THE NORMAL OCCURRENCE OF OCTOPAMINE IN NEURAL TISSUES OF THE OCTOPUS AND OTHER CEPHALOPODS

Abstract— An enzymatic assay was used to measure the concentration of octopamine in tissue of cephalopods. The concentration of octopamine varied over a wide range in neural tissues of Octopi and other cephalopods. The administration of reserpine caused a fall in the concentration of octopamine while monoamine oxidase inhibition caused the concentration to rise. After density gradient centrifugation octopamine was found in the same regions of the gradients as were dopamine and noradrenaline. These findings suggest that octopamine may be involved in neuronal function in cephalopods.     

原块菌属的分类界线及其地理分布

报道了原鬼笔科Ｐｒｏｔｏｐｈａｌｌａｃｅａｅ我国的一个新记录种──日本原块菌ｐｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａＫｏｂａｙ．,原记载其分布于日本,近来在我国云南南部发现,属于东亚特有分布种。并讨论了原块菌属ＰｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａＭｏｌｌｅｒ的分类界线,同意前人把ＰｒｏｔｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓＭｕｒｒｉｌｌ、ＰｒｏｔｕｂｅｒｅｌｌａＩｍａｉｅｔＫａｗａｍｕｒａ和ＫｏｂａｖａｓｉａＩｍａｉｅｔＫａｗａｍｕｒａ作为原块菌属的异名;亦根据现代地理分布格局推断原块菌属原是一个热带、亚热带分布属。     

THE SANITATION OF FISH BOXES. I. THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE BACTERIOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL WOODEN FISH BOXES

SUMMARY: The cleaning efficiency of hosing wooden market fish boxes with cold water, the usual commercial practice, was very low, even when high pressure jets were used. After washing, the internal surfaces could still carry up to 20 × 10⁶ bacteria/cm². Even prolonged steaming failed to sterilize the surfaces. Coryneform organisms accounted for over 50% of the total bacterial flora, although these have usually been reported as present in only low proportions on both fresh and spoiling fish. The major subsidiary groups were species of Achromobacter and Pseudomonas , constituting about 18% and 14% of the population respectively. A few micrococci and flavobacteria were also present.
The conditions of counting, i.e. whether roll tubes or Petri dishes were used, whether incubation was at 0°, 20° or 37°, and whether the media were based on sea or tap water, could markedly influence both the magnitude of the count and the proportions of the different types of bacteria which could be isolated.     

鱼类HGPRT缺陷型细胞的诱变和筛选

草鱼卵巢细胞ＧＣＧ经乙基甲磺酸（ＥＭＳ）诱变,稳定表达３代以后,采取逐步提高培养基中６－疏基嘌呤（６－ＭＰ）的方法,获得对６－ＭＰ稳定抗性的细胞,暂定名ＦＭＲ－１．本文比较了ＧＣＧ细胞及ＦＭＲ－１细胞在含６－ＭＰ（２０μｇ／ｍｌ）和不含６－ＭＰ的培养基中生长曲线的特点,并对上述两种细胞的染色体数目和葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶电泳图谱进行了比较分析。最后对两种细胞在ＨＡＴ培养基中的生长特点进行了平行对照实验,根据实验结果,可以判定ＦＭＲ－１细胞为草鱼ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷型细胞。本义还讨论了进一步研究草鱼ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷型细胞的途径及草鱼ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷型细胞在鱼类细胞遗传学上的应用前景。     

INFLUENCE OF FRESHWATER FLOW REGIME ON FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE GREAT FISH RIVER AND ESTUARY

Summary

Two and a half years of data were collected from the lower Great Fish River, head region and estuary to determine the fish species composition within these areas. Gilchristella aestuaria, Liza dumerilii, Rhabdosargus holubi and Pomadasys commersonnii were the four most abundant species captured, with riverine flow rate having an important effect on both species composition and numbers of fishes in the different regions. Most marine species displayed a strong inverse relationship between catch per unit effort and elevated freshwater inputs. Euryhaline marine species dominated the catches at all sampling sites during low flows but were less common during high flow periods when catadromous species were most abundant. Based on the available evidence it is suggested that for most marine species in the river this decline in abundance is related to low conductivity levels following floods rather than avoidance of elevated flows. The impact of elevated suspensoid concentrations and lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations on freshwater and estuarine fish populations during major river flooding is also discussed.     

配养滤食性鱼对投饵网箱养鱼负荷力的影响

本文用现场围隔实验的方法研究了养鱼水库中配养鲢对投饵网箱养鲤负荷力的影响。共用围隔30个,每个围隔水深5m,容积14.3m~3。实验中观测了理化指标8项、生物指标5项。实验结果表明配养鲢不仅在溶氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD),总磷(TP)等方面明显改善了水质,而且还降低了浮游植物、浮游动物和浮游细菌的数量。配养鲢对投饵网箱养鲤的净产量,生长率,饲料效率都有显著地提高;使鲤、鲢的总负荷力和总鱼产量各自都提高了35％。并已查明,投饵网箱养鲤与水库配养鲢的适宜现存量比例3:1优于2:1。     

长江安庆段仔稚鱼群落特征调查研究

安庆江段是长江下游重要渔业资源水域之一, 为了解该江段仔稚鱼群落特征及与环境因子的关系, 于2016年4月17日至8月15日对安庆江段仔稚鱼进行了逐日调查。结果显示: 研究共采集仔稚鱼个体92160尾, 鉴定90457尾, 隶属于7目11科49种, 其中鲤科(Cyprinidae)种类数居第一, 32种, 尾数占比为90.16%; 鰕虎鱼科(Gobiidae)居第二, 3种, 尾数占比为5.71%。在生态类型及产卵方式上, 淡水定居性鱼类和产漂流性卵鱼类数量占比最大, 分别为87.57%和88.30%。贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)是该江段第一优势种, 数量占比44.53%, 其余优势种为?(Hemiculter leucisculus, 占比14.21%)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea, 占比8.11%)、子陵吻鰕虎(Rhinogobius giurinus, 占比5.60%)、飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 占比4.75%)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni, 占比4.13%)、寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca engraulis, 占比4.50%)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis, 占比2.63%)、刀鲚(Coilia nasus, 占比1.89%)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 占比1.57%)。仔稚鱼丰度出现4次明显的高峰时期, 第一次在5月1日, 后面三次集中出现在6月中下旬, 分别为1127.00、1608.44、1568.35 和1202.94 ind./100 m3。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明, 影响安庆江段仔稚鱼丰度的主要环境因子为水流量、水位、透明度(P<0.05), 大多数仔稚鱼丰度与水流量、水位呈现负相关, 与透明度呈现正相关, 可能与该年份过高的水流量、水位有关。研究表明, 安庆江段的仔稚鱼种类较丰富, 但主要以小型鱼类为主, 且经济性仔稚鱼类占比小。研究初步探明了安庆江段的仔稚鱼资源状况, 其结果为安庆鱼类早期资源进一步研究提供基础资料, 同时也为渔业资源保护策略制定提供科学依据。     

FISH AND FISHERIES OF WETLANDS

SUMMARY

The three major wetland types have characteristic fish communities. River-associated wetlands harbour a rich diversity of fishes which can either survive habitat desiccation during the dry-down, or migrate to and fro with the flood. Endorheic wetlands have a lower diversity of species which are typically ‘r’-selected relative to mainstream riverine or lacustrine forms. Marine wetlands have a variety of peripheral or marine forms, but are not discussed in this account. The dynamics of wetland fish communities are determined by periodically changing abiotic factors, especially water temperature and water level, and biotic factors, especially food availability. Water level fluctuations have several important functions and result in pulses of nutrient input and fish abundance. Wetland fish stocks can usually be sustained as long as the pristine flood regime is retained, but disruption of the flooding pattern interferes with fish breeding and nutrient flow. Fishing yields may be directly correlated with the flood history during the previous two years. Wetland fishes play an important role by converting the resource at the base of the food chain, i.e. living plants, detritus or epiphytes, into food for higher trophic levels. The need to identify and conserve key food supplies is emphasized. Wetland fisheries are relatively poorly developed in southern Africa with notable exceptions, e.g. Pongolo floodplain, Okavango swamp, Lake Liambezi, Elephant Marsh on the Shire River, but even in these systems the resource is probably underutilized.

The need to consider the socio-economic implications of upgrading a subsistence fishery are emphasized, and further study on the effect of water level fluctuations on major trophic pathways and on multispecies fisheries is encouraged. Because of the urgent need to manage wetland fisheries, various short-cut methods to obtain first-order estimates of fish production, yields and growth rates should be used until more data are available. The need to manage a floodplain holistically for both the aquatic and terrestrial phases is stressed. In addition, inocula (re-colonizing life history stages) should be conserved to accelerate the recovery of endorheic wetland fish stocks after a drought. As wetlands are of fundamental importance to lake or river metabolism and provide vital breeding and feeding areas for fishes, they should be given the highest conservation priority. Cost-benefit analyses should therefore be performed before any large scale manipulations of wetlands are performed.     

鳜鱼的耗氧率及其池塘养殖

本文较详细地报道了鳜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,并对鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼同池饲养的可能性进行了探讨。结果表明,鳜鱼耗氧量和体重正相关（ｒ＝０．９９）,耗氧率与体重反相关（ｒ＝－０．９７）;在水温２０℃,鱼种耗氧率约为０．１４ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．,成鱼约为０．１２ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．;耗氧量和耗氧率均与水温正相关（ｒ＝０．９０,ｒ＝０．９４）,水温１３—３０℃时,体重２３０±１１．７ｇ的鳜鱼。耗氧量为１４．３１—４２．１３ｍｇ／尾。ｈ．,耗氧率为０．０５９—０．１７５ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．;鳜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化与家鱼相反,黄昏至凌晨是高峰期,为０．１２—０．１５ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．（Ｔ＝２０℃）,白天是低谷期,为０．０７—０．１０ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ;;鳜鱼的窒息点与家鱼类较接近,变化范围为０．４５—０．７６ｍｇ／Ｌ;鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼在同一池塘中饲养,既可持续不断地提供鳜鱼充足的适口饵料,又简单易行,成本低,效益高,有较大的价值。     

鱼类微细胞和小分离细胞制备技术的研究

本文以3种鱼类组织细胞系为材料,对鱼类微细胞和小分离细胞制备技术及其形成机制进行了研究。在微细胞制备中,观察了细胞的微核化过程,微核是由间期状态的细胞核不规则分裂而成。光镜和扫描电镜观察表明,在小分离细胞聚集体形成过程中,细胞核的变化与微细胞的微核化过程相一致,但其细胞质的分裂机制不同,当细胞质进行异常分裂的同时,细胞的微核也随同细胞质不规则分裂而被分配至各个小分离细胞内。     

第二松花江中下游汞污染对鱼类影响的研究

五十年代,日本发现了震惊世界的水俣病(原田正纯,1975),受到了有关国家政府和学术界的关注。这种病主要是食含甲基汞的鱼引起的(上田喜一,1974;武内忠男,1973)。我国第二松花江中下游自1958年以来,汞污染逐渐严量。仅吉林化学工业公司所属厂的四个车间,历年累计排汞量就高达一百余吨(除大量无机汞外,还含有甲基汞和其