Cellular composition of the bone marrow in the chicken, a comparison of femur, tibia and humerus

A comparison of cellular composition of marrow from femur, tibia and humerus was made at hatch and at 3, 4, 6, and 12 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between femoral, tibial, and humeral marrow in relative and absolute cell numbers, mitotic indices or thymidine uptake. However, the cellularity per mg of marrow was consistently lower for the humerus than it was for the femur and tibia. There was a significantly greater frequency of immature granulocytes in the femur and tibia at hatch than at 4 weeks of age.     

Levels and distribution of zinc,copper, magnesium,and calcium in rats fed different levels of dietary zinc

Effects of altered dietary zinc on levels of zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium in organ and peripheral tissues were studied. When rats fed a zinc-deficient diet (1.3 μg Zn/g) for 28 d were compared with rats fed a control diet (37.5 μg Zn/g), levels of zinc were slightly lower in plasma, hair, and skin and 50% lower in femur and pancreas, whereas the levels of copper were higher in all tissue except plasma. Magnesium levels were higher than controls in the heart and lower in the spleen, whereas the calcium levels were lower in plasma, lung, spleen, kidney, and skin and strikingly higher in brain, hair, and femur. When rats fed a zinc-supplemented diet (1.0 mg Zn/g) were compared to the same conrols, levels of zinc in these were higher in all organs and peripheral tissues studied, except heart, lung, and liver; copper levels were higher in liver, kidney, and spleen; magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spleen, but were little affected in other tissues, although calcium levels were higher in pancreas, spleen, kidney, and skin and lower in plasma and hair. These data indicate that overall copper organ and peripheral tissue levels are affected inversely, and zinc and calcium levels directly, by zinc nutriture.     

Functional morphology of the hind legs as weapons for male contests inLeptoglossus australis (Heteroptera: Coreidae)

Functional morphology of the hind legs as weapons in male contests was analyzed in the leaf-footed plant bug, Leptoglossus australis Fabricius. Measurement of some metrical tratis of the hind femur and tibia indicated that the weapon was the hind femur. Sexual dimorphism in the femoral length and width, and in the number of spines on the lower side of the femur, indicated that these parts play a significant role in male contests. It was also suggested that the length from the base to the widest part of the femur had a functional significance for male-male combat behaviors ofL. australis.     

Zinc status is independently related to the bone mineral density,fracture risk assessment tool result,and bone fracture history: Results from a U.S. nationally representative survey

PurposePrevious reports have identified the important role of zinc in bone health. Although the risk of zinc deficiency is still a concern in the U.S., there has never been an in-depth study of the association between zinc status and bone health in a sample representing the country.MethodsWe included 2,895 subjects (aged ≥ 40 years) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014 to explore the relationship among three biomarkers of zinc (serum, food, and total intake), the bone mineral density (BMD) of the total spine and femur, the FRAX® scores, and the previous history of bone fractures.ResultsWe showed a one-unit increase in the ln-serum zinc level was associated with an increase in the total spine BMD (ß = 0.068; S.E. = 0.028; P = 0.030) and total femur BMD (ß = 0.061; S.E. = 0.017; P = 0.003), while a one-unit increase in the ln-food zinc intake amount was correlated with an increase in the total femur BMD in the participants (ß = 0.023; S.E. = 0.009; P = 0.021). The ln-total zinc intake amount was correlated with an increase in the total femur BMD in women (ß = 0.016; S.E. = 0.007; P = 0.041). We also found food zinc intake was negatively correlated with the FRAX® score, while increased levels of all three zinc biomarkers were associated with a decreased incidence of previous bone fractures.ConclusionsIn this representative survey of American adults above 40 years old, higher zinc status was associated with higher total spine and femoral BMD, lower FRAX® scores, and lower incidence of previous fractures. If this finding is causal, increased zinc intake remains an important issue for Americans.     

Effects of spirulina, a blue-green alga, on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats and hindlimb-unloaded mice

The safety and effectiveness were examined of the spirulina alga on bone metabolism in ovariectomized estrogen-deficient rats and hindlimb-unloaded mice. The dosage range was from an amount equal to that recommended in so-called health foods for humans (0.08 g/kg BW/day) to a 100-fold higher dose. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole femur and tibia of ovariectomized rats in the any spirulina-treated groups was not significantly different from that of the ovariectomized group, although BMD of the distal femur and proximal tibia was significantly lower in the spirulina-treated groups than in the ovariectomized group after a 6 week-experimental period. BMD of the femur and tibia was not affected by treatment with any dose of spirulina in hindlimb-unloaded mice. These results suggest that the intake of spirulina decreased BMD in the trabecular bone of rodents under estrogen-deficient conditions.     

中国甘肃突颜蝗属一新种(直翅目,蝗总科,癞蝗科)(英文)

记述了采自甘肃的突颜蝗属1新种,素色突颜蝗Eotmethis unicolor sp.nov.,新种与突颜蝗E.nasutus Bei-Bienko,1948近似,区别特征为:体色单一,后足股节外侧无暗色斑纹,后股节内侧下缘全长具红色细边,后足胫节刺内侧红色,后足跗节红色。新种也与红缘突颜蝗Eotmethis rufemarginisZheng,1985近似,区别特征为:雄性前翅到达腹部第6节背板,复眼的横径是颜面隆起在触角基部中间突起长度的2.2倍,后足股节外侧缺2个黑色斑块,后足跗节红色。模式标本保存于河北大学生命科学学院。正模♂,甘肃景泰,海拔1850m,2006-07-18,李新江,郑金玉采。词源:新种名出自拉丁前缀uni-(单一),后缀-color(颜色),示体色单一(素色)的突颜蝗。     

Effects of Aluminum Exposure on Bone Mineral Density,Mineral, and Trace Elements in Rats

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of aluminum (Al) exposure on bone mineral elements, trace elements, and bone mineral density (BMD) in rats. One hundred Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups. Experimental rats were given drinking water containing aluminum chloride (AlCl₃, 430 mg Al³⁺/L), whereas control rats were given distilled water for up to 150 days. Ten rats were sacrificed in each group every 30 days. The levels of Al, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), boron (B), and strontium (Sr) in bone and the BMD of femur were measured. Al-treated rats showed lower deposition of Ca, P, and Mg compared with control rats. Levels of trace elements (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Se, B, and Sr) were significantly lower in the Al-treated group than in the control group from day 60, and the BMD of the femur metaphysis in the Al-treated group was significantly lower than in the control group on days 120 and 150. These findings indicate that long-term Al exposure reduces the levels of mineral and trace elements in bone. As a result, bone loss was induced (particularly in cancellous bone).     

Serum equol, bone mineral density and biomechanical bone strength differ among four mouse strains

The extent of conversion of daidzein to its metabolite, equol, by intestinal microflora may be a critical step that determines if a diet rich in daidzein protects against the deterioration of bone after estrogen withdrawal. The objective was to determine the extent that daidzein is converted to equol. In addition, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and strength of femurs and lumbar vertebrae (LV) in four mouse strains were measured. Mice were ovariectomized and fed control diet (AIN93G) with or without daidzein (200 mg daidzein/kg diet) for 3 weeks, after which serum, femurs and LV were collected. Serum daidzein and equol were elevated in all mice fed daidzein. Among mice fed daidzein, the CD-1 and Swiss–Webster (SW) mice had higher (P<.001) serum equol than C57BL/6 (C57) and C3H mice. Differences due to mouse strain were observed for all bone outcomes. C57 mice had lower femur BMC (P<.001), BMD (P<.001) and peak load at femur midpoint (P<.001) and neck (P<.001) than other mouse strains. C57 mice also had a lower femur midpoint yield load (P<.001) and resilience (P<.001) than C3H mice. C57 mice had a lower LV1–4 BMC (P<.001) and BMD (P<.001) compared with all mouse strains and peak load of LV3 was lower than CD-1 and SW mice. Differences in serum equol, BMD and bone strength properties should be considered when selecting a mouse strain for investigating whether dietary strategies that include isoflavones preserve bone tissue after ovariectomy.     

The effects of socioeconomic status on endochondral and appositional bone growth,and acquisition of cortical bone in children from 19th century Birmingham,England

Endochondral growth, appositional growth, and acquisition of cortical bone thickness in the femur are investigated in subadult skeletons (N = 43, dental age range birth to 12 years) from the 19^th‐century AD burial site of St. Martin's churchyard, Birmingham, England. Endochondral growth is monitored using diaphyseal femoral length. Appositional growth is monitored using radiographic midshaft mediolateral width and acquisition of cortical bone using combined mediolateral cortical thickness measured at the midshaft from radiographs. The methodology involves plotting these variables against dental age. Growth is compared in children of differing socioeconomic status. Higher and lower status individuals are identified in the assemblage by their burial in brick vaults in the case of the former and in earth‐cut graves in the case of the latter. The relationships between bone dimensions and dental age are described using a polynomial regression procedure, and analysis of regression residuals is used to evaluate differences in bone dimension‐for‐dental age between the two status groups. Results show that lower socioeconomic status individuals had lower cortical thickness‐for‐dental age than those of higher status. This was interpreted as likely reflecting poorer nutrition in the children of lower socioeconomic backgrounds. There was no patterning with respect to socioeconomic status in femur diaphyseal length or midshaft width. The results support the idea that, for skeletal populations, growth in cortical thickness may be a more sensitive indicator of adverse conditions in childhood than growth in bone length or width. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Biochemical anatomy of human bone: comparative study of compact and spongy bone in femur, rib and iliac crest

Using EDTA extraction procedure, compact and spongy bone from human femur, rib and iliac crest were compared in terms of their content in collagen, sialoprotein, proteoglycan and carbohydrate. The bone matrix sizes displayed significant variations, the femur having the smallest size and iliac crest the largest one. No significant difference in the matrix size has been found between the spongy and compact bone. The EDTA extractability of the spongy bone was higher than that of the compact bone, with femur showing the lowest extractability. The collagen content of the 3 bones studied was similar although the femur had slightly lower values. The sialic and uronic acids and hexose contents were higher in the femur than in the rib and iliac crest. The collagen/hexose, collagen/sialic acid and collagen/uronic acid ratios in the bone matrix were highest in the iliac crest and lowest in the femur, suggesting that alterations in the amounts of bone matrix can affect the mechanical properties of different parts of the bony skeleton and vice versa.     

Comparative study of zinc, copper, manganese, and iron concentrations in organs of zinc-deficient rats and rats treated neonatally with l-monosodium glutamate

The effects of a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet on the growth and trace element concentrations of various organs (body hair, liver, kidney, gastrocnemius muscle, and femur) of male rats were studied. Furthermore, these trace element concentrations of the above-mentioned organs in male rats neonatally treated with l-monosodium glutamate (MSG) are compared with those of the ZD rats. The ZD rats showed growth retardation compared to rats fed a zincadequate diet (controls). The feed efficiency of the ZD rats was only one-fifth of the controls. This is one reason why the ZD rats showed retarded growth. Body hair concentration of zinc (Zn) in the ZD rats was significantly lower than in the controls. On the other hand, copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) concentrations in the body hair were significantly higher in the ZD rats than in the controls. Moreover, the apparent absorption rate of these trace elements was significantly higher in the ZD rats than in the controls. The reason for the decrease in Zn contents of the body hair in the ZD rats is probably the reduced dietary Zn intake. Liver and kidney concentrations of Zn in the ZD rats were significantly lower than in the controls. Femur Zn concentrations in the control rats showed higher values than in the ZD rats. Cu and Mn concentrations in the femur in the ZD rats showed higher values than in the controls. Ninh et al. suggested that growth retardation in ZD rats is the result of a decrease in protein biosynthesis. The results of this study support their theory. The reasons for the use of MSG-treated rats in this study are as follows. (1) We reported on the head hair concentration of the above-mentioned elements from pituitary dwarfism (human growth hormone deficient) patients. In that study, the sample was restricted to head hair from pituitary dwarfism patients. More detailed physiological data may be obtained by the used of MSG-treated rats. (2) We took notice of many resemblances between the pituitary dwarfism patients and the MSG-treated rats in morbidity. The MSG-treated rats showed a severe growth retardation compared to NaCl-treated controls. Zn concentration in the body hair was significantly higher in the MSG-treated rats than in the NaCl-treated controls. For the other trace element concentrations, there were no significant differences between the MSG-treated rats and the NaCl-treated controls. The concentrations of these trace elements in the liver of the MSG-treated rats were lower than in the NaCl-treated controls. In the MSG-treated rats, the concentrations of Zn and Cu in the femur were higher than in the NaCl-treated controls. However, the Fe concentration in the femur of the MSG-treated rats showed lower values compared with NaCl-treated controls. The results of this study suggest that the reduction of rat growth hormone (rGH) secretion and/or its synthesis are a consequence of the impairment of rGH anabolic effects. Furthermore it indicates that MSG-treated rats are useful as an in vivo model for the study of the effects of GH.     

中国新疆蝗属一新种(直翅目,蝗科,大足蝗亚科)(英文)

记述新疆蝗属1新种,黄胫新疆蝗Xinjiangacris flavitibis sp. nov.。新种近似于红胫新疆蝗Xinjiangacris rufitibisZheng,1993,但区别于后者为:前翅超过后足股节顶端;肘脉域宽为中脉域宽的3倍:后足股节下侧黄色后足胫节黄褐色。模式模本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

中国台湾小车蝗属三新种及中国已知种检索表(直翅目,蝗总科,斑翅蝗科,斑翅蝗亚科)（英文）

记述了中国台湾小车蝗属Oedaleus Fieber,1853的3新种。新种夏氏小车蝗Oedaleus xiai sp.nov.前翅短,刚到达后足股节顶端,可同本属所有已知种相区别。新种高雄小车蝗Oedaleus kaohsiungensis sp.nov.与台湾小车蝗Oe.formosana(Shiraki,1910)近似,不同之处为后足股节内侧具黑色斑纹和后足胫节黄褐色,非红色。新种南投小车蝗Oedaleus nantouensis sp.nov.与台湾小车蝗Oe.formosana(Shiraki,1910)近似,不同之处为复眼较大,纵径等于眼下沟的长度;中胸腹板中隔很宽,最小宽度为长的1.8倍。新种南投小车蝗Oedaleus nantouensis sp.nov.与高雄小车蝗Oedaleus kaohsiungensis sp.nov.也近似,不同之处为后足股节下缘红色,后足胫节红色。列出了产于中国的小车蝗属13个种的检索表。模式标本存于自然科学博物馆,台中,台湾,中国。     

中国四川夏蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)(英文)

记述采自四川峨眉山夏蚱属Xiaitettix 1新种,峨眉山夏蚱Xiaitettix emeishanensis sp.nov.。模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物所标本室。峨眉山夏蚱,新种Xiaitettix emeishanensis sp.nov.(图1～4)本种因其头顶侧缘明显反折,略高于复眼;前胸背板后突末端钝角形;后足股节外侧下隆线具3个片状突起;体暗绿色;后足胫节黑色,端部和基部具淡色环区别属内其它种。正模♀,四川峨眉山(雷音寺),海拔800m,2011-08-04,杨瑞刚采。副模1♀,同正模。词源:新种种名源自模式产地峨眉山。     

Comparison of mandibular bone mineral density in osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal elderly edentulous subjects measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technique

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00625.x Comparison of mandibular bone mineral density in osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal elderly edentulous subjects measured by the dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry technique Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the mandibular body bone mineral density according to bone mineral density status of spine and femur measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique in elderly edentulous individuals. Background: One of the factors that affect the survival rate of implants is bone mineral density (BMD) of the jaws. Materials and methods: Fifty edentulous elderly patients’ (27 women and 23 men) spine, femur and the mandibular body BMDs were measured using DXA technique. BMD scans of the AP lumbar spine (L2–L3) and femur were classified using World Health Organisation criteria for bone mass. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the normal femur group’s–osteoporosis group’s mandibular body BMD (p = 0.001) and femoral osteopaenia group’s–osteoporosis group’s mandibular body BMD (p < 0.001). The femoral osteoporosis group’s mandibular body BMDs were lower than those of both the normal femoral and the femoral osteopaenia group subjects’. Conclusion: Classification of edentulous mandibles according to low and high bone mineral densities is a problem in implant dentistry. The results of this study demonstrated that femoral bone mineral density status may be used to provide preliminary information about the bone mineral density of the mandibular body region in elderly edentulous subjects.     

Length estimate for KNM-ER 736, a hominid femur from the lower pleistocene of East Africa

Our knowledge concerning stature in earlyHomo is scanty. In this paper, based on comparison with the fossil femur KNM-ER 999, an estimate of 482 mm femur length is derived for KNM-ER 736, the latter dating from the Lower Pleistocene. From comparison with other fossil and modern femora, KNM-ER 736 appears to be the longest hominid femur so far recovered from a site of Early Pleistocene age. Moreover, the estimated femur length is higher than the published mean values of most modern populations. Provided that trunk and head proportions were not radically different from modernH. sapiens, the finding would suggest that a stature similar to that of modern man was already reached by East AfricanHomo as early as about 1.6 Myr before present.     

Evolution of femur and tibia in higher primates: Adaptive morphological patterns and phylogenetic diversity

Seventy six metrical traits measured on the femur and tibia of three higher primate groups —Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea have been processed by various univariate and multivariate statistical methods to survey the process of evolution of the morphology of the femur and tibia in higher primates. Intragroup and intergroup variability, similarity and differences as well as various aspects of scaling and sexual dimorphism have been analyzed to study adaptive trends and phylogenetic diversity in higher primates, in individual superfamilies and to explore the adaptive morphological pattern of early hominids and basic differences between hominids and pongids. Two basic morphotypes of the femur and tibia in higher primates have been determined. They are (1) advanced hominoid morphotype (hominids and pongids) and (2) ancestral higher primate morphotype (platyrrhine and cattarrhine monkeys, early hominoids, and hylobatids). Cebid lower limb bones are adapted to arboreal quadrupedalism with antipronograde features while femur and tibia of cercopithecid monkeys are basically adapted to the semi-arboreal locomotion. Early hominoids (Proconsul) and hylobatids are morphologically different from pongids; some features are close toAteles or other monkey species. Pongids and hominids are taken as one major morphological group with different scaling and some functional and morphological similarities. Numerous analogous features were described on the lower limb skeleton ofPan andPongo showing analogous ecological parameters in their evolution. Major morphological and biomechanical trends are analyzed. It is argued that early advanced hominoid morphology is ancestral both to the pongids and to early hominids. The progressive morphological trend in early hominids has been found fromA. afarensis with ancestral hominid morphology, toH. habilis with an elongated femur and structural features similar to advanced hominids. A detailed phylogenetic analysis of higher primate femur and tibia is also presented.     

青海省原金蝗属一新种(直翅目,斑腿蝗科)

记述采白青海省昂欠县原金蝗属l新种,昂欠原金蝗Eokingdonella angqianensis sp.nov.,新种近似于龙胆原金蝗Eokingdonella gentiana(Uvarov,1939),其主要区别为:1)雄性腹部末端背板小尾片极小,三角形;2)雄性肛上板狭长.顶狭圆;3)雄性尾须不到达肛上板顶端;4)后足股节下侧基2/3红色.端1/3黑色.模式标本保存于青海师范大学生命与地理科学学院动物标本窜.     

运动与17β-雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠血清17β-雌二醇和后肢骨骨密度的影响

目的：观察跑台运动和17β-雌二醇（E2）对去卵巢大鼠血清E2水平和后肢骨骨密度（BMD）的影响。方法：按体重将120只成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术、假手术运动、去卵巢、去卵巢运动、雌激素、雌激素加运动6个组。假手术运动、去卵巢运动和雌激素加运动组每周进行5次60min、18m／min的平坡跑台运动训练,雌激素和雌激素加运动组每周按体重颈部皮下注射3次E2,每次50μg／kg体重。分别在运动和给药正式处理7和14周时,用放射免疫法检测血清E2水平;用双能X线骨密度仪检测右侧胫骨和股骨BMD的变化。结果：运动和给药正式处理7周时,去卵巢组胫骨近端、股骨近端和远端BMD以及血清E2水平均显著低于假手术组;去卵巢运动加E2组股骨近端和远端BMD显著高于去卵巢组,E2组和去卵巢运动加E2组大鼠血清E2水平显著高于去卵巢组。运动和给药正式处理14周时,去卵巢组大鼠胫骨近端、股骨近端和远端BMD以及血清E2水平均显著低于假手术组,假手术运动组股骨近端BMD显著高于假手术组;去卵巢运动组、E2组和去卵巢运动加E2组大鼠血清E2水平显著高于去卵巢组,去卵巢运动组股骨远端BMD显著高于去卵巢组,E2组和去卵巢运动加E2组胫骨近端、股骨近端和远端BMD均显著高于去卵巢组;去卵巢运动组大鼠胫骨近端BMD和血清E2水平显著低于去卵巢运动加E2组,E2组胫骨近端BMD显著高于去卵巢运动加E2组。结论：E2和较高中等强度跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠股骨和胫骨松质骨骨量减缓的效应是独立的。     

The response of Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant female rats to a space flight model

Vitamin D metabolism in the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat, a model of salt-induced hypertension, differs from that in the Dahl salt-resistant (R) rat. We have tested the hypothesis that differences in vitamin D metabolism would render the Dahl S rat more susceptible than the Dahl R rat to the effects of a space flight model. Dahl female rats were tail suspended (hind limb unloaded) for 28 days, while fed a low salt (3 g/kg sodium chloride) diet. Plasma 25-OHD concentrations of S rats were significantly lower than that of R rats. Plasma 1,25-(OH)2D concentration was 50% lower in unloaded than in loaded S rats, but was unaffected in unloaded R rats. The left soleus muscle weight and breaking strength of the left femur (torsion test) were 50% and 25% lower in unloaded than in loaded S and R rats. The mineral content of the left femur, however, was significantly lower (by 11%) only in unloaded S rats. We conclude that female S rats are more vulnerable than female R rats to decreases in plasma 1,25-(OH)2D concentration and femur mineral content during hind limb unloading, but equally vulnerable to muscle atrophy and reduced breaking strength of the femur.