棕背伯劳的生态观察

本文作者于1980—1987年,在江苏省的扬州地区,对棕背伯劳的生态进行了初步观察。其内容包括栖息地,种群数量统计,棕背伯劳全年食性的初步分析。及棕背伯劳在苏北南部每年3—7月为繁殖期,每年繁殖1—2次,每窠产卵4—8枚,多数6枚,孵卵雌鸟为主,雄鸟守卫在巢区附近的丛林中。如在孵卵期中巢被毁,棕背伯劳尚能应用旧巢材,重建新巢,补产卵一窠。孵卵期约为12—14天。     

不同色型棕背伯劳的冬季家域对比研究

棕背伯劳Lanius schach具有典型的羽色多态现象.于2008年11月14日至12月24日,采用野外直接观察法,利用GPS存取地理坐标点信息,对广东海丰鸟类自然保护区公平保护站黑、棕两种色型棕背伯劳家域进行对比研究,所得数据利用Arcview3.2和SPSS13.0软件技术分析,以探讨不同色型间在家域行为的差异.结果表明:(1)黑、棕两种色型棕背伯劳家域的平均面积分别为11270.96 m2±1807.72 m2、13425.83 m2±3038.82 m2,两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05);(2)被调查个体的家域形状均不规则,相邻家域间的重叠幅度均<1%;(3)不同色型棕背伯劳日平均活动时间区间和时间长度无显著差异(P>0.05).据此认为,棕背伯劳两种色型在家域行为上未表现出明显的分化.     

笼养状态下棕噪鹛华南亚种鸣声的初步研究

2005年10月至2006年6月对从四川省洪雅县野外捕获的10只(4♀,6♂)棕噪鹛华南亚种(Garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemy)的鸣声进行了记录并对主要鸣声进行了声谱分析。其鸣声复杂多变,可分为单声鸣叫、双声鸣叫、鸣唱和效鸣4类。研究中获得了6种单声鸣叫、3种双声鸣叫、7种鸣唱和1种效鸣的语谱图及其频谱特征。棕噪鹛雌、雄个体的鸣唱声有明显的差异,雄鸟的5种鸣唱中有3种是繁殖期所特有的。文中还对棕噪鹛鸣声的生物学意义进行了讨论。     

四川南充地区棕背伯劳的繁殖习性

2005年3~6月在四川省南充市区及近郊对棕背伯劳(Lanius schach)的繁殖习性进行了研究。结果表明,棕背伯劳2月中下旬开始繁殖,雌雄参与筑巢,多筑巢于庄稼地或菜地边缘区域的高大乔木上。对20巢共13个巢址因子主成分分析表明,影响巢址选择的主要因素有4个,累积贡献率达82.38%,其中巢位与光照因子贡献率最高,达33.47%。棕背伯劳的产卵期、孵化期及育雏期分别为5~7 d、12~14d1、4~16 d,育雏期亲鸟的喂食模式有3种。雌鸟在育雏期的暖雏高峰主要出现在8:00~9:00和16:00~17:00时。     

棕背伯劳羽色多态与MC1R基因的相关性

黑素皮质素受体1 (melanocortin-1 receptor, MC1R)基因是控制动物黑色素合成的重要基因, 鸟类羽色的变异与MC1R基因的变异有密切关系。棕背伯劳(Lanius schach)在我国东部沿海多地存在羽色多态现象, 有棕色型、黑色型和黑色白边型的分化。为了探究MC1R基因与棕背伯劳色型分化的关系, 本研究对分布于广东省的3种色型共计11只棕背伯劳的MC1R基因编码区进行单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)分析和氨基酸多态性分析。结果表明: (1) 11个实验个体的MC1R基因序列共有4种单倍型, 其中黑色型和黑色白边型共享单倍型H3。(2) 3种色型棕背伯劳MC1R基因编码区的第34-931位的899个碱基中共有47个碱基变异位点, 相对应的氨基酸序列共有18个变异位点, 这些变异位点与黑色表型无对应关系。(3)黑色型与黑色白边型个体基因型在第268-303位编码区出现了36个碱基的缺失, 对应着12个氨基酸的缺失, 该缺失与黑色表型相对应。因此推测棕背伯劳的黑化与MC1R基因碱基片段的缺失密切相关。     

棕背伯劳的雏鸟生长和出飞后行为发育的初步观察

2005年3-5月对南充地区棕背伯劳（Lanius schach）雏鸟的生长进行了观察和测量,并对出飞之后的行为发育进行了初步研究。结果表明,棕背伯劳育雏期12～13d,观察21雏成活18只,成活率为85．7％。体重、体长和其他形态特征的生长都适用于Logistic方程拟合。出飞后笼养雏鸟的“理翅羽”和“一侧翅下展,同时同侧脚下伸”行为频率最高,分别为18．81％和11．88％。     

笼养条件下灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声研究

2005年10月～2006年9月录制了灰头斑翅鹛繁殖期和非繁殖期的16种鸣声,其中雄鸟鸣声有14种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声及4种鸣唱.雌鸟鸣声有10种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声.灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声简单,其鸣叫为单音节或者单音节的重复,鸣唱均为单音节的重复.用北京阳宸公司的VS-99语音工作站对录制的鸣声进行了声谱分析并绘制出鸣声的语谱图.研究发现灰头斑翅鹛对录音回放有应答反应.     

云南省发现白化棕背伯劳

2005年9月笔者在昆明巫家坝国际机场驱赶机场害鸟时,采集到一白化伯劳标本,经鉴定为棕背伯劳Lanius schach(雀形目Passeriformes,伯劳科Laniidae).标本保存于云南大学生命科学学院动物标本室.描述如下:     

黑龙江省发现棕尾伯劳

高峰鸟类保护环志站2002年5月28日环志时,捕到一只伯劳,其大小、羽色、形态酷似红尾伯劳,但它具白色翅斑,尾羽橙棕色(锈红色)至棕褐色(图版,封4)。2006年1月,经郑光美院士鉴定,该鸟为棕尾伯劳Lanius isabellious。量度见表1。表1棕尾伯劳的环志号码和量度环志号码性别鸟体量度(mm)头喙喙长翅长体长尾长跗C06-2953♂40·0 15·0 87·0 188·0 85·0 28·0棕尾伯劳,又名荒漠伯劳。隶属雀形目伯劳科。本次捕到的是一只雄鸟,上体灰褐,尾羽棕红色,翼上有白斑,飞行时很明显。过眼纹黑色(但无眼先带);眉纹白;虹膜褐色;嘴灰色;脚深灰。鸣声丰富多变…     

寿带鸟繁殖期鸣声行为的初步研究

2006年4～7月在四川南充市对寿带鸟繁殖期的鸣声行为进行了初步研究,得到6种不同类型的鸣声,分别为歌声、领域鸣声、警戒鸣声、喂食鸣声、雏鸟乞食鸣声和幼鸟呼唤鸣声。同时还探讨了各类鸣声行为的生物学意义。     

Similarity in the begging calls of nestling Red‐winged Blackbirds

ABSTRACT Although individually distinct begging calls may permit parents to recognize their offspring, birds nesting in dense breeding colonies where fledglings intermingle might benefit from additional adaptations. For example, if the calls of all nestlings in a brood were similar, parents would need to recognize only one brood call instead of the identity calls of each nestling. We recorded nestling Red‐winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to determine whether their calls function to identify individuals (identity call hypothesis) or broods (brood call hypothesis). We used spectrogram cross‐correlation and dynamic time warping as well as call duration, peak frequency, and frequency range to estimate the similarity of begging calls of nestling Red‐winged Blackbirds. We recorded individual nestlings on day 5 and on day 9 of the nestling period to determine whether calls of individuals were more similar than calls of different nestlings, and whether calls of broodmates were more similar than calls of nestlings from different broods. We found that calls of 8‐d‐old individuals were more similar than calls of different nestlings, but the calls of broodmates were not more similar than those of nestlings from different broods. These results were consistent with the identity call hypothesis. We then compared begging calls of pairs of nestlings recorded separately and together on day 9. We found that the calls of 8‐d‐old nestlings recorded together were more similar than when they were recorded separately. In addition, using playback of begging calls from normal broods and artificial “broods” constructed from the calls of single nestlings, we found that females returned with food sooner in response to the calls of single nestlings (with enhanced call similarity) than to those of normal broods. Our results suggest that similar begging calls may be beneficial for both nestlings and parents, with broodmates fed at higher rates when their calls are more similar and, after fledging, parents needing to recognize only one brood call instead of the identity calls of each fledgling.     

Variations in the echolocation calls of the European free-tailed bat

The echolocation calls of Tadarida teniotis were studied in an outdoor flight enclosure (captive individuals) and in the wild using single microphones or an array of four microphones. Calls were characterized by measures of 10 call variables. Comparison of individual calls recorded on four microphones arrayed in a tetrahedron with 1 m between each microphone revealed that all calls were not equally detectable by all microphones but that there were no significant differences in call features obtained from calls recorded on all four microphones. A comparison of 47 calls recorded by all four microphones showed no significant differences in the features of the four recordings of each call. Analysis of calls of five individuals flying individually in an outdoor flight cage revealed significant individual differences in call features. In the field, T. teniotis used long, narrowband search-phase calls, usually without harmonics. Analysis of 1876 search-phase echolocation calls of T. teniotis recorded in the field in Israel and Greece in 2002, 2005 and 2006 showed significant year-to-year and site-to-site differences in some call features. When flying in the presence of conspecifics, T. teniotis changed their echolocation calls. We found a range of different buzzes in the wild, and based on their structure we attempted to classify them as feeding and social buzzes. The features of individual calls comprising buzzes differed significantly among buzzes, and yet there were no consistent differences between what we classified as feeding and social buzzes.     

鬼鸮甘肃亚种繁殖期叫声研究

利用叫声回放和声谱分析对莲花山自然保护区鬼甘肃亚种(Aegolius funereus beickianus)繁殖期的叫声进行了研究。共记录了领域叫声、尖叫声等6种叫声,分析了各种叫声的特征及与行为的联系。发现不同地点录制的领域叫声存在差异,但同一个体的叫声也有变化。甘肃亚种的领域叫声和欧洲的指名亚种A.f.fu-nereus及北美的亚种A.f.richardsoni相比较,单音数量少,单音长度小,频率高,但差异不大。     

灰胸薮鹛鸣声及繁殖行为的初步研究

2005年5～8月、2006年1～2月、2008年10月在四川省老君山自然保护区对灰胸薮鹛(Liodchla omeiensis)的鸣声及繁殖行为进行了初步研究.在繁殖期和非繁殖期都能记录到的灰胸薮鹛鸣声可分为召唤、应答、觅食、采食、休息、飞行联络、报警叫声14种,仅在繁殖期能记录到的有占区、驱逐、逃避、求偶叫声12种.通过声谱分析获得了各种叫声的语谱图及其频谱特征.本文还对灰胸薮鹛繁殖期占区、求偶、交配、营巢、产卵和孵卵前3 d的行为进行了描述.     

Context and sex differences exist in the acoustic structure of phee calls by newly–paired common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Captive common marmosets of all ages robustly produce a “separation” phee call during brief separations from their group. In contrast, a second structural variant, which may function as an intergroup call, is produced in the home cage primarily by the reproductive adults. A previous study found that postpubertal but nonreproductive offspring rarely produce phee calls when in the home cage with the natal group, yet these marmosets call frequently after pairing with an opposite‐sex partner. The sudden increase in home cage phee calls may indicate the rapid onset of intergroup calling. Alternatively, marmosets may be producing the separation phee variant as a result of separation from the natal group. The present study investigated whether phee calls produced by recently paired individuals in the home cage were structurally distinguishable from their calls recorded in a separation paradigm. We also tested whether sex differences, known to exist in the calls of mature adults, could be found in calls recorded from younger, nonreproductive animals separated from their natal groups. We analyzed 18 acoustic parameters of phee calls produced in the home cage after pairing and of calls produced during separation both from the natal group and from a new mate. Discriminant function analyses found that home cage calls were clearly discriminable from separation calls (average 91.7% correctly classified), indicating that the rapid increase in home cage phee call production shortly after pairing is not a consequence of separation from the family group. Postpubertal marmosets appear to show a rapid behavioral adjustment to separation from their natal groups. Additionally, sex was clearly discriminable in calls recorded both before and after pairing (average 86.8% correctly classified). Like calls recorded from well‐established paired marmosets, phee calls produced by recently paired, postpubertal marmosets are discriminable by context and sex. Am. J. Primatol. 49:165–181, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Weddell seals do not lengthen calls in response to conspecific masking

Some mammalian and avian species alter their vocal communication signals to reduce masking by background noises (including conspecific calls). A preliminary study suggested that Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) increase the durations of some underwater call types when overlapped by another calling seal. The present study examined the durations and overlapping sequences of Weddell seal calls recorded in Eastern Antarctica. The calling rate, call type (13 major categories), total duration, numbers of elements per call and overlapping order of 100–200 consecutive calls per recording location were measured. In response to increased conspecific calling rates, the call durations and numbers of elements (within repeated-element call types) did not change or became shorter. Calls that were not overlapped were 3.8?±?6.1 s long, the first call in a series of overlapped calls was 14.4?±?15.7 s and subsequent calls in an overlapping series were 6.5?±?10.3 s. The mean durations of non-overlapped and overlapped calls matched random distributions. Weddell seals do not appear to be adjusting the durations or timing of their calls to purposefully avoid masking each other’s calls. The longer a call is, the more likely it is to overlap another call by chance. An implication of this is that Weddell seals may not have the behavioural flexibility to reduce masking by altering the temporal aspects of their calls or calling behaviours as background noises (natural and from shipping) increase.     

Advertisement calls of Guenther’s frog Hylarana guentheri (Anura: Ranidae) during the breeding season

Acoustic signalling is the most important form of communication in anuran amphibians. Here we recorded and analysed the calls of 18 male Guenther’s frogs (Hylarana guentheri) from the wild during the breeding season. The advertisement calls of H. guentheri were composed of from a single note to five notes, with three-note calls the most recorded. All individuals produced calls around 600 Hz but calls ranged from 470 to 2600 Hz. Comparing the differences between individuals calls, we found within-male coefficients of variation (CV_w) of call intensity, the fundamental frequency, the first formant, the second formant, the third formant and the fourth formant were static (less than 5% variation), whereas those of note duration, call duration, call interval, numbers of pulses and dominant frequency were dynamic (larger than 15% variation). Comparisons of the call characteristics of H. guentheri in this study with other studies from China, Singapore and Vietnam found call characteristics varied greatly between the five different locations.     

Development of Early Vocalizations and the Chick-a-dee Call in the Black-capped Chickadee,Parus atricapillus

The chick-a-dee call of the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) is composed of discrete elements, or notes, that are combined to form hundreds of different calls. To investigate the development of this complex call, 12 families of color-marked chickadees were observed and recorded in the wild. Vocalizations were monitored for 18 d in the nest and 14–18 d postfledging. Most vocalizations of nestlings and fledglings were associated with feeding. At hatching, vocalizations consisted of a structurally simple note type that became more complex and variable with age. Around 9–12 d, the development of the call occurred, when single notes became organized into a multiple-note unit. Notes within the call differentiated into higher frequency, rapidly modulated initial note types and a lower frequency, moderately modulated terminal note type, features also present in adult chick-a-dee calls. Several adult-like calls including chick-a-dee calls, fee-bee songs, and a subsong-like vocalization developed prior to fledgling dispersal. Based on resemblances of note structure and general call structure, the chick-a-dee call appeared to develop from calls of nestlings and fledglings, although not necessarily in a chronologically linear progression. Some features of the chick-a-dee call closely resembled features of older nestling and fledgling calls, while other features more closely resembled the sounds of very young nestlings. Vocal development in the chickadee is compared with song and call development in other species, and the possible significance of acoustic resemblances between chick-a-dee calls and the food-associated calls of nestlings and fledglings is discussed.     

白腹锦鸡鸣声的声谱分析

1986年1月—8月,12月及翌年1月,我们在云南省昆明市西部山区进行白腹锦鸡野外生态观察期间,录制了白腹锦鸡的鸣声。本文就啼叫声、呼唤声、惊叫声、恐惧叫声、威胁叫声及召唤雏鸟声等6种意义比较明确的鸣声进行了声谱分析,探讨各种鸣声与其相应的行为关系。