve analysis. Both the TaqMan and FRET PCR assays were quantitative over a wide range of virus titers. Application of these assays for detection of adenoviruses and type-specific identification of AdV40 and AdV41 will be useful for identifying these viruses in environmental and clinical samples.     

Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Cysts by New Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Mixed Infections in Human Samples

Of the seven genetic groups, or assemblages, currently recognized in the Giardia duodenalis species complex, only assemblages A and B are associated with human infection, but they also infect other mammals. Recent investigations have suggested the occurrence of genetic exchanges among isolates of G. duodenalis, and the application of assemblage-specific PCR has shown both assemblages A and B in a significant number of human infections. In this work, three real-time quantitative (qPCR) assays were developed to target the G. duodenalis triose phosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and open reading frame C4 sequences. Primers were designed to allow the specific amplification of the DNA of assemblage A or B and to generate products distinguishable by their melting curves or, after qPCR, by their sequences, sizes, or restriction patterns. The assays showed full specificity and detected DNA from a single trophozoite (4 to 8 target copies). We applied these assays, as well as a TaqMan assay that targets the β-giardin gene, to genomic DNA extracted from 30 human stools and to Giardia cysts purified by immunomagnetic capture from the same samples. Simultaneous detection of both assemblages was observed in a large number of DNAs extracted from stools, and experiments on the cysts purified from the same samples showed that this was essentially attributable to mixed infections, as only one assemblage was detected when dilutions of cysts were tested. In a few cases, detection of both assemblages was observed even when single cysts were tested. This result, which suggests the presence of recombinants, needs to be confirmed using more accurate methods for cyst separation and enumeration. The assays described in this study can be used to detect Giardia cysts infectious to humans in samples from animals and in water and food.Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia) is the only species within the genus Giardia that infects humans, although it is also found in other mammals, including pets and livestock (1). The infection has a global distribution and, with an estimated 2.8 × 10⁸ cases per year, represents the most common gastrointestinal parasitic infection of humans in developed countries (20). In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, about 200 million people have symptomatic giardiasis, with some 500,000 new cases reported each year (35). Several characteristics of G. duodenalis influence the epidemiology of infection: (i) in humans, the infective dose is about 10 to 100 cysts; (ii) cysts are immediately infectious when excreted in feces and can be transmitted by person-to-person or animal-to-animal contact; (iii) cysts are remarkably stable and can survive for weeks to months in the environment; and (iv) environmental contamination can lead to the contamination of drinking water and food (6, 32).A considerable amount of data has shown that G. duodenalis should be considered a species complex whose members show little variation in their morphology yet can be assigned to at least seven distinct assemblages (A to G) based on genetic analyses (7, 34). The analysis of more than a thousand human isolates from different geographical locations, examined by PCR amplification of DNA extracted directly from feces, has demonstrated that in almost all cases, only G. duodenalis assemblages A and B are associated with human infections (6). The prevalence of each assemblage varies considerably from country to country; assemblage B seems more common overall, but no strong conclusions can be drawn from current data. The remaining assemblages (C to G) are likely to be host specific, as assemblages C and D have been identified in dogs, cats, coyotes, and wolves; assemblage E in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, water buffaloes, and muflons; assemblage F in cats; and assemblage G in rats.The epidemiology of human giardiasis is further complicated by the occurrence of mixed infections and the possibility of genetic exchanges between isolates of assemblage A (10) or even between isolates of assemblages A and B (21, 33). Ideally, genotyping should be performed on single cysts, as this allows a distinction between mixed infections and recombinants. To reach this technically demanding high level of sensitivity and specificity, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) appears to be a promising technique.This work describes the development of new qPCR assays that, through the use of assemblage-specific primers, allow the specific and simultaneous detection of DNAs of assemblages A and B. The application of these assays to DNA extracted from human stools and to cysts purified from the same samples is described.     

琉球病毒、索尔韦齐病毒、苏里斯病毒等三种沙粒病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法研究

建立可检测琉球病毒(Ryukyu virus,RYKV),索尔韦齐病毒(Solwezi virus,SOLV)以及苏里斯病毒(Souris virus,SOUV)等三种沙粒病毒的实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法.分析三种病毒流行病学分布特征,从国际公共数据库搜索下载基因组序列,进行比对分析,确定检测靶标,借助primer premier 6.0生物信息学软件,设计引物和探针,建立实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,利用化学合成和体外转录方法制备模拟样本,比较评价三种方法的检测限、特异性、重复性特征.所建实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法均可有效扩增检测病毒RNA靶标,检测限分别为40拷贝/μL、7拷贝/μL和15拷贝/μL,检测汉城病毒、汉滩病毒、登革病毒Ⅰ～Ⅳ型分离株、发热伴血小板减少综合病毒及30份健康人血清样本无非特异性扩增,三种病毒相互间以及其他8种出血热相关沙粒病毒RNA间无交叉反应,重复性比较分析显示变异系数均在2％以内.本研究建立的检测RYKV、SOLV和SOUV三种沙粒病毒的实时荧光RT-PCR方法具备用于相关疑似感染者临床样本、宿主动物标本以及进出口物品的筛查检测的潜力,但因未经基于实际病毒感染样本的比较评价,检测结果的解释仍具有一定的局限性.     

Development and Application of Two Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Clinical and Environmental Samples

Mycobacterium ulcerans is a slow-growing environmental bacterium that causes a severe skin disease known as Buruli ulcer. PCR has become a reliable and rapid method for the diagnosis of M. ulcerans infection in humans and has been used for the detection of M. ulcerans in the environment. This paper describes the development of a TaqMan assay targeting IS2404 multiplexed with an internal positive control to monitor inhibition with a detection limit of less than 1 genome equivalent of DNA. The assay improves the turnaround time for diagnosis and replaces conventional gel-based PCR as the routine method for laboratory confirmation of M. ulcerans infection in Victoria, Australia. Following analysis of 415 clinical specimens, the new test demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity compared with culture. Another multiplex TaqMan assay targeting IS2606 and the ketoreductase-B domain of the M. ulcerans mycolactone polyketide synthase genes was designed to augment the specificity of the IS2404 PCR for the analysis of a variety of environmental samples. Assaying for these three targets enabled the detection of M. ulcerans DNA in soil, sediment, and mosquito extracts collected from an area of endemicity for Buruli ulcer in Victoria with a high degree of confidence. Final confirmation was obtained by the detection and sequencing of variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) locus 9, which matched the VNTR locus 9 sequence obtained from the clinical isolates in this region. This suite of new methods is enabling rapid progress in the understanding of the ecology of this important human pathogen.