盐度对暗纹东方鲀生长、非特异性免疫和抗氧化酶活力的影响简

实验比较不同盐度处理对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)的生长、非特异性免疫和抗氧化酶活力的影响。实验设置6‰、12‰、18‰、24‰和30‰5个盐度处理组,淡水组设为对照组。分别在实验的第1、第5、第10、第15、第20、第30、第40和第50天进行取样测定,并进行溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力测定。当盐度≤18‰时,鱼的生长受影响较小,而在盐度为24‰和30‰的高盐度组中鱼体生长受到较大抑制,并且死亡率随着盐度的增加而增高。经盐度处理后,溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活力先逐渐增加,在达到最高峰后又逐渐降低,在24‰和30‰的高盐度组中,最终酶活力显著低于对照组水平。超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活力也呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,最终保持与对照组相似的水平。结果表明,高盐度(24‰和30‰)对暗纹东方鲀的生长、非特异性免疫和抗氧化酶活力均有显著的影响。     

盐度对暗纹东方鲀生长、非特异性免疫和抗氧化酶活力的影响

实验比较不同盐度处理对暗纹东方鲀（Takifugu obscurus）的生长、非特异性免疫和抗氧化酶活力的影响。实验设置6、12、18、24和30 5个盐度处理组,淡水组设为对照组。分别在实验的第1、第5、第10、第15、第20、第30、第40和第50天进行取样测定,并进行溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力测定。当盐度18时,鱼的生长受影响较小,而在盐度为24和30的高盐度组中鱼体生长受到较大抑制,并且死亡率随着盐度的增加而增高。经盐度处理后,溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活力先逐渐增加,在达到最高峰后又逐渐降低,在24和30的高盐度组中,最终酶活力显著低于对照组水平。超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活力也呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,最终保持与对照组相似的水平。结果表明,高盐度（24和30）对暗纹东方鲀的生长、非特异性免疫和抗氧化酶活力均有显著的影响。       

海水和淡化水养殖凡纳滨对虾饲料蛋白需求量的比较研究

本研究从生长、饲料利用和体成分等指标综合评价饲料蛋白质含量对凡纳滨对虾的影响。研究发现,在海水养殖环境下,饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、蛋白效率和虾体粗蛋白含量均有显著性影响(p<0.05)。摄食饲料蛋白含量38%的海养凡纳滨对虾有较高的存活率、增重率以及最高的特定生长率。饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加而减小,虾体粗蛋白含量随饲料蛋白水平升高而增加,而蛋白含量38%和41%实验组饵料系数和虾体粗蛋白含量均没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。淡化水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率随饲料蛋白水平的增加而提高,而增重率和特定生长率均在饲料蛋白含量35%实验组最高,饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加先减小后增大,蛋白含量35%实验组饵料系数显著小于其他实验组。海水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率、末体重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均高于淡水养殖的对虾。对虾虾体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均随盐度升高而升高,而虾体水分随着盐度的升高而降低。     

黑鲪的生长和生态转换效率及其主要影响因素

采用室内流水模拟实验法测定了黑鲪的生长和生态转换效率,及其温度、摄食水平、体重和饵料生物种类的影响．黑鲪的特定生长率随摄食水平增大而减速增长;而特定生长率随温度升高或生态转换效率随温度和摄食水平增大均呈倒Ｕ 型变化趋势; 实验条件下的最大和最佳生长温度分别为１６ ．３ ℃和１５ ．８ ℃,维持摄食量和最佳摄食量分别为黑鱼君 体重的０ ．７９ ％ 和４ ．１０ ％ ．黑鱼君的特定生长率和生态转换效率却随体重增长均呈减速降低趋势．摄食小型鱼类饵料,有利于加速黑鱼君生长速度,但对其生态转换效率却无显著性影响     

黑Jun的生长和生态转换效率及其主要影响因素

采用室内流水模拟实验法测定了黑Ｊｕｎ的生长和生态转换效率,及其温度,摄食水平,体重和饵料生物种类的影响,黑Ｊｕｎ的特定生长率随摄食水平增大而减速增长;而特定生长率随温度升高或生态转换效率随温度和摄食水平增大均呈倒Ｕ型变化趋势;实验条件下的最大和最佳生长温度分别为１６．３℃和１５．８℃。维持摄食量和最佳摄食量分别为黑Ｊｕｎ体重的０．７９％和４．１０％。     

真(鱼岁)(Phoxinus phoxinus(L.))的能量收支各组分与摄食量、体重及温度的关系

在不同的摄食水平(饥饿—最大量)及温度(5—15℃)下,对1—5g的真(鱼岁)的摄食量、排粪量、排泄量、代谢量,生长量及生化组成作了测定。真(鱼岁)的最大摄食量随体重及温度增加而增加。食物能量平均有6.5％损失于粪便中,5.1％损失于排泄物中。摄食代谢随摄食量增加而增加。在同一温度下,特定生长率与摄食量的关系是一减速增长曲线。当摄食不受限制时,生长率随温度增加而增加;当摄食受限制时,生长率随温度增加而下降。鱼体的干物质含量及能量含量随摄食量增加而增加。     

鳜和乌鳢最适温度的研究

研究了体重47.2-540.2g的鳜和45.0-546.2g的乌鳢的最适摄食和生长温度。结果表明,鳜的最大摄食率随温度的上升而增大,在25-35℃之间形成“最适温度平台”,低温（10-25℃）时,乌鳢的最大摄食率随温度的上升而增加,在25-30℃之间形成“最适温度平台”,之后随温度的增加而下降,鳜的特定生长率随温度的增加而加快,在25-35℃“最适温度平台”,乌鳢的特定生长率受体重和温度的交互影响。     

东海春季水华期浮游植物生长与微型浮游动物摄食

2005年4～6月在东海有害水华频发区14个站位采样,通过现场稀释法实验对春季东海水域浮游植物比生长率和微型浮游动物比摄食率进行了研究.结果表明东海有害水华频发区浮游植物群落以甲藻为优势.浮游植物比生长率在水华爆发前相对较低,平均为1.18 d~(-1);进入水华期后比生长率明显升高,但在水华站位随现存量增加而降低;非水华区比生长率近岸高、远岸低.微型浮游动物主要以急游虫和桡足类幼体为主,而种类上以砂壳纤毛虫居多.微型浮游动物比摄食率在水华爆发前波动较大,介于0.53～1.73 d~(-1),平均为0.90 d~(-1);在水华区比摄食率较为稳定,浮游植物比生长率的降低导致群落净生长率持续下降;在非水华区,比摄食率整体较高,近岸低而远岸高.微型浮游动物的摄食对浮游植物群落的生长有一定的控制作用,但在水华爆发后这种控制作用将减弱.     

养殖密度对史氏鲟消化率、摄食率和生长的影响

以体重（43.90±1.75）g史氏鲟为研究对象,研究了0.525、1.171和2.138 kg·m^-2 3种养殖密度对史氏鲟幼鱼生长、摄食率和消化率的影响,实验时间为60 d.结果表明,养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长、摄食率和消化率具有显著影响.高养殖密度不利于史氏鲟的生长,低密度组中史氏鲟的特定生长率和日增重显著高于高密度组,食物转化率显著低于高密度组;特定生长率和日增重随养殖密度的降低而显著增高.低密度组、中密度组中史氏鲟的消化率无显著差异,但均显著高于高密度组.中密度组摄食率显著低于高密度组和低密度组,低密度组摄食率介于两者之间;食物转化率和消化率呈显著负相关,特定生长率与消化率呈显著正相关.     

摄食水平对不同性别食蚊鱼仔幼鱼生长发育的影响

在实验室27℃水温下,研究了少食、中食和饱食三个摄食水平对0至25日龄雌雄食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的生长发育特征和饵料利用效率的影响。26d饲养实验结束后,对试验鱼摄食和生长指标、臀鳍分化、性成熟及饵料转换效率进行分析。结果显示:到臀鳍开始分化时,饱食组雄鱼的累计摄食总能量和生长速度开始小于雌鱼,且随日龄的增加差异加大;随摄食水平的增加,0日龄仔鱼到臀鳍分化和性成熟的时间缩短。至实验结束,各摄食组的雄鱼均形成发育完善的生殖足,性腺都达到成熟状态;而雌鱼性成熟迟于雄鱼,且其性成熟更易受到摄食水平的影响,饱食组只有约50%的个体达到性成熟,少食组的卵母细胞则均处在小生长期。随着摄食水平的增加,雌雄鱼的体长、体重和干物质特定生长率均呈明显上升趋势,而干物质饵料转化效率则呈明显下降趋势;实验结束时,雌鱼的生长指标和干物质饵料转化率均大于雄鱼。以上结果表明,伴随臀鳍的分化,食蚊鱼在摄食、生长、发育、性成熟和应对食物丰度变化上表现出显著的性别差异。       

Effects of salinity on food intake, growth, and survival of pufferfish (Fugu obscurus)

The food intake, growth, food conversion ratio and survival of yearling pufferfish, Fugu obscurus Abe, were investigated under different water salinity conditions over a 54‐day period. Within the salinity regimes of 0 (freshwater), 8, 18, and 35‰, the food intake levels were 0.97%, 1.43%, 1.19% and 1.01%, respectively; food conversion ratios were 1.31, 1.93, 1.61 and 1.36, respectively; and specific growth rates were 0.41%, 1.15%, 0.84%, and 0.35%, respectively. The three data series were reduced with increasing salinity. However, the survival rates did not show the same tendencies, which were 80%, 100%, 100%, and 67%, respectively. There were significant differences among the treatments. In conclusion, the yearling pufferfish optimum culture salinity condition was about 8‰.     

Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) could be suitable for coastal aquaculture

Salinity intrusion in the coastal freshwater rivers due to climate change and construction of the dam in the upstream rivers are alarming in aquaculture. Hence, an experiment was conducted to know the effects of salinity on growth performance, hemato‐biochemical parameters and erythrocytes structure in a commercially cultivable catfish species, striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Firstly, median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of salinity for striped catfish was determined and then the fish were exposed to three salinity conditions (4, 8 and 12‰) and a control (0‰). Fish were sacrificed at day 7, 14, 28 and 56 after the start of salinity exposure. The 96 hr LC₅₀ value was found to be 14.87‰. Salinity levels from freshwater to 8‰ showed optimal conditions with high survival rate and good growth performances of fish in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR). Interestingly, the lowest food conversion ratio (FCR) was found in 4‰ group. The hemoglobin (Hb) level and number of red blood cells (RBCs) were found to be decreased significantly in 8 and 12‰ compared to 0 and 4‰ at the initial days of exposure, while number of white blood cells (WBCs) and glucose level showed opposite scenario. Frequencies of ENA (erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities) and ECA (erythrocytic cellular abnormalities) were significantly increased with increasing salinities in the initial days of exposure. Overall, findings of the present study revealed that striped catfish might be suitable fish species for culture in the brackish water containing salinity up to 10‰.     

Effects of salinity on the growth and nutrient retention in silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell 1838) (Teraponidae)

The silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, is a native Australian freshwater fish of the highest aquaculture potential. The species is known to tolerate a certain extent of salinity. Silver perch juveniles were fed a commercial diet (45% protein) and reared at salinities 0, 4, 8 and 12 in order to assess weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and nutrient retention at these four salinities. Fish reared at salinity 4 (P < 0.05) showed the best weight gain, SGR, FCR and a significantly better performance. Nitrogen and phosphorus retention were also significantly better in fish reared at salinity 4 (P < 0.05).     

The growth of juvenile flounders (Platichthys flesus L.) at salinities of 0, 5, 15 and 35%%

Growth and food intake of juvenile flounders from the Kiel Bight were measured experimentally at different salinities (0, 5, 15 and 35 %). The growth at the middle levels (5 and 15 %) was faster then at 0 and 35 %. The reason for lower rates of increase in the freshwater group is the lower food intake. In the 35 % group the slower growth is caused by the worse food conversion. The variance of the individual growth rates in the 15 % salinity group remains far below the values of all other groups.     

Partial compensatory growth in hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus following food deprivation

The capacity of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus [23.2 ± 0.2 g (mean ± SE)] to show compensatory growth was assessed in an 8‐week experiment. Fish were deprived of feed for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, and then fed to satiation for 4 weeks; fish fed to satiation during the experiment served as control. Water temperature gradually declined from 28.1 to 25.5°C throughout the experiment. Specific growth rate (SGR) decreased with progressive food deprivation. At the end of deprivation, body weight was lower in the deprived fish than in the control. Fish deprived for 4 weeks exhibited lower contents of lipids and energy in whole body, and higher moisture content and ratio of protein to energy (P/E) than those of the control; they also consumed feed faster than the control when normal feeding was resumed. All deprived fish showed higher food intake (FI) than that of the control during re‐alimentation; however, enhanced SGR was only observed in the fish deprived for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in digestibility of protein and energy, food efficiency (FE) or energy retention efficiency between the control and deprived fish. At the end of re‐alimentation, deprived fish failed to catch up in body weight with the control, while content of moisture, lipids and energy, and P/E in whole body of the deprived fish did not significantly differ from that of the control. The results of the experiment revealed that the hybrid tilapia reared in freshwater showed partial capacity for compensatory growth following food deprivation of 4 weeks, and that growth compensation was due mainly to increased FI, rather than to improved FE.     

温度与盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化酶活力的协同影响

采用中心复合试验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(response surface methodology, RSM),探讨了温度(16～37 ℃)和盐度(0～18)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化酶活力的协同影响.结果表明： 温度和盐度的一次与二次效应对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼特定生长率（SGR）有显著影响(P<0.05),随着温度或盐度的上升,其特定生长率呈先升后降的变化.温度与盐度间存在互作效应(P<0.05),温度为16～20 ℃时,幼鱼的特定生长率在盐度为9～10时较高;在温度27～32 ℃、盐度3～5时较高;高温环境下（35～37 ℃）,淡水环境中的幼鱼生长较快.温度和盐度分别为28～30 ℃和6～8时,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力较高,温度的一次效应与盐度的二次效应对两种酶活力均有显著影响(P<0.05),温度与盐度对CAT活力有互作效应,高温与高盐环境会抑制SOD和CAT活力的表达.SGR、SOD和CAT因子与响应值间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.954、0.831和0.942(P<0.05),可用于预测;温度效应对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和抗氧化酶活力的影响较盐度明显.在罗非鱼的养殖过程中应合理安排养殖环境,降低氧化胁迫,以促进罗非鱼的生长与抗病力的提高.     

Effect of inland water salinity on growth performance and nutritional physiology in growing milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): field and laboratory studies

To investigate the effect of inland groundwater salinity on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, nutrient retention and intestinal enzyme activity in milkfish, two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment (Expt I), a 100‐day monoculture of Chanos chanos [mean body weight (BW): 2.2 g] at different salinities (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25‰) was carried out in ponds fertilized with cowdung (about 10 000 kg ha^?1 year^?1) and poultry droppings (about 3000 kg ha^?1 year^?1). The fish were fed a compounded supplementary diet (containing 40% protein) at 5% BW day^?1. Studies have revealed that growth increased with each increase in the salinity level; the highest values in weight gain and energy assimilated were observed in ponds maintained at 25‰ salinity [weight: 322.2 g and specific growth rate (SGR): 8.3]. Highest values of condition factor (0.7) and exponential value (n) of the length–weight relationship (LWR; n = 3.25) were also observed in ponds maintained at 25‰ salinity. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), pH and nutrient release remained at the optimal level during the culture period. High values of chlorophyll a, net primary productivity (NPP), phytoplankton and zooplankton population coincided with the highest values of alkalinity and turbidity in ponds maintained at 25‰ salinity. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of chlorides (r = 0.91), conductivity (r = 0.89) and hardness (r = 0.96) with fish growth. Productivity indicating parameters viz. NPP (r = 0.45), nitrate (r = 0.94) and o‐PO₄ (r = 0.52) also showed a significant positive correlation with fish weight gain. In the second experiment (Expt II), milkfish (mean BW: 3.7 g) fry were exposed to different levels of salinity (0.0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30‰), and maintained for 90 days in the laboratory. Significantly (P < 0.05) high growth (percentage increase in BW: 183.1 and SGR: 1.2), feed conversion efficiency (64.5%) and intestinal enzyme activity (protease 5.1, amylase 4.1 and cellulolytic 3.2) were observed in the group maintained at 25 ppt salinity in comparison with other groups similarly maintained at low or high salinity levels. Carcass composition, muscle and liver glycogen levels were also significantly (P < 0.05) affected by salinity changes. The significance of these findings is discussed in this paper.     

鱼类饥饿处理量化及处理因子贡献率的神经网络随机化测试

设一直投喂(SR00)、周期性饥饿2 d再投喂2 d (SR22)、饥饿7 d再投喂2 d (SR72)和饥饿7 d再投喂7 d (SR77) 4种投喂方式,将投喂方式量化为饥饿压力(SS)和循环率(CF)因子,并结合8周实验的干物质摄食量(FI)、鱼体重(BW)、温度(TE)、盐度(SA)、pH (PH)和生长时间(GT)因子,分别对花鲈增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和干物质饲料转换率(FCR)构建神经网络并对其进行预测.结果表明,不同处理对WG、SGR和FCR的影响均存在显著差异(P<0.05).饥饿处理组的WG和SGR均不能达到一直投喂组水平,除SR72处理组FCR显著高于对照处理外(P<0.05),SR22和SR77组与SR00组均无显著差异(P>0.05).人工神经网络对SGR和WG具有极佳的预测效果,但对FCR无效.8个分析因子中,FI、SS、CF和GT对WG、SGR有显著贡献,且WG的大小主要取决于FI,而SGR主要取决于SS.随机化测试显示,实验处理因子(包括相关的FI因子)对WG和SGR的贡献率分别为64.9%和79.7%.     

盐度对异育银鲫呼吸和氨氮排泄生理的影响

研究了异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibeliovar. E′erqisi)从淡水向盐度1.5‰、3‰、6‰、9‰、12‰突变与适应过程中的呼吸和氨氮排泄生理的变化规律。结果表明:盐度突变开始时,异育银鲫的耗氧率和排氨率随外界盐度的升高而增大,随盐度作用时间延长,耗氧率和排氨率升到最大值后又开始下降并最终维持在稳定水平,但开始下降的时间和下降的幅度以及最终的稳定水平与外界盐度有关。盐度1.5‰和3‰处理组在作用12h时耗氧率升到最大值,此后下降,于第3天后保持在比淡水对照组略低的稳定水平,但二者差异不显著(P0.05);盐度6‰和9‰处理组在作用到第3天后才开始缓慢下降,并分别于第10、15天时保持在显著高于淡水对照的稳定水平(P0.05);盐度12‰处理组也在第3天后下降,到第10天后保持在比淡水对照组略低的稳定水平,但二者差异不显著(P0.05)。各盐度处理组的排氨率均在盐度作用24h时达到最大值,其中盐度1.5‰处理组的变化不显著(P0.05),其他各组均显著升高(P0.05),并都于第10天时下降到稳定水平,其中盐度3‰处理组的稳定水平略低于对照组(P0.05),盐度6‰、9‰、12‰处理组的稳定水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。     

Evidence of differences in growth and food intake regulation in different genetic strains of channel catfish

Norris and USDA-103 strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were compared for growth rate and food conversion ratio under satiation feeding and restricted feeding (1% body weight day⁻¹) regimes. At the start of the experiment Norris fish weighed 2·8 g, USDA-103 fish weighed 14·0 g. Therefore, a regression of the loge of specific growth rate against the log_e of mean body size with an empirically derived fixed slope of -0·37 was used to compare growth rates. Under both feeding regimes the USDA-103 strain had faster specific growth rates and more efficient food conversion. In subsequent studies, voluntary food intake of size matched fish (60 g average) from these two strains was compared using a radiographic method. Fish were acclimatized to tank conditions for 3 weeks prior to voluntary food intake measurement. Half of the groups were deprived of food for 2 days prior to food intake measurement, while the remaining groups were fed 1% body weight day⁻¹. The USDA-103 strain fish ate significantly more food and grew faster than the Norris strain fish. Previously fasted Norris fish subsequently ate more than their fed counterparts, whereas the fed USDA-103 fish consumed more food than the fasted USDA-103 group. When the USDA-103 strain fish were deprived of food for 4 , 2 or 0 days, all groups subsequently consumed between 4·5 and 5·0% of body weight in one meal. The USDA-103 fish, unlike the Norris fish were not stimulated to consume more after short-duration fasting. Taken together, these results suggest that there are genetic differences in growth, food conversion ratio and regulation of food intake between Norris and USDA-103 strains.