Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing "Toprina". I. Composition of the higher fatty acids in "Toprina", the diet, feces and blood]

Totals lipids (TL) phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL (the latter in blood only) were estimated in Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method ("Toprina"), in 0%, 10% and 15% "Toprina" diets and in faeces and blood of turkeys, males and females, fed these diets. With increasing concentrations of dietary "Toprina" phospholipids and 15:0 and 17:0 fatty acids increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in diets and blood. Other lipid and fatty acids values were not affected by dietary yeast.     

Different fatty acids in the egg, blood and feces of laying hens fed a diet containing "Toprina"

Total lipids (TL, phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL (the latter in blood and eggs only) were estimated in Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method ("Toprina") in 0%, 10% and 15% "Toprina" diets and in eggs, blood and faeces of laying hens fed these diets. With increasing concentrations of dietary "Toprina" 15:0 and 17:0 fatty acids increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in diets, eggs, blood and faeces. Other fatty acid values were not affected by dietary yeast.     

Higher fatty acids of Candida lipolytica grown in n-alkanes by the industrial method ("Toprina")]

The present study deals with the composition of superior fatty acids of total lipids, polar lipids, and neutral lipids from dried biomass of Candida lipolytica grown by industrial process ("Toprina") on n-alkanes (C10-C20) extracted from petroleum. The data related to our knowledge about yeast and Candida lipolytica, lead to the conclusion that fatty acids feature of "Toprina" are similar to the Candida lipolytica ones grown in batch culture at the same conditions. In addition, a possible physiologic role of 17:1 and 17:2 is considered, in the perspective of the utilization of "Toprina" in animal food.     

Effects of 3-thia fatty acids on feed intake, growth, tissue fatty acid composition, beta-oxidation and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in Atlantic salmon

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with an initial mass of 86 g were reared in 12 °C seawater for 8 weeks to a final average mass of 250 g. The fish were fed fish meal and fish oil-based diet supplemented with either 0%, 0.3% or 0.6% of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), a 3-thia fatty acid. The specific growth rate (SGR) decreased with increasing dietary dose of TTA. The SGR of the group fed 0% of TTA (Control) was 1.8; that of the group fed 0.3% of TTA (TTA-L) was 1.7, and that of the group fed 0.6% of TTA (TTA-H) was 1.5. The mortality increased with increased dietary dose of TTA. The mitochondrial β-oxidation capacity in the liver of fish fed the TTA diets was 1.5 to 2 times higher than that of the Control fish. TTA supplementation caused substantial changes in the fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerols (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA) of gills, heart and liver. The percentages of n−3 fatty acids, particularly 22:6 n−3, increased in fish fed diets containing TTA, while the percentage of the saturated FAs 14:0 and 16:0 in the PL fractions of the gills and heart decreased. The sum of monounsaturated FAs in the PL and TAG fractions from liver was significantly higher in fish fed diets containing TTA. TTA itself was primarily incorporated into PL. Two catabolic products of TTA (sulphoxides of TTA) were identified, and these products were particularly abundant in the kidney. TTA supplementation had no significant effect on the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase.     

Changes in fatty chain compositions of lipid classes during frozen storage of the adductor muscle of giant ezo scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis)

Changes in lipid components, particularly glycerophospholipids in the adductor muscle of giant ezo scallop during storage at −20°C, were investigated. During storage, the contents of total lipid (TL) and polar lipid (PL) decreased but that of non-polar lipid (NL) increased. Glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GPE) decreased by 50 and 15% of the each initial content, while lyso-GPC and free fatty acids increased. The percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the TL and PL fractions decreased during storage, but those of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the NL increased. In the alkenylacyl-GPE and diacyl-GPC, the percentages of relatively longer acids in the sn-1 positions of glycerol moieties decreased at higher rates than did the shorter chains, whereas the results for diacyl-GPE were opposite to those of alkenylacyl-GPE and diacyl-GPC. In the prominent fatty acids in the sn-2 positions of alkenylacyl-GPE and diacyl-GPC, the percentage of 22:6n-3 decreased from compared to the high level of 20:5n-3, while that of diacyl-GPE increased.     

Variation of branched-chain fatty acids marks the normal physiological range for growth in Listeria monocytogenes

The fatty acid composition of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A was determined by close-interval sampling over the entire biokinetic temperature range. There was a high degree of variation in the percentage of branched-chain fatty acids at any given temperature. The percentage of branched C17 components increased with growth temperature in a linear manner. However, the percentages of iso-C15:0 (i15:0) and anteiso-C15:0 (a15:0) were well described by third-order and second-order polynomial curves, respectively. There were specific temperature regions where the proportion of branched-chain fatty acids deviated significantly from the trend established over the entire growth range. In the region from 12 to 13 degrees C there were significant deviations in the percentages of both i15:0 and a15:0 together with a suggested deviation in a17:0, resulting in a significant change in the total branched-chain fatty acids. In the 31 to 33 degrees C region the percentage of total branched-chain components exhibited a significant deviation. The observed perturbations in fatty acid composition occurred near the estimated boundaries of the normal physiological range for growth.     

Seasonal changes in oleosomic lipids and fatty acids of perennial root nodules of beach pea

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), free fatty acids (FA) and triglycerides (TG) separated from oleosomes (lipid bodies) of perennial root nodules of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus) were analysed. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that PL and MG are the major lipids in nodule oleosomes. The fatty acid profile and overall double bond index (DBI) varied among lipid classes depending upon the season. High DBI in PL and MG found during late winter and early spring indicated that they may play a major role in winter survival and regeneration of perennial nodules. The DBI of DG was high at the end of the fall season and the DBI of FA and TG was high in summer months. The dominant fatty acids are C16:0 followed by C18:0 and C18:1. The levels of many unsaturated fatty acids such as C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 increased while saturated fatty acid C18:0 decreased during winter. These unsaturated fatty acids possibly play an important role in the protection of nodule cells from cold stress. Nodules seem to retain some fatty acids and selectively utilize specific fatty acids to survive the winter and regenerate in spring.     

Odd-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in thraustochytrids

A series of unusual odd-chain fatty acids (OC-FA) were identified in two thraustochytrid strains, TC 01 and TC 04, isolated from waters off the south east coast of Tasmania, Australia. FA compositions were determined by capillary GC and GC–MS, with confirmation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) structure performed by analysis of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. PUFA constituted 68–74% of the total FA, with the essential PUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3, EPA), arachidonic acid (20:4ω6, AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3, DHA), accounting for 42–44% of the total FA. High proportions of the saturated OC-FA 15:0 (7.1% in TC 01) and 17:0 (6.2% in TC 04) were detected. The OC-FA 17:1ω8 was present at 2.8% in TC 01. Of particular interest, the C₂₁ PUFA 21:5ω5 and 21:4ω7 were detected at 3.5% and 4.1%, respectively, in TC 04. A proposed biosynthesis pathway for these OC-PUFA is presented. It is possible that the unsaturated OC-PUFA found previously in a number of marine animals were derived from dietary thraustochytrids and they could be useful biomarkers in environmental and food web studies.     

The influence of dietary essential fatty acids on uterine C20 and C22 fatty acid composition.

The effect of dietary fatty acids on uterine fatty acid composition was studied in rats fed control diet or semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 1.5 microliter/g/day evening primrose oil (EPO) or fish oil (FO). Diet-related changes in uterine lipid were detected within 21 days. Changes of 2- to 20-fold were detected in the uterine n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) and in certain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The FO diet was associated with higher uterine C20 and C22 n-3, and the EPO diet, with higher uterine n-6 fatty acid. High uterine C18:2 n-6 was detected in neutral lipid (NL) of rats fed high concentrations of this fatty acid, but there was little evidence of selective incorporation or retention of C18:2 n-6 by uterine NL. The incorporation of EFA into uterine phospholipids (PL) was greater than NL EFA incorporation, and uterine PL n-3/n-6 ratios showed greater diet dependence. Tissue/diet fatty acid ratios in NL and PL also indicated preferential incorporation/synthesis of C16:1 n-9, and C16:0, and there was greater incorporation of C12:0 and C14:0 into uteri of rats fed EPO and FO. Replacement of 50-60% of arachidonate with n-3 EFA in uterine PL may inhibit n-6 EFA metabolism necessary for uterine function at parturition.     

Protein and carbohydrate selection respond to changes in dietary saturated fatty acids but not to changes in essential fatty acids

We previously reported differences in protein and carbohydrate selection patterns in post-weanling rats fed beef tallow or soybean oil-based diets. Two experiments were designed to determine the characteristic of the dietary fat which mediates the selection behavior. For each experiment, dietary fat was 20% (w/w) of diets and fatty acid profiles were obtained by blending fat sources. Rats were randomly assigned to diets (24% protein, 40% carbohydrate) which varied only in fatty acid composition. After 2 weeks, rats selected from 2 diets with the fat composition previously fed, but varying in their protein and carbohydrate composition (55% protein, 4% carbohydrate and 5% protein, 61% carbohydrate). Experiment 1 was designed to test the effect of relative (omega 6: omega 3 ratios of 1 and 20) and absolute (15% or 4% omega 6, 0.7% or 0.2% omega 3) differences in essential fatty acids on macronutrient selection patterns. Differences in dietary essential fatty acids had no effect on energy intake or the proportion of energy consumed as protein and carbohydrate. Experiment 2 examined the effect of differences in the level of saturated fat (3-10% diet (w/w] on protein and carbohydrate selection. Animals selecting from diets with higher levels of saturated fat consumed more energy as protein and less as carbohydrate than rats selecting from diets with lower levels of saturated fat (p less than 0.0001). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between percent protein or carbohydrate energy and classes of dietary fat. The strongest relationship existed between percent dietary saturated fat and percent protein or carbohydrate energy (p less than 0.0001). Polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was also weakly associated with percent protein and carbohydrate energy (p less than 0.05). Polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids were not significantly related to percent protein or carbohydrate energy. These results indicated that protein and carbohydrate selection patterns are altered in response to qualitatively different dietary fatty acids, and that the amount of saturated fat in the diet is the important characteristic of dietary fat mediating the behavioral alteration.     

Modulation of prostanoid formation by various polyunsaturated fatty acids during platelet-endothelial cell interactions

Previous studies have reported that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of nutritional interest may influence arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) metabolism in both platelets and endothelium, when tested separately. In the present study, platelets (PL) and cultured endothelial cells (EC) were first pre-enriched with eight different PUFAs for a two hour incubation in the presence of free fatty acid albumin pre-coated with each acid. EC, PL or both cell populations in combination, were then stimulated by thrombin (0.1 U/ml) for five minutes. Prostanoids were extracted, purified by thin-layer chromatography, and TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 were quantitated by radioimmunoassays. Prostanoids or dihomoprostanoids formed from cyclooxygenase substrates other than 20:4n-6 were measured by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). When co-incubated with EC, PL produced less TxB2 (-15 and -85% in the absence and presence of thrombin, respectively). In contrast, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased by 189 (basal conditions) and 358% (thrombin stimulation) when PL were added to EC, in agreement with PGH2 transfers from PL to EC. PGE2, produced by both cell populations, reached amounts which roughly represent the sum of those measured in PL and EC alone, except when cells were pre-enriched with linoleic (18:2n-6) and the n-3 family fatty acids (18:3-, 20:5- and 22:6n-3). 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was markedly inhibited by adrenic acid (22:4n-6), while this acid was converted into dihomo-6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the stable metabolite of dihomoprostacyclin. 22:4n-6 also inhibited TxB2 formation and was converted into dihomo-TxA2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Short-term effect of dietary cholesterol on tissue n-6 fatty acids in fat-deficient rats

Weanling female rats raised on a fat-free diet for 8 weeks were then given the same diet supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% by weight of cholesterol in addition to 10% of safflower oil for 3 days. Fatty acid compositions of cholesteryl esters (CE), triglycerides (TG), and phospholipids (PL) in liver and plasma were examined. Cholesterol feeding increased plasma and liver cholesterol contents and also affected the patterns of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. There were no consistent changes in either plasma and liver TG which contained little 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6. The levels of 20:3n-6 increased in plasma and liver PL, while proportions of 20:4n-6 decreased in liver and plasma CE. However, the absolute amount of 20:4n-6 in cholesteryl esters increased because of a threefold rise in cholesteryl ester levels. The changes might be attributable to an increased utilization of 20:4n-6 for cholesterol transport and/or an inhibition of delta 5-desaturation of n-6 fatty acids by cholesterol feeding.     

Developmental changes in the fatty acids of rat uterus and the influence of dietary essential fatty acids.

The effect of age on uterine fatty acid composition was studied in rats fed diets of differing fatty acid composition. Uteri of newly weaned 23-day rats had a higher fatty acid content and a higher proportion of short-chain (less than or equal to C18) fatty acids. Higher incorporation of C less than or equal to 18 fatty acids into neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) of young 42-day rats compared with adult 240-day rats was detected. Uterine NL incorporated predominantly C less than or equal to 18 fatty acids which may be an important metabolic energy store in developing uterine tissue. Incorporation of C less than or equal to 18 fatty acids by uterine PL and NL was relatively unselective. In contrast, there was selective retention of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) throughout uterine development. An effect of dietary EFA on uterine n-3 and n-6 EFA was detected in each age group. There was marked retention of uterine AA when dietary supplies of n-6 EFA were low, but the total AA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in uterine PL remained constant in the three diet groups, and a constant content of AA, EPA and DHA was maintained throughout uterine development, regardless of diet. The degree of n-3 substitution achieved in this study inhibited uterine release of PG and parturition in adult rats.     

培养条件对海洋假单胞菌脂肪酸的影响

研究了不同温度条件下一株海绵附生假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp.)在不同碳源培养基中的生长情况及脂肪酸变化.结果表明,该海洋菌生长最适温度为30℃,在以淀粉作为外加碳源的培养基中生长最好;实验菌含13种脂肪酸,主要是c16:1(n7)、c15:0、c16:0、c17:0、c18:1(n6)、c18:1(n9)、9,10cp c17:0和其同分异构体.在30℃温度条件下,不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量急剧减少.在有外加碳源(葡萄糖和淀粉)的培养基中生长的细菌,奇数脂肪酸和环丙基脂肪酸含量远比未外加碳源的低.聚类分析结果表明,两种环境因子中,温度比碳源的影响更明显.     

The cellular fatty acids of three strains of Desulfobulbus, a propionate-utilising sulphate-reducing bacterium

Abstract The bacterial fatty acids of three strains of Desulfobulbus grown on propionate were analysed. The fatty acid profiles of all three strains were very similar, being dominated by C17: 1Δ11, which represented approx. 50% of the total fatty acids, and with major contributions from C15:0, C16:0, C15:1, C18:1Δ11 and C14:0. This data indicates that all three strains are closely related despite their different habitats (1 marine and 2 freshwater) and that C17:1Δ11 is a biomarker for Desulfobulbus .     

Neutral lipids, their fatty acids, and the sterols of the marine ciliated protozoon, Parauronema acutum

The neutral lipids and their fatty acids and the sterol fractions of the marine ciliated protozoon, Parauronema acutum, were characterized. The neutral lipids consisted of triglycerides (30%), sterols (29%), free fatty acids (24%), steryl esters (9%), and diglycerides (8%) and small amounts of fatty alcohols. The fatty acid profiles of these lipids were very similar although quantitative differences were detected. Saturated fatty acids, primarily 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0 constituted 20-30% of the total. Unsaturated fatty acids containing one to three double bonds, primarily 18:1(9), 18:2 (9,12), 18:3 (9, 12, 15) and 20:3 (11, 14, 17), constituted 35-50% of the total. Highly unsaturated fatty acids, 18:4 (6, 9, 12, 15), 20:5 (5, 8, 11, 14, 17) and 22:6 (4, 7, 10, 16, 19), constituted 16-25% of the total. The fatty alcohols consisted of 14:0 (2%), 16:0 (66%), 18:0 (3%), 20:0 (8%), and 22:0 (21%). The sterols of Parauronema acutum consisted of cholesterol (53%), campesterol (32%), desmosterol (7%), and beta-sitosterol (8%).     

Intraspecies variability of cellular fatty acids among soil and intestinal strains of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.

A comparison of cellular fatty acid profiles of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642 and 14 wild strains of this species, isolated from two completely different environments, soil and the human intestine, was carried out. All the D. desulfuricans strains grown on lactate and sulfate indicated the presence of considerable amounts of i-C15:0, i-C17:1 and C16:0. Although differences in the quantities of individual fatty acids present in each strain were clear in the group of soil strains (similarity, 67.6%), in contrast to almost identical fatty acid patterns (similarity, near 100%) in the intestinal strains, the results were variable within the limits acceptable for species demonstration. The higher similarity of the fatty acid profiles of intestinal strains may be a result of the similarity of biocenoses in the human digestive tract. The coefficients of variability of i-C17:1 and i-C15:0 (the major branched-chain fatty acids), as well as clustering of the investigated strains compared with strains described in the literature after plotting percentages of i-C17:1 fatty acid against i-C15:0 fatty acid, confirmed a certain heterogeneity of cellular fatty acid profiles within the group of soil strains, in contrast to almost ideal homogeneity within the group of intestinal isolates. Intestinal strains contained a higher ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (2.2 +/- 0.14) than did soil strains (1.6 +/- 0.2; in one case, 2.7). We propose that intestinal D. desulfovibrio bacteria should be assumed to be a highly homogeneous group and should be represented by the strain D. desulfuricans subsp. intestinus in collections of microbial cultures.     

Transfer of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids from yolk to embryo during development of the king penguin

This study examines the transfer of lipids from the yolk to the embryo of the king penguin, a seabird with a high dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids. The concentrations of total lipid, triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipid (PL) in the yolk decreased by ~80% between days 33 and 55 of development, indicating intensive lipid transfer, whereas the concentration of cholesteryl ester (CE) increased threefold, possibly due to recycling. Total lipid concentration in plasma and liver of the embryo increased by twofold from day 40 to hatching due to the accumulation of CE. Yolk lipids contained high amounts of C(20-22) n-3 fatty acids with 22:6(n-3) forming 4 and 10% of the fatty acid mass in TAG and PL, respectively. Both TAG and PL of plasma and liver contained high proportions of 22:6(n-3) ( approximately 15% in plasma and >20% in liver at day 33); liver PL also contained a high proportion of 20:4(n-6) (14%). Thus both 22:6(n-3) and 20:4(n-6), which are, respectively, abundant and deficient in the yolk, undergo biomagnification during transfer to the embryo.     

Diet preferences of warblers for specific fatty acids in relation to nutritional requirements and digestive capabilities

During energy-demanding periods of the annual cycle such as migration or during cold days in winter, birds store fat comprised mostly of 16- or 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids. In such situations, birds may feed selectively on foods with specific fatty acids that enable efficient fat deposition. We offered wild-caught yellow-rumped warblers Dendroica coronata paired choices between semi-synthetic diets that differed only in their fatty acid composition. Warblers strongly preferred diets containing long-chain (18:1; carbon atoms:double bonds) unsaturated, unesterified fatty acids to diets containing long-chain saturated, unesterified fatty acids (18:0) and they preferred diets containing mono-unsaturated fats (18:1) to diets containing poly-unsaturated fats (18:2). The preference for diets containing long-chain unsaturated fatty acids to diets containing long-chain saturated fatty acids was consistent in birds tested one week after capture at 21°C, one month after capture when cold-acclimated (1°C), and six weeks after capture at 21°C. Birds acclimated to a diet with 50% of the fat comprised of unesterified stearic acid (18:0) lost mass and reduced their food intake when we reduced ambient temperature from 21°C to 11°C over three days. We conclude that especially in energy-demanding situations there are limits to the yellow-rumped warblers' ability to assimilate some long-chain saturated fatty acids and that this digestive constraint can explain in part why yellow-rumped warblers prefer diets containing long-chain unsaturated fatty acids to diets containing long-chain saturated fatty acids.     

Contrasting metabolic effects of medium- versus long-chain fatty acids in skeletal muscle

Dietary intake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) plays a causative role in insulin resistance and risk of diabetes. Whereas LCFAs promote lipid accumulation and insulin resistance, diets rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have been associated with increased oxidative metabolism and reduced adiposity, with few deleterious effects on insulin action. The molecular mechanisms underlying these differences between dietary fat subtypes are poorly understood. To investigate this further, we treated C2C12 myotubes with various LCFAs (16:0, 18:1n9, and 18:2n6) and MCFAs (10:0 and 12:0), as well as fed mice diets rich in LCFAs or MCFAs, and investigated fatty acid-induced changes in mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress. MCFA-treated cells displayed less lipid accumulation, increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity, and less oxidative stress than LCFA-treated cells. These changes were associated with improved insulin action in MCFA-treated myotubes. MCFA-fed mice exhibited increased energy expenditure, reduced adiposity, and better glucose tolerance compared with LCFA-fed mice. Dietary MCFAs increased respiration in isolated mitochondria, with a simultaneous reduction in reactive oxygen species generation, and subsequently low oxidative damage. Collectively our findings indicate that in contrast to LCFAs, MCFAs increase the intrinsic respiratory capacity of mitochondria without increasing oxidative stress. These effects potentially contribute to the beneficial metabolic actions of dietary MCFAs.