3种发根农杆菌A4转化系毛根的细胞学观察及同工酶酶谱分析

利用根尖压片法对可再生型发根农杆菌A4转化系毛根和不可再生型转化系毛根进行了染色体计数,并利用聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳法对其进行过氧化物酶(POD)、细胞色素氧化酶(COD)、酯酶(EST)的同工酶酶谱分析。结果表明：(1)染色体丢失现象在转化的毛根根尖中是普遍存在的,不可再生转化系与可再生转化系相比,染色体丢失比例显著增多;(2)不可再生转化系的POD和COD同工酶酶谱变化较可再生转化系的变化大,且EST含量明显低于可再生转化系。     

Production of peroxidases by hairy roots ofBrassica napus

Hairy roots cultures derived from leaf explants ofBrassica napus L. produced and secreted peroxidases. The enzyme activity in the medium increased with growth but it remained nearly constant in the tissue. The changes in extracellular peroxidase activity seemed to be correlated with the increase in a basic peroxidase of pI: 9.6. Four isoenzymes with pI in the range 8.5–9.6 and a neutral peroxidase of pI 6.3 were the most important peroxidases detected in cell extracts. Ca²⁺ addition at the beginning of the culture stimulated both the excretion of peroxidase to the medium and the enzyme activity in hairy roots but the isoenzyme profiles did not show qualitative changes during the growth cycle for both culture conditions.     

Virulence of different Agrobacterium strains on hairy root formation of Hyoscyamus muticus

Hyoscyamus muticus accession was evaluated for its response to inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains LBA9402, A4, 15834, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 CI pRT GUS104. The Agrobacterium strain used for the transformation has a significant influence on the phenotype of the clone as well as on the growth rate and hyoscyamine production of these root culture clones. The most virulent strains were C58 CI pRT GUS104 and LBA9402. More roots were obtained on LSO medium than on B50 medium. Acetosyringone addition and the time from wounding affected root formation. The alkaloid content was highest in clones C58 and A4 (90mg·l^-1). There are great differences between individual hairy root clones, and hence they are not as uniform as has often been speculated. The Agrobacterium strain used for the transformation has a great influence in this respect.     

An improved transformation protocol for studying gene expression in hairy roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

A transformation protocol, based on co-inoculation with two strains of Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 and A. rhizogenes 15834 containing a binary vector with the GUS gene, was established for the induction of transgenic hairy roots from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) explants. It resulted in marked improvement in the formation of hairy roots and the integration of the binary vector T-DNA into the host genome. Of 250 inoculated sugar beet hypocotyls, 84% yielded hairy roots 5–7 days after inoculation, of which 70% were co-transformed with the binary vector T-DNA. To determine stable expression of alien genes in hairy roots, the nematode resistance gene Hs1 ^pro-1 was used as a reporter gene. In addition, molecular marker analysis was applied to monitor stable incorporation of a translocation from the wild beet B. procumbens. The molecular analysis and the nematode (Heterodera schachtii) resistance test in vitro demonstrated that the genomic structure and the expression of the Hs1 ^pro-1 -mediated nematode resistance were well-maintained in all hairy root cultures even after repeated sub-culture. Received: 25 November 1997 / Revision received: 26 May 1998 / Accepted: 15 June 1998     

两种影响因子对葫芦巴发根转化率的影响

葫芦巴（Trigonella foenum-graecum L.）是薯蓣皂素源植物之一,本文以来源于中国山西省的一年生草本植物葫芦巴为实验材料,研究发根农杆菌菌液浓度与超声波辅助处理两个因素对葫芦巴发根转化率的影响。结果显示,随着菌液浓度升高,发根数和发根转化率均逐渐升高,中浓度与低浓度菌液相比,发根数量和转化率分别升高了2.58和3.90倍;利用高浓度菌液侵染获得的发根数量和发根转化率最高,分别是低浓度菌液的7.33和4.32倍。在超声波处理实验中,超声（工作频率40 KHz,超声功率180 W）处理30 s与经未超声处理的对照组相比,发根数量及转化率略有下降;当超声处理60 s时,发根转化率明显上升,为对照组的2.48倍。葫芦巴发根体系的建立可为生产薯蓣皂素以及解析薯蓣皂素合成路径提供一个关键的技术平台。     

南美蟛蜞菊毛状根诱导及其离体培养

为了探讨利用南美蟛蜞菊毛状根来改良其观赏性状和生产次生物质,研究了南美蟛蜞菊Wedelia trilobata(L.)A.S.Hitche毛状根的诱导及其离体培养过程中培养基N源、碳源、磷和钙的消耗变化。结果表明,发根农杆菌Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834感染南美蟛蜞菊幼嫩叶片外植体7d后从其叶片切口中脉处产生毛状根。毛状根能在无外源激素的培养基上自主生长。PCR扩增结果显示发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rol B和rol C基因已在南美蟛蜞菊毛状根基因组中插入、整合并得到表达。毛状根液体培养0~7d内处于生长迟滞期、7~21d为快速生长期、21d后进入生长平台期。在毛状根液体培养过程中培养基的蔗糖、硝态氮、PO43?、Ca2+被逐渐吸收和消耗,培养至7d时,蔗糖被消耗近50%;硝态氮含量只剩下起始硝态氮含量的5.8%;至35d时,蔗糖和硝态氮含量分别约为其起始浓度的3.39%和1.82%。与Ca2+浓度变化不同的是,培养基的无机磷被快速消耗,培养至7d时其浓度约为其起始浓度的1.76%;但培养至35d时培养基中仍残存有占起始浓度约61.3%的Ca2+。该结果为今后利用南美蟛蜞菊毛状根来改良其观赏性状和设计合适的培养基来规模培养生产其次生物质提供了可能性。     

香石竹毛状根诱导、离体培养及其植株再生

为了探讨利用发根农杆菌遗传转化所产生的毛状根来创新香石竹种质的可能性,本文采用叶盘法,建立了发根农杆菌Agrobacterium rhizogenes对香石竹Dianthus caryophyllus L.叶片外植体的遗传转化及其植株再生体系。结果表明,发根农杆菌ATCC15834感染香石竹幼嫩叶片外植体12 d后,从叶片外植体切口中脉处产生白色毛状根,21 d后约90%的叶片外植体产生毛状根。所获得的无菌毛状根能在无外源激素的MS固体和液体培养基中快速自主生长。PCR扩增和硅胶薄层层析结果显示发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rol B和rol C基因以及冠瘿碱合成酶基因已在香石竹毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。将毛状根置于MS+6-BA 1.0-3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1-0.2 mg/L中培养15 d后产生淡黄绿色的疏松愈伤组织。愈伤组织不定芽分化的最适培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.02 mg/L,培养6周后不定芽分化率为100%;平均每个愈伤组织产生30-40个不定芽;将不定芽转至1/2 MS或1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L NAA的培养基中10 d后产生不定根,发育成再生植株。再生植株移植于栽培基质中20 d后,成活率达95%以上。     

美洲商陆毛状根诱导及其离体培养的影响因素

为了探讨利用美洲商陆毛状根生产其药用成分的可能性,研究了美洲商陆毛状根诱导及其离体培养的影响因素。结果表明,美洲商陆叶片外植体被发根农杆菌ATCC 15834感染约18 d后,从其叶片外植体形态学下端叶脉切口处产生毛状根,其中以预培养1 d,农杆菌感染20 min,共培养4 d时的毛状根诱导率最高,达到70%。PCR扩增和硅胶薄层层析结果显示,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rol C基因以及冠瘿碱合成酶基因已在美洲商陆毛状根基因组中整合和表达。所获得的美洲商陆毛状根系都能在无外源激素的MS固体培养基上快速自主生长;其中以毛状根根系2的生长速度最快、分生侧根能力最强和根表面的根毛密度最高;毛状根根表面呈紫红色或呈白色。在供试的MS、1/2MS、B5和6,7-V液体培养基中,以无外源激素的MS培养基最适合美洲商陆毛状根根系生长。与无外源激素的MS培养基相比,6,7-V培养基更有利于毛状根中商陆皂苷甲的合成与积累。本文所建立的美洲商陆毛状根诱导及其离体培养的适宜条件为今后利用其毛状根株系的规模培养来生产其药用有效成分商陆皂苷甲奠定了实验和技术基础。     

Artemisia tilesii Ledeb hairy roots establishment using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation

An efficient and rapid protocol for the establishment of Artemisia tilesii “hairy” root culture is reported. Leaf explants of aseptically growing plants were cocultured with Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 wild strain or A. rhizogenes carrying the plasmids with nptII and ifn-α2b genes. Root formation on the explants started in 5–6 days after their cocultivation with bacterial suspension. Prolongation of explant cultivation time on the medium without cefotaxime led to stimulation of root growth. The effects of sucrose concentration as well as of the levels of synthetic indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and native growth regulator Emistim on the stimulation of A. tilesii “hairy” root growth were studied. Maximum stimulating effect both for the control and for transgenic roots was observed in case of root cultivation on the media supplemented with IBA—up to 7.95- and 9.1-fold biomass increase, respectively. Cultivation on the medium with 10 μl/L Emistime has also led to the control roots growth stimulation (up to 2.75-fold). Emistime at 5 μl/L concentration led to 5.46-fold mass increase in only one “hairy” root line. Higher sucrose content (40 g/L) stimulated growth of two hairy root lines but had no effect on growth of the control roots.     

Effects of gibberellic acid on hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua: Growth and artemisinin production

Summary Artemisinin (AN), a potent antimalarial drug that has been used for centuries as a folk remedy in China, is an effective treatment against quinine-resistant strains of Plasmodium. It can be produced through the in vitro culture of genetically transformed (hairy) roots. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the growth and secondary metabolite production of hairy roots of Artemisia annua was investigated. Six different concentrations of GA₃ were tested in shaker flasks to determine the optimum concentration. GA₃ levels of 0.01–0.001 mg/l (28.9–2.89 μM) provided the most significant increase in biomass, and 0.01 mg/l (28.9 μM) produced the highest amount of AN. Investigation of growth kinetics showed that the use of GA₃ at 0.01 mg/l (28.9 μM) increased the growth rate of hairy roots of A. annua by 24.9%. Thus, the cultures treated with GA₃ reached stationary phase faster than control cultures.     

除虫菊发状根的诱导及培养条件优化

以除虫菊（Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trey.）无菌苗为外植体,研究除虫菊发状根的诱导、培养条件优化,并对发状根中的除虫菊素进行检测和生物活性测定。结果显示,乙酰丁香酮能促进除虫菊下胚轴和子叶发状根的诱导,当乙酰丁香酮浓度为150 μmol/L时除虫菊下胚轴和子叶的诱导率为对照的2.29倍和2.66倍,预培养6 d时,下胚轴发状根诱导率为对照的2.25倍,发根农杆菌A4的诱导率均高于ATCC15834,愈伤组织较适合发状根的诱导,愈伤组织侵染后适合在无激素的MS培养基上进行发状根诱导,250 mL三角瓶中添加50 mL MS培养基较适合发状根的生长。对除虫菊发状根进行PCR检测发现,发根农杆菌含有的Ri T-DNA的rolB基因已整合进入发状根基因组中。通过GCMS检测发现,愈伤组织中除虫菊素的6种成分均未检测到,而发状根中检测到瓜菊素Ⅰ、茉酮菊素Ⅰ和茉酮菊素Ⅱ 3种成分,发状根对粘虫的拒食作用明显优于愈伤组织。本研究为通过组织培养方式生产除虫菊素奠定了基础。     

Establishment of Withania somnifera hairy root cultures for the production of withanolide A

Withanla sominifera (Indian ginseng) was transformed by Agrobacterlum rhizogenes.Explants from seedling roots,stems,hypocotyls,cotyledonary nodal segments,cotyledons and young leaves were inoculated with A.rhizogenes strain R1601.Hairy (transformed) roots were induced from cotyledons and leaf explants.The transgenic status of hairy roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using nptll and roIB specific primers and,subsequently,by Southern analysis for the presence of nptll and roIB genes in the genomes of transformed roots.Four clones of hairy roots were established;these differed in their morphology.The doubling time of faster growing cultures was 8-14 d with a fivefold increase in biomass after 28 d compared with cultured,non-transformed seedling roots.MS-based liquid medium was superior for the growth of transformed roots compared with other culture media evaluated (SH,LS and N6),with MS-based medium supplemented with 40 g/L sucrose being optimal for biomass production.Cultured hairy roots synthesized withanolide A,a steroidal lactone of medicinal and therapeutic value.The concentration of withanolide A in transformed roots (157.4 μg/g dry weight) was 2.7-fold more than in non-transformed cultured roots (57.9 μg/g dry weight).     

Optimized genetic transformation of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the production of chelerythrine and skimmiamine in hairy root cultures

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides is an endangered African tree producing numerous bioactive substances including antileukemic and antisickling agents. Here, the potential of Z. zanthoxyloides hairy root cultures was tested for the production of bioactive substances with limited natural resources. The efficiency of Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA9402‐mediated transformation of leaf material was evaluated using different techniques. An optimal transformation frequency of 77% was obtained after 11 days by inoculating A. rhizogenes directly onto the central vein of 14‐week‐old leaves followed by a co‐cultivation period of 3 days. Different treatments in immersion mode (manual wounding, acetosyringone, CaCl₂, ultrasonication) never exceeded these results. A maximum growth rate of 0.37 cm/day was determined during the exponential phase. Liquid chromatography‐diode array detection analysis showed the presence of skimmiamine, sesamine, chelerythrine, and chelerythrine derivatives in Z. zanthoxyloides hairy root lines. The maximum production of skimmiamine and chelerythrine in 28‐day‐old hairy root cultures was 45 ± 2 and 107 ± 4 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The present results highlight the potential of Z. zanthoxyloides hairy root cultures for the sustainable production of skimmiamine and chelerythrine.     

影响毛状根生长及其次生代谢产物合成因素的研究进展

利用发根农杆菌转化药用植物,并对毛状根进行离体培养,大量提取重要成分,是药用资源植物可持续发展的有效途径之一。讨论了毛状根的诱导、影响毛状根生长及次生代谢产物形成的因素、利用毛状根培养技术生产植物次生代谢物的最新研究进展。     

A maize anthocyanin transactivator induces pigmentation in hairy roots of dicotyledonous species

Several dicotyledonous species were infected with an Agrobacterium rhizogenes binary vector harbouring the plasmid 121.Sn which contains the maize gene Sn under the constitutive promoter CaMV35S. In maize, Sn transactivates the anthocyanin pathway in different tissues. The aim of this work was to test the efficiency of this gene to regulate the anthocyanin pathway in heterologous systems and verify its suitability as a reporter gene. The pigmentation of the hairy roots was compared with hairy roots stained for β-glucuronidase activity, which were used as a control. In two polymorphic genotypes of Lotus angustissimus, DNA integration and expression were assayed. The maize gene is competent to induce anthocyanin pigmentation in different species, but the complexity of the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis restricts the use of Sn as a reporter gene. Received: 27 June 1996 / Revision received: 30 September 1996 / Accepted: 11 September 1997     

Bialaphos stimulates shoot regeneration from hairy roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Hairy roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum ma-jus L.: Scrophulariaceae) induced by a wild-type strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were cultured on media containing various concentrations of a phosphinothricin-based herbicide, bialaphos, or plant growth regulators (PGRs). Adventitious shoot regeneration from hairy roots was observed with a low frequency (10%) on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium. Addition of α-naphthalene-acetic acid in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine, thidiazuron, or zeatin to the medium had no effect on shoot regeneration from hairy roots. Although bialaphos at 0.9 mg l^–1 or more was toxic to hairy roots, it significantly increased the shoot regeneration frequency up to 56% at 0.5 mg l^–1. In contrast, non-transformed roots and leaves regenerated no shoots on media with or without bialaphos. Regenerated shoots detached from host roots readily developed roots on gellan-gum-solidified medium. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to the greenhouse, but did not produce seed. Received: 24 February 1997 / Revision received: 10 July 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1997     

Comparative analysis of glucosinolate production in hairy roots of green and red kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Abstract

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur- and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites that function in plant defense and provide benefits to human health. In this study, using Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000, green and red kale hairy roots were established. The expression levels of GSLs biosynthesis genes and their accumulation in both kale hairy roots were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and HPLC. The results showed that the expression of most indolic GSLs biosynthesis genes was higher in the hairy roots of green kale than in that of red kale. In contrast, the expression of BoCYP83A1 and BoSUR1 encoding key enzymes aromatic GSL biosynthesis was significantly higher in red kale hairy root. The HPLC analysis identified six GSLs. The levels of 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin were 6.21, 5.98, and 2 times higher, respectively, in green kale than in red kale, whereas the levels of neoglucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin were 16.2 and 3.48 times higher, respectively, in red kale than in green kale. Our study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of GSLs biosynthesis in kale hairy roots and can be potentially used as “biological factories” for producing bioactive substances such as GSLs.     

Growth of Artemisia annua hairy roots in liquid- and gas-phase reactors

Artemisia annua hairy roots were grown in liquid-phase bubble column and gas-phase nutrient mist reactors. In most cases the bubble column reactor accumulated more biomass than the mist reactor; the highest final biomass concentrations observed were 15.3 g DW/L in the bubble column reactor and 14.4 g DW/L in the mist reactor. Further analysis showed that the average specific growth rate in the mist reactors was essentially constant and independent of the biomass concentration at the beginning of the mist mode. In contrast, at low packing densities the average growth rate in the bubble column reactors was higher than in the mist reactors, decreasing to comparable rates at high packing densities. Finally, an aerosol deposition model was used to compare the volume of medium captured by the root bed in the mist reactor to the volume of medium required to maintain a specified growth rate. The results suggest that under the current operating conditions, lower growth rates in the mist reactor may be due to insufficient nutrient availability.     

Hairy Root and Its Application in Plant Genetic Engineering

Agrobacterium rhizogenes Conn. causes hairy root disease In plants. Hairy root-Infected A. rhizogenes Is characterlzed by a high growth rate and genetic stability. Hairy root cultures have been proven to be an efficient means of producing secondary metabolites that are normally biosyntheslzed In roots of differentiated plants. Furthermore, a transgenlc root system offers tremendous potential for introducing additional genes along with the RI plasmld, especially with modified genes, into medicinal plant cells with A. rhizogenes vector systems. The cultures have turned out to be a valuable tool with which to study the biochemical properties and the gene expression profile of metabolic pathways. Moreover, the cultures can be used to elucidate the Intermediates and key enzymes Involved In the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The present article discusses various appllcations of hairy root cultures in plant genetic engineering and potential problems aseoclsted with them.     

In vitro culture of the obligate parasite Spongospora subterranea (cercozoa; plasmodiophorida) associated with root-inducing transferred-DNA transformed potato hairy roots

Spongospora subterranea is a soil-borne, obligate parasitic protist that causes powdery scab of potatoes. In this study, an in vitro culture system was developed for the maintenance and proliferation of the protist in potato hairy roots. The hairy roots of potato were induced in vitro with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Cystosori of S. subterranea from potato scab lesions were surface disinfested and used to inoculate potato hairy roots. Plasmodia, zoosporangia, and cystosori were observed microscopically in the hairy roots within 6 wk after inoculation, indicating the completion of the life cycle of S. subterranea in vitro. This is the first in vitro culture system for S. subterranea, and will be a valuable tool to study fundamental and practical aspects of the biology of the parasite.