Collinsella aerofaciens对高脂饮食小鼠糖脂代谢及肠道菌群的影响

从人粪便中分离Collinsella aerofaciens,并给予正常和高脂饮食的C57BL/6J小鼠,观察Collinsella aerofaciens对小鼠糖脂代谢及肠道菌群结构的影响。

将40只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分成正常饮食组（NCD组）、正常饮食+菌液组（NCD+B组）、高脂饮食组（HFD组）和高脂饮食+菌液组（HFD+B组）,每组10只。NCD组和HFD组给予100 μL的生理盐水,其余组给予Collinsella aerofaciens 1×10⁹ CFU/mL,连续灌胃12周。第0、4、8和12周通过试剂盒检测空腹血糖（FBG）、随机血糖（GLU）、总胆固醇（TC）和三酰甘油（TG）水平。第12周,对各组小鼠进行口服糖耐量和胰岛素耐量试验,并检测血浆高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C、LDL-C）水平。收集小鼠粪便,采用高通量测序技术检测16S rRNA V3‒V4区序列,分析肠道菌群结构变化。

第8和12周4组小鼠间TC水平差异有统计学意义（F = 132.424,P＜0.001;F = 107.601,P＜0.001）,与NCD组相比,NCD+B组小鼠TC水平显著升高（P＜0.050）;与HFD组相比,HFD+B组小鼠TC水平显著升高（P＜0.050）。4组小鼠间HDL-C和LDL-C水平差异有统计学意义（F = 7.809,P＜0.001;F = 41.521,P＜0.001）,与NCD组相比,NCD+B组小鼠HDL-C水平显著降低（P＜0.050）,LDL-C水平显著升高（P＜0.050）;与HFD组相比,HFD+B组小鼠LDL-C水平显著升高（P＜0.050）。Spearman相关性分析发现小鼠肠道中Desulfovibrionaceae丰度与FBG、GLU、TC和LDL-C水平呈正相关（r = 0.512,P = 0.011;r = 0.445,P = 0.029;r = 0.728,P＜0.001;r = 0.758,P＜0.001）。

人粪便中分离的Collinsella aerofaciens可以影响小鼠糖脂代谢,可能与其破坏肠道菌群平衡有关,同时为防治血糖血脂异常代谢提供靶点。

     

约氏乳杆菌GLJO02通过改善肠道通透性缓解DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎

探究约氏乳杆菌GLJO02对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎的影响。

从灌胃普洱茶的小鼠粪便中筛选得到益生菌约氏乳杆菌GLJO02。将18只SPF级C57小鼠随机分成3组：Control+PBS组（6只）、DSS+PBS组（6只）及DSS+GLJO02组（6只）,均自由饮用含3% DSS水7 d以建立结肠炎模型,其中DSS+GLJO02组提前1周灌胃GLJO02菌液;造模期间观察小鼠体质量变化情况及粪便性状改变情况;于造模第8天处死小鼠并留取小鼠血清及肠道样品,检测小鼠血清中LPS水平以评估肠道通透性,通过H&E染色评估小鼠结肠病理情况,通过实时荧光定量技术检测小鼠结肠中炎症因子及紧密连接蛋白的表达情况,通过免疫荧光法检测紧密连接蛋白ZO-1及Occludin的表达情况,并通过高效液相色谱法检测小鼠盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量。

与Control+PBS组相比,DSS+PBS组小鼠体质量显著降低、DAI评分提高同时结肠长度缩短。与DSS+PBS组相比,DSS+GLJO02组小鼠症状缓解,体质量下降显著改善（t = 6.948,P＜0.000 1）,结肠长度提高（t = 3.790,P = 0.003 4）,DAI评分显著降低（t = 11.880,P＜0.000 1）;组织病理学评分显著下降（t = 10.410,P = 0.000 1）;促炎症因子表达水平降低;免疫荧光检测结果显示ZO-1、Occludin蛋白表达增多;应用高效液相色谱法发现GLJO02处理后能够显著提升盲肠中短链脂肪酸的含量（乙酸：t = 4.042,P = 0.005 4;丙酸：t = 12.380,P＜0.000 1;丁酸：t = 7.819,P＜0.000 1）。

约氏乳杆菌GLJO02能够通过改善肠道通透性,起到缓解DSS诱导的结肠炎的作用。

     

红茶对2型糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群分布的影响

探讨红茶对2型糖尿病（T2DM）小鼠肠道菌群分布的影响,为研究红茶在代谢性疾病的辅助治疗机制提供参考。

构建 T2DM小鼠模型,将其随机分为模型组（T2DM组）和茶水饲喂组（T2DM_T组）,取健康小鼠作为对照组（Control组）,每组各15只。实验终点收集3组小鼠粪便进行宏基因组测序,分析组间菌群差异;同时进行肝脏组织形态学检查,观察组织病理学改变。

与Control组和T2DM组相比,T2DM_T组拟杆菌门（F = 21.056,P＜0.001）、邓肯氏菌属（F = 13.330,P = 0.001）、乳杆菌属（F = 36.546,P＜0.001）和粘液乳杆菌属（F = 43.813,P＜0.001）的相对丰度增加,担子菌门（F = 8.676,P = 0.005）、Muribaculum（F = 8.151,P = 0.006）和肠球菌属（F = 4.271,P = 0.040）的相对丰度降低。与T2DM组小鼠相比,T2DM_T组小鼠肝细胞排列较为紧密,细胞空泡变性程度有所减弱。

红茶在一定范围内能调节T2DM模型小鼠肠道菌群结构和相对丰度,红茶水喂饲可减缓造模所致的T2DM小鼠肝脏细胞的损伤,其具体作用机制值得深入研究和探讨。

     

高摄入红肉通过改变肠道菌群加重小鼠溃疡性结肠炎

观察高摄入红肉对小鼠肠道菌群及溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）的影响,并探讨可能的发生机制。

40只Balb/c小鼠随机分为4组：对照组、高红肉组、DSS组和高红肉+DSS组,每组10只小鼠,对照组、DSS组小鼠给予普通饲料,高红肉组、高红肉+DSS组小鼠给予高红肉饲料,均饲养8周;此8周的最后9天开始对DSS组、高红肉+DSS组小鼠给予3% DSS诱导UC。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测小鼠肠道菌群,采用体质量变化、疾病活动指数及HE染色指标评价小鼠UC严重程度,运用Western Blot方法检测小鼠肠道巨噬细胞M1型极化的特征细胞因子。

与对照组相比,高红肉组小鼠肠道厚壁菌门、粪杆菌属及普拉梭菌的丰度显著降低,拟杆菌门、拟杆菌属的丰度显著升高。与DSS组相比,高红肉+DSS组小鼠体质量显著下降,疾病活动指数显著升高,结肠组织病理评分显著升高;与DSS组相比,高红肉+DSS组小鼠TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6细胞因子表达显著升高。

高摄入红肉导致肠道菌群改变加重小鼠UC。

     

双歧杆菌三联活菌对肥胖小鼠的改善作用及其机制

探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的改善作用及其机制。

将24只LDLR^－/－小鼠随机分为正常组（n = 8,普通饲料,灌胃生理盐水）、高脂组（n = 8,高脂饲料,灌胃生理盐水）和干预组（n = 8,高脂饲料,灌胃双歧杆菌三联活菌）。所有小鼠均干预16周,每2周记录小鼠体质量,第15周进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。小鼠处死后,检测血清中脂质和胰岛素指标;采用RT-PCR分析回肠中炎症因子和肠道紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin的mRNA相对表达量;采用HE染色评估回肠组织病理变化;采用16S rDNA高通量测序分析小鼠肠道微生物群变化特点。

与正常组相比,高脂组小鼠表现出明显的体质量增加、糖脂代谢紊乱、回肠炎症水平增加和肠道微生物群紊乱。干预后,干预组小鼠体质量下降,糖脂代谢紊乱改善,回肠炎症因子TLR4和TNF-α相对表达量显著下降（均P＜0.05）;而肠道紧密连接蛋白ZO-1和Occludin相对表达量显著增加（均P＜0.05）。测序结果表明,干预组小鼠肠道菌群中Firmicutes和Bifidobacterium丰度增加。

双歧杆菌三联活菌可能通过优化肥胖小鼠的肠道微生物群结构,增加Firmicutes和Bifidobacterium丰度,进而减轻肥胖小鼠体质量,调节糖脂代谢,降低肠道内炎症和修复肠黏膜屏障。

     

粪菌移植对高原环境下SD大鼠体质量、血常规指标及肠道菌群的影响

探究粪菌移植对低海拔动物的高原适应性的影响。

将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组10只,即模拟高原环境组（H组）、模拟高原环境＋抗生素预处理组（HA组）及模拟高原环境＋抗生素预处理＋高原鼢鼠粪菌组（HAM组）。粪菌移植结束,持续饲养3周后,将所有组大鼠转移至模拟海拔6 000 m环境低压氧舱饲养30 d。测定粪菌移植对SD大鼠体质量、血常规指标及肠道菌群的影响。

HAM组、HA组和H组3组大鼠间平均日采食量比较差异无统计学意义（F = 2.928,P＞0.05）,H组大鼠平均日增重显著低于HA组、HAM组（F = 3.951,P＜0.05）;HA组大鼠中性粒细胞数量较H组、HAM组分别上升7.85%和51.27%,HA组大鼠单核细胞数、单核细胞百分比显著高于H组、HAM组（F = 5.131、4.325,均P＜0.05）;HAM组、HA组和H组大鼠肠道菌群的优势菌门以拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为主。HAM组大鼠肠道菌群的毛螺菌科（Lachnospiraceae）的相对丰度显著高于HA组、H组（F = 8.545,P＜0.01）,毛螺菌科NK4A136属（Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group）的相对丰度显著高于HA组、H组（F = 3.926,P＜0.05）。LEfSe分析显示,HAM组大鼠肠道菌群中对群落结构影响较大的物种有乳螺目（Lachnospirales）、毛螺菌科。

通过粪菌移植能够提高进入高原环境的低海拔动物的高原适应性。

     

糖脂代谢性疾病模型小鼠肠道菌群特征分析

基于16S rDNA测序研究非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)、2型糖尿病(T2D)及动脉粥样硬化(AS)小鼠的肠道菌群特征, 分析上述疾病肠道微生物的异同。

以SPF级C57BL/6J雄鼠为对象, 分别采用高脂饮食制备NAFLD模型, 高脂饮食联合小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射建立T2D模型, ApoE^-/-小鼠高脂饮食诱导AS模型, 另设对照组, 每组10只。采用试剂盒测定小鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的水平。收集粪便样本, 以Illumina MiSeq测序平台, 采用QIIME2软件对肠道菌群的可分类操作单元(OTUs)数量, Alpha、Beta多样性和菌群多样性指数以及差异菌门、菌属等进行综合分析与评价, 并对肠道菌群代谢功能进行预测。

与对照组小鼠比, T2D组、NAFLD组、AS组血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平均显著升高, 菌群多样性指数显著降低(F=14.33, P < 0.01), Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值逐渐升高; 双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)丰度在AS组、T2D组中显著增加(F=12.15, P < 0.01), 在NAFLD组中显著下降(F=12.15, P < 0.05), 乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)丰度在NAFLD组、AS组中著降低(F=9.35, P < 0.01), 在T2D组中显著降低。关联分析表明Lactobacillus、Akkermansia等与血脂呈负相关, Faecalibaculum、Blautia等与血脂呈正相关。肠道菌群参与代谢性疾病主要涉及碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂质代谢以及能量代谢等通路。

本研究阐明了NAFLD、T2D、AS肠道微生物组成与变化的共性和个性特征, 为靶向调控肠道微生物治疗代谢性疾病提供科学依据。

     

急性胃肠功能损伤患者肠道菌群及其代谢产物的分析

分析重症患者合并急性胃肠功能损伤（AGI）的肠道菌群变化的特征。

采用观察性研究方法,选择2021年1月至2022年12月本院重症监护病房收治的患者36例,根据是否发生AGI分为AGI组（n = 18）和non-AGI组（n = 18）,记录入科时患者急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ和序贯器官衰竭评估评分,测定患者入科时超敏C反应蛋白、降钙素原以及第1次粪便样本的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的水平,通过16S rDNA测序分析粪便样本的菌群多样性,比较两组患者肠道菌群差异。

AGI组患者肠道乙酸、丙酸、丁酸水平较non-AGI组显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。AGI组患者肠道菌群alpha多样性显著低于non-AGI组。在细菌门分类水平上,两组患者肠道菌群差异无统计学意义;属水平比较,AGI组患者肠道菌群中肠球菌属、埃希—志贺菌属的相对丰度显著高于non-AGI组（均P＜0.05）,non-AGI组中双歧杆菌属相对丰度显著升高（P＜0.05）。

合并AGI重症患者肠道代谢功能失衡,菌群结构发生改变,为益生菌辅助治疗重症患者提供一定临床研究依据。

     

16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR检测大蒜提取物对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

探究蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素、大蒜粉对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。

将SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠分为空白对照组、蒜氨酸组、大蒜辣素组和大蒜粉组, 每组10只。空白对照组小鼠灌服蒸馏水30 d, 蒜氨酸组、大蒜辣素组、大蒜粉组小鼠灌服不同浓度的受试物溶液30 d, 采用16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR检测实验前后小鼠粪便样本中乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌水平变化。

给药30 d后, 与空白对照组相比、实验前后自身对比, 蒜氨酸组、大蒜辣素组、大蒜粉组小鼠的肠杆菌、肠球菌水平无明显变化; 乳杆菌、双歧杆菌水平显著增加; 产气荚膜梭菌水平显著降低。

蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素、大蒜粉对肠道菌群具有有益的调节作用, 是一种良好的天然有益于肠道菌群的食品。

     

益生菌联合药食同源材料改善常用抗结核药所致小鼠肝损伤和肠道菌群紊乱的作用

探讨益生菌与药食同源材料补充对异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺4种抗结核药联用所致小鼠肝损伤及肠道菌群紊乱的影响。

将30只SPF级雄性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和治疗组, 每组10只, 其中模型组和治疗组小鼠给予4种抗结核药建立肝损伤模型, 治疗组在此基础上给予益生菌联合药食同源材料组方。持续灌胃2周后每组随机抽取5只小鼠处死取材。剩余小鼠停止抗结核药灌胃, 仅继续给予组方灌胃1周。检测血清中生化指标丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、总胆红素(TBiL)、尿酸(UA)及白蛋白(Alb)水平。采用流式细胞术分析各组5只小鼠脾脏免疫细胞亚群比例。提取结肠内容物DNA, 采用16S rDNA测序分析各组肠道菌群构成。

益生菌联合药食同源材料可显著减轻抗结核药联用导致的小鼠ALT、AST、TC及TBiL水平的增加, 同时缓解抗结核药联用导致的小鼠脾脏CD3⁺ T、CD4⁺ T细胞的减少。与模型组相比, 治疗组小鼠肠道乳杆菌属和拟杆菌属相对丰度略有增加, 葡萄球菌属相对丰度显著降低。第21天治疗组小鼠肠道菌群Alpha多样性与模型组相比显著增加。

益生菌联合药食同源材料对抗结核药联用所致的肝损伤及肠道菌群紊乱具有一定改善作用, 且随干预时间的延长效果更明显。

     

驼乳源益生菌对db/db鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的 探究驼乳来源复合益生菌对db/db鼠血糖及肠道菌群的调节作用。方法 将60只db/db鼠随机分为5组,每组12只,分别为模型组、二甲双胍组、利拉鲁肽组、低剂量复合益生菌组和高剂量复合益生菌组,12只C57BL/Ks小鼠为正常对照组。阳性药组分别灌胃0.3 mg/g二甲双胍及皮下注射0.2 μg/g利拉鲁肽,低剂量复合益生菌组灌胃乳酸菌1.0×108 CFU/d和酵母菌1.0×106 CFU/d,高剂量复合益生菌组灌胃乳酸菌1.0×1010 CFU/d和酵母菌1.0×108 CFU/d,其他组灌胃生理盐水。血糖仪检测空腹血糖（FBG）及不同时间段血糖水平。ELISA法检测糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）含量。实时荧光定量PCR检测粪便菌群含量。结果 与模型组相比,低、高剂量复合益生菌组FBG水平明显减少,改善葡萄糖耐受（OGTT）能力,降低HbA1c含量。与模型组相比,低、高剂量复合益生菌组显著降低厚壁菌门、放线菌门和大肠埃希菌属水平,增加拟杆菌门、乳杆菌属和双歧杆菌属水平,但对总菌与梭杆菌属无影响。结论 驼乳来源复合益生菌可通过调节肠道菌群降低db/db鼠血糖含量。     

Chlorogenic Acid Improves Late Diabetes through Adiponectin Receptor Signaling Pathways in db/db Mice

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on glucose and lipid metabolism in late diabetic db/db mice, as well as on adiponectin receptors and their signaling molecules, to provide evidence for CGA in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. We randomly divided 16 female db/db mice into db/db-CGA and db/db-control (CON) groups equally; db/m mice were used as control mice. The mice in both the db/db-CGA and db/m-CGA groups were administered 80 mg/kg/d CGA by lavage for 12 weeks, whereas the mice in both CON groups were given equal volumes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by lavage. At the end of the intervention, we assessed body fat and the parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism in the plasma, liver and skeletal muscle tissues as well as the levels of aldose reductase (AR) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the kidneys and measured adiponectin receptors and the protein expression of their signaling molecules in liver and muscle tissues. After 12 weeks of intervention, compared with the db/db-CON group, the percentage of body fat, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the db/db-CGA group were all significantly decreased; TGF-β1 protein expression and AR activity in the kidney were both decreased; and the adiponectin level in visceral adipose was increased. The protein expression of adiponectin receptors (ADPNRs), the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver and muscle, and the mRNA and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) in the liver were all significantly greater. CGA could lower the levels of fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c during late diabetes and improve kidney fibrosis to some extent through the modulation of adiponectin receptor signaling pathways in db/db mice.     

高脂饮食中添加短链菊粉对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:探究高脂饮食中添加短链菊粉对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法:选择8周龄雄性小鼠,5只喂食高脂饲料,5只喂食10%菊粉复合型高脂饲料,喂食8周后收集小鼠粪便,检测小鼠粪便中三种主要的短链脂肪酸。同时,提取小鼠粪便中的细菌基因组,对菌群基因组16S rRNA基因V4高变区进行测序,对数据进行PCoA分析、Alpha多样性分析、LEfSe分析和16S功能预测。结果:菊粉添加后,小鼠粪便中含有的细菌DNA量增多,短链脂肪酸增加。菊粉组和对照组PCoA图可以看到明显聚类。菊粉组物种多样性低于对照组。菊粉组小鼠粪便中S24_7菌科丰度上升;Lachnospiraceae(毛螺菌科),Ruminococcaceae(瘤胃菌科)和Deferribacteraceae(脱铁杆菌科)丰度下降。16S基因功能预测发现22个第二层级的KEGG通路发生变化。结论:高脂饮食情况下短链菊粉的添加会改变小鼠肠道菌群,继而影响肠道菌群的功能。     

A quantitative headspace–solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–flame ionization detector method to analyze short chain free fatty acids in rat feces

This study sought to develop and validate a quantitative method to analyze short chain free fatty acids (SCFAs) in rat feces by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography (SPME–GC) using the salt mixture ammonium sulfate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate as salting out agent. Conditioning and extraction time, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, repeatability, and recovery were evaluated. The proposed method allows quantification with improved sensitivity as compared with other methods exploiting SPME–GC. The method has been applied to analyze rat fecal samples, quantifying acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isopentanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids.     

基于气相色谱法分析T2DM患者粪便中SCFAs水平与HbA1c的相关性

目的 研究2型糖尿病患者粪便中6种短链脂肪酸水平与糖化血红蛋白的相关性。 方法 采用气相色谱法检测粪便中短链脂肪酸的含量,并对方法学进行考察。选取2018年在本院查体的2型糖尿病患者57例,根据糖化血红蛋白水平将其分为高糖化组(糖化血红蛋白>7.0,28例)与低糖化组(糖化血红蛋白≤7.0,29例)。应用气相色谱法检测两组患者粪便中6种短链脂肪酸水平,并分析6种短链脂肪酸水平与糖化血红蛋白的相关性。 结果 低糖化组患者粪便中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸水平显著高于高糖化组(均P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果表明:在2型糖尿病患者中,糖化血红蛋白与粪便中乙酸呈负相关(r=-0.540 1,P结论 2型糖尿病患者粪便中短链脂肪酸水平与糖化血红蛋白存在一定的相关性,短链脂肪酸水平的下降可能是影响血糖控制不佳的主要原因。     

High-Fat Diet Reduces the Formation of Butyrate,but Increases Succinate,Inflammation, Liver Fat and Cholesterol in Rats,while Dietary Fibre Counteracts These Effects

Introduction

Obesity is linked to type 2 diabetes and risk factors associated to the metabolic syndrome. Consumption of dietary fibres has been shown to have positive metabolic health effects, such as by increasing satiety, lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels. These effects may be associated with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly propionic and butyric acids, formed by microbial degradation of dietary fibres in colon, and by their capacity to reduce low-grade inflammation.

Objective

To investigate whether dietary fibres, giving rise to different SCFAs, would affect metabolic risk markers in low-fat and high-fat diets using a model with conventional rats for 2, 4 and 6 weeks.

Material and Methods

Conventional rats were administered low-fat or high-fat diets, for 2, 4 or 6 weeks, supplemented with fermentable dietary fibres, giving rise to different SCFA patterns (pectin – acetic acid; guar gum – propionic acid; or a mixture – butyric acid). At the end of each experimental period, liver fat, cholesterol and triglycerides, serum and caecal SCFAs, plasma cholesterol, and inflammatory cytokines were analysed. The caecal microbiota was analysed after 6 weeks.

Results and Discussion

Fermentable dietary fibre decreased weight gain, liver fat, cholesterol and triglyceride content, and changed the formation of SCFAs. The high-fat diet primarily reduced formation of SCFAs but, after a longer experimental period, the formation of propionic and acetic acids recovered. The concentration of succinic acid in the rats increased in high-fat diets with time, indicating harmful effect of high-fat consumption. The dietary fibre partly counteracted these harmful effects and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, the number of Bacteroides was higher with guar gum, while noticeably that of Akkermansia was highest with the fibre-free diet.     

Genistein and daidzein modulate hepatic glucose and lipid regulating enzyme activities in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice

This study examines whether anti-diabetic effects of genistein and daidzein are mediated by hepatic glucose and lipid regulating enzyme activities in type 2 diabetic animals. Male C57BL/KsJ-lepr(db)/lepr(db) (db/db) mice and age-matched non-diabetic littermates (db/+) were used in this study. The db/db mice were divided into control, genistein (0.02%, w/w) and daidzein (0.02%, w/w) groups. The blood glucose and HbA(1c) levels were significantly lower in the genistein and daidzein groups than in the control group, while glucose tolerance only was significantly improved in the genistein-supplemented group. The plasma insulin and C-peptide levels did not differ significantly between groups, yet the glucagon level was lower in the genistein and daidzein groups compared to that in the control db/db or db/+ group. The genistein and daidzein supplements increased the insulin/glucagon ratio in the type 2 diabetic animals. While the hepatic glucokinase activity was significantly lower in the db/db control group, the glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were significantly higher in the control group compared to the db/+ group. Interestingly, these hepatic glucose metabolizing enzyme activities were reversed by the genistein and daidzein supplementation in db/db mice compared to the control group. The hepatic fatty acid synthase, beta-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activities were all significantly lower in the genistein and daidzein groups than in the control group. The genistein and daidzein supplements also improved the plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol, free fatty acid and hepatic triglyceride concentrations in the db/db mice. These results suggest that genistein and daidzein exert anti-diabetic effect in type 2 diabetic conditions by enhancing the glucose and lipid metabolism.     

不同碳水化合物对孤独症患儿肠道菌群 体外发酵产生短链脂肪酸的影响

目的探究孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)患儿与健康儿童的肠道菌群利用不同碳水化合物产生短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的差异。方法前瞻性病例对照研究。选择2016年12月至2017年10月解放军总医院儿科门诊的15例ASD患儿为研究对象,并匹配15名健康儿童为对照组;收集研究对象粪便,稀释成10%悬浊液,然后分别接种到以乳果糖(LAU)、乳糖(LAT)、棉籽糖(RAF)、低聚半乳糖(GOS)、低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)和低聚甘露糖(MOS)为单碳源的肠道微生态小型模拟发酵系统中批量发酵24 h,检测SCFAs浓度、底物降解率和产气气压。结果 ASD组患儿粪便SCFAs浓度与对照组差异无统计学意义,在YCFA(无碳源对照培养基,蛋白发酵为主)培养基发酵后总SCFAs、乙酸和丙酸均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.509、-2.509、-3.007,P=0.011、0.011、0.002);在添加LAT、RAF、GOS、IMO和MOS的培养基发酵后总SCFAs浓度显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.385、2.344、2.675、2.344、2.302,P=0.016、0.019、0.007、0.019、0.021),而含LAU的培养基发酵后,两组研究对象总SCFAs浓度比较差异无统计学意义。结论 ASD患儿肠道菌群利用蛋白发酵产SCFAs能力显著低于健康对照,利用碳水化合物产SCFAs能力显著高于健康对照。6种发酵底物中,乳果糖是最适合ASD患儿的碳水化合物,有改善ASD患儿肠道菌群产SCFAs的潜力。     

Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of soybean extract fermented by Bacillus subtilis MORI in db/db mice

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of soy bean extract solution fermented by Bacillus subtilis MORI (BTD-1E) in obese db/db mice. Eight-week-old male db/db mice were administered 33.3 mg/kg BTD-1E solution orally once a day for four weeks. The BTD-1E group showed significantly lower body weight compared with the db control group (P<0.05). The BTD-1E group showed significantly lower serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels compared with the db control group, respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01). The BTD-1E group showed significantly decreased liver weight relative to final body weight compared with the db control group (P<0.01). After four weeks of BTD-1E administration, lipid droplets in the liver were apparently decreased in the BTD-1E group compared to the db control group. In summary, our results suggest that BTD-1E has an anti-hyperlipidemic effect in the obese mouse model.     

Antidiabetic effects of Vigna nakashimae extract in db/db mice

The inhibitory activity of Vigna nakashimae extract against intestinal α-glucosidase was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The extract exerted a significant inhibitory effect against intestinal α-glucosidases. With sucrose-loading, it reduced the peak responses of blood glucose significantly in normal mice. Next, it was administrated to 8-week-old db/db mice for 2 weeks, and then plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were measured. The extract significantly suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia and blood glycated hemoglobin in the db/db mice. In addition, it lowered fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, it led to significant decreases in plasma triglyceride levels. It reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress in thapsigargin-induced HepG2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Vigna nakashimae extract has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects that occur via inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress.