电针对脑卒中患者的疗效及其对肠道菌群的影响

探讨电针对脑卒中患者的疗效及对患者肠道菌群丰度的影响,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

选取我院40例脑卒中患者在中风常规针刺基础上,予以电针治疗（双侧天枢穴、双侧足三里穴、双侧曲池穴）,最后纳入30例患者为观察组,同时另选取30例健康者作为对照组。观察治疗前后患者的神经功能恢复状态（mRS评分）,同时收集患者新鲜粪便标本,用16S rDNA高通量测序技术检测肠道菌群结构。

经电针治疗,30例患者mRS评分显著改善,其中显效26例,治愈2例,无效2例,临床总有效率为93.3%。与对照组比较,脑卒中患者治疗前粪便中拟杆菌门丰度减少,厚壁菌门丰度增加,拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门（B/F）比例显著减少（均P＜0.05）;且梭菌纲作为厚壁菌门下的主要细菌纲其丰度显著增加（P＜0.05）。治疗后观察组患者粪便中拟杆菌门丰度较对照组和同组治疗前均显著增加（均P＜0.05）,厚壁菌门丰度较对照组显著增加,但较治疗前显著减少（均P＜0.05）;B/F比例较对照组减少,而较治疗前显著增加（均P＜0.05）。

电针可有效治疗脑卒中,同时可通过调节肠道B/F比例,增加有益菌,减少炎症相关致病菌,改善肠道菌群结构。

     

氨基酸型肠内营养制剂支持后克罗恩病患者肠道微生物和非靶向代谢组学指标的分析

探讨氨基酸型肠内营养制剂支持后克罗恩病患者的肠道微生物和非靶向代谢组学指标的变化,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

选择我院收治的20例克罗恩病活动期患者作为研究对象,所有患者均采用氨基酸型肠内营养制剂进行支持治疗。比较患者治疗前后肠道菌群结构、菌群多样性以及非靶向代谢组学检测结果的差异。

治疗后,患者肠道乳杆菌属（t=5.200,P＜0.001）、大肠埃希菌（t=11.974,P＜0.001）、克雷伯菌属（t=15.033,P＜0.001）、糖单胞菌（t=12.166,P＜0.001）、恶臭假单胞菌（t=31.063,P＜0.001）、肠球菌属（t=28.867,P＜0.001）数量均显著升高;同时患者肠道菌群OUTs（t=40.435,P＜0.001）、Observed species（t=5.475,P＜0.001）、Chao1指数（t=12.348,P＜0.001）、Simpson指数（t=2.961,P=0.005）、Shannon指数（t=3.330,P=0.002）均显著升高。相比治疗前,治疗后患者血清以及粪便中的氨基酸、多肽、脂肪酸、胆固醇及碳水化合物水平均显著改善。

氨基酸型肠内营养制剂支持后,克罗恩病患者肠道菌群丰度提高,同时患者脂质代谢的改善可能与氧化应激反应通路相关联。

     

喂养方式对西安地区0～2个月婴儿肠道菌群的影响

探讨母乳和混合喂养方式对西安地区婴儿肠道菌群的影响。

收集24例0～2月龄西安地区健康婴儿粪便样本,根据婴儿的喂养方式,将样本分为母乳喂养组（17例）和以奶粉为主的混合喂养组（7例）。利用16S rRNA基因测序技术对不同喂养方式的婴儿肠道菌群进行测序,比较不同喂养方式对婴儿肠道菌群多样性和菌群差异的影响。

母乳喂养组婴儿粪便样本Ace指数和Chao1指数显著高于混合喂养组（t = 4.886,P＜0.05;t = 6.855,P＜0.05）,Shannon指数显著低于混合喂养组（t = 2.126,P＜0.05）。门水平上,2组样本均以放线菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门为主,但比例存在差异。相比混合喂养组,母乳喂养组婴儿粪便样本放线菌门和拟杆菌门丰度显著升高（U = 6,P＜0.05;U = 0,P＜0.05）,厚壁菌门和变形菌门丰度显著降低（U = 24,P＜0.05;U = 16,P＜0.05）。属水平上,母乳喂养组婴儿粪便样本双歧杆菌相对丰度（72.04%）显著升高,同时发现罗氏菌属和葡萄球菌属相对丰度也高于混合喂养组（U = 17,P＜0.05;U = 28,P＜0.05）;而混合喂养组婴儿粪便样本中,克雷伯菌属、肠球菌属及韦荣球菌属相对丰度显著升高（U = 19,P＜0.05;U = 12,P＜0.05;U = 28,P＜0.05）。

母乳喂养可能通过提高婴儿肠道菌群丰富度和部分益生菌相对丰度,同时降低条件致病菌比例等方式影响婴儿肠道菌群。

     

急性胃肠功能损伤患者肠道菌群及其代谢产物的分析

分析重症患者合并急性胃肠功能损伤（AGI）的肠道菌群变化的特征。

采用观察性研究方法,选择2021年1月至2022年12月本院重症监护病房收治的患者36例,根据是否发生AGI分为AGI组（n = 18）和non-AGI组（n = 18）,记录入科时患者急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ和序贯器官衰竭评估评分,测定患者入科时超敏C反应蛋白、降钙素原以及第1次粪便样本的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的水平,通过16S rDNA测序分析粪便样本的菌群多样性,比较两组患者肠道菌群差异。

AGI组患者肠道乙酸、丙酸、丁酸水平较non-AGI组显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。AGI组患者肠道菌群alpha多样性显著低于non-AGI组。在细菌门分类水平上,两组患者肠道菌群差异无统计学意义;属水平比较,AGI组患者肠道菌群中肠球菌属、埃希—志贺菌属的相对丰度显著高于non-AGI组（均P＜0.05）,non-AGI组中双歧杆菌属相对丰度显著升高（P＜0.05）。

合并AGI重症患者肠道代谢功能失衡,菌群结构发生改变,为益生菌辅助治疗重症患者提供一定临床研究依据。

     

双相情感障碍患者健康状况与肠道菌群的相关性分析

探讨双相情感障碍（BD）患者健康状况与肠道菌群的相关性,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

收集我院BD患者（BD组）和健康人群（健康对照组）的粪便样本,使用QIAamp^® DNA粪便抽提试剂盒进行粪便样本的总DNA提取,随后进行16S rRNA基因测序,使用主成分分析（PCoA）探究健康对照组和BD组患者肠道菌群多样性情况。采用BD患者自我报告健康问卷评估患者的健康状况。

BD患者肠道菌群Shannon指数（P = 0.020 5）、Chao指数（P = 0.025 1）和Simpson指数（P = 0.020 8）显著低于健康对照组（均P＜0.05）。加权的Unifrac PCoA分析表明,BD组患者肠道菌群相似性低于健康对照组。两组对象肠道菌群门水平上有差异的菌群为放线菌门和厚壁菌门;属、种水平上的差异菌群有普氏粪杆菌、梭状芽胞杆菌和瘤胃球菌属。两组对象在功能性身体健康（PCS）、心理健康（MCS）、睡眠质量（PSQI）、抑郁（PHQ-9）、焦虑（GAD-7）和狂躁（ASRM）的平均总成绩上差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。BD患者的功能性身体健康得分与肠道放线菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌属、梭状芽胞杆菌呈负相关,与普氏粪杆菌以及瘤胃球菌属呈正相关。

健康对照组和BD组患者的肠道菌群结构大致相似,BD患者的肠道菌群多样性低于健康对照组,BD患者健康状况与肠道菌群存在一定的相关性。

     

呼吸窘迫综合征新生儿肠道菌群的改变

探究呼吸窘迫综合征新生儿肠道菌群的改变,为该类患儿的治疗提供参考。

选取我院2020年4月至2022年4月收治的83例呼吸窘迫综合征新生儿作为试验组,另选我院同期健康新生儿83例作为对照组,收集两组对象粪便标本。对比两组对象肠道菌群的变化情况。

与对照组相比,试验组患儿肠道菌群Chaol指数和Shannon指数显著降低,Ace指数显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。两组对象肠道厚壁菌门、变形菌门、链球菌属相对丰度对比差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。

呼吸窘迫综合征新生儿肠道菌群改变较大。

     

急性脑卒中患者肠道菌群研究

通过粪便标本检测急性脑卒中患者肠道菌群变化情况, 探讨急性脑卒中患者肠道菌群结构。

通过高通量二代测序技术对10例健康者(对照组)及10例急性脑卒中患者(疾病组)粪便样本进行菌群结构测序分析。

与对照组比较, 急性脑卒中患者粪便样本中物种OTU信息量显著增加(P < 0.01), 菌群多样性指数(Shannon)和物种均一度指数(Evenness)也有所增加但差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。门水平上, 疾病组患者肠道Bacteroidetes数量较对照组显著增加, Firmicutes数量显著减少(均P < 0.05)。属水平上, 疾病组患者肠道Bacteroides、Bilophila、Butyricimonas比例较对照组显著升高, 而Collinsella、Coprococcus、Clostridium等比例较对照组显著降低(均P < 0.05)。

急性脑卒中患者肠道菌群结构与健康人存在显著差异。

     

营养干预对肝硬化代偿期合并糖尿病患者肠道菌群的影响

探讨营养干预对肝硬化代偿期合并糖尿病患者肠道微生物的影响。

收集2022年9月—2023年9月本院收治的80名肝硬化代偿期合并糖尿病患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组使用常规降糖药物治疗,观察组在对照组基础上,进行营养干预,根据1.5 g/kg的体重剂量摄入乳清蛋白质粉,接受常规饮食咨询和营养建议。每4周收集空腹血清样本,在干预前和营养干预后12周收集粪便样本,使用全自动生化分析仪、ELISA法检测血清葡萄糖、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-c）胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-c）胆固醇水平等临床参数。使用Illumina Nova Seq平台对粪便基因组DNA测序。

对照组患者12周后临床各项指标与基线比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组患者营养干预后空腹血糖（t=2.862,P=0.005）、空腹胰岛素（t=5.926,P＜0.001）、HOMA-IR（t=2.680,P=0.009）、hs-CRP（t=3.386,P=0.001）、蛋白质氧化率（t=7.762,P=0.001）均显著降低,呼吸商显著增加（t=2.958,P=0.004）。营养干预后6个菌种的相对丰度发生了显著变化,分别属于厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门。属于拟杆菌属和梭菌目的菌种在营养干预后产生了显著的菌株基因组变化。基于HOMA-IR的相对改善,将观察组患者分为响应者（R）亚组和非响应者（NR）亚组。两个亚组之间肠道微生物群的动态变化差异有统计学意义（P=0.008）。

肠道微生物群在营养干预对肝硬化代偿期合并糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性影响中发挥重要作用,可能有助于临床实施个体化生活方式干预。

     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇肠道菌群变化及其与血糖的相关性——

利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,研究妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇的肠道菌群变化及与血糖的相关性。

2020年9月—2021年3月,选取在温州市人民医院定期产前检查并分娩的孕妇44例,根据妊娠24~28周口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验结果分为妊娠期糖尿病组（22例）及正常对照组（22例）,收集孕妇的一般资料。通过Illumina Miseq平台对受试者粪便细菌DNA进行16S rDNA测序,比较两组肠道菌群的结构、丰度及多样性。

肠道菌群ɑ−多样性分析结果显示,GDM组孕妇Chao1、Shannon、Ace、Coverage指数与正常对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组孕妇肠道菌群的共同优势菌群为厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,GDM组弯曲杆菌门比例高于对照组（P＜0.05）。LEfSe分析结果显示两组丰度有显著差异的物种共有28种,其中24种在GDM组中富集,4种在正常对照组中富集。通过Bray-Curtis dbRDA分析发现,肠道菌群结构与75 g OGTT 0 h血糖及75 g OGTT 1 h血糖呈负相关（P＜0.05）。采用Spearman相关性分析评估两组肠道菌群与OGTT血糖值的相关性,发现瘤胃球菌属、链球菌属、丁酸球菌属与OGTT 0 h血糖呈负相关（P＜0.05）;小杆菌属、布劳特菌属、Monoglobus与OGTT 1 h血糖呈负相关（P＜0.05）;毛螺旋菌属、普雷沃菌属与OGTT 2 h血糖呈负相关（P＜0.05）。

16S rDNA高通量测序有助于分析GDM孕妇肠道菌群的丰度及多样性,为研究GDM孕妇肠道菌群结构的特点及与血糖的相关性提供新的思路和理论依据。

     

乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者肠道菌群特征

初步分析乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）患者肠道菌群特征,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

选取我院符合纳入标准的乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水患者45例为研究对象,其中24例合并SBP的患者为SBP组、21例未合并SBP的患者为NSBP组,另选同期20例健康人为HC组。应用16S rDNA测序技术检测患者肠道菌群,并使用生物信息学方法分析各组对象肠道菌群变化。

SBP组、NSBP组及HC组相比,其肠道菌群的物种多样性及丰富度差异均无统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。PCoA分析显示,NSBP组与HC组患者肠道菌群结构相似,SBP组与其他两组相比菌群结构较为不同。与NSBP组相比,SBP组患者肠道菌群中变形菌门（Proteobacteria,5.45% vs 13.50%,U = 161.000,P = 0.038）、软壁菌门（Tenericutes,0.019% vs 0.073%,U = 162.000,P = 0.035）、埃希—志贺菌属（Escherichia-Shigella,0.24% vs 9.53%,U = 103.000,P = 0.001）、柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrobacter,LDA＞2）等丰度均增加;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria,0.026% vs 0.015%,U = 152.000,P = 0.023）、罗氏菌属（Roseburia,2.55% vs 2.00%,U = 152.000,P = 0.023）、粪球菌属（Coprococcus,LDA＞2）等丰度下降。

乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水的发生发展与肠道菌群密切相关,在SBP患者肠道菌群中发现潜在病原体数量显著增加,并伴随有益细菌数量的减少。

     

Rapid adaptation of the bacterial community in the growing rabbit caecum after a change in dietary fibre supply

This work aimed to study the response of the growing rabbit caecal ecosystem (bacterial community and caecal environmental parameters) after a switch from a control to a low-fibre diet (LFD). A group of 160 rabbits were fed ad libitum a control diet (ADF: 20.4%) from weaning (36 days). At 49 days of age (day 0), 75 rabbits were switched to a LFD group (ADF: 10.7%), whereas 85 others (control group) remained on the control diet, for 39 days. Caecal contents were regularly sampled throughout the trial (60 rabbits per group). The bacterial community structure was characterized using CE-SSCP (capillary electrophoresis single strand conformation polymorphism) and total bacteria were quantified using real-time PCR. Redox potential (Eh), pH, NH(3)-N, volatile fatty acid (VFA) were measured in the caecum to characterize environmental parameters. The reduction of fibre in the diet modified the CE-SSCP profiles (P < 0.001) but not the diversity index (5.6 ± 0.8, ns). The number of 16S rRNA gene copies of total bacteria decreased (P < 0.01) in LFD rabbits compared with controls. In LFD rabbits, the caecal environment was less acid (+0.2 units; P < 0.01), more reductive (-11 mV; P < 0.05) and drier (+3.4 g 100 per g; P < 0.001), with an increase in NH3-N (+77%; P < 0.001) and a decrease in total VFA concentration (-17%; P < 0.001). We found significant correlations between the bacterial community, the quantity of bacteria and the caecal traits of the caecal ecosystem. Indeed, in both groups, the caecal traits barely constrained the total inertia of the CE-SSCP profile set (less than 14%), whereas total bacteria were positively related to total VFA, acetic acid and butyric acid levels, and Eh, and negatively related to pH. All the microbial and environmental modifications had occurred by day 2 and remained stable thereafter. These results suggest that the bacterial community in the growing rabbit caecum is able to adapt quickly after a change to in the dietary fibre supply to reach a new steady-state equilibrium.     

Photoperiod regulates dietary preferences and energy metabolism in young developing Fischer 344 rats but not in same-age Wistar rats

The effects of photoperiod on dietary preference were examined using young growing Fischer 344 and Wistar rats, which are seasonal and nonseasonal breeders, respectively. Rats were provided a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (LFD: 66/10/24% energy as carbohydrate/fat/protein) and high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (HFD: 21/55/24% energy as carbohydrate/fat/protein) simultaneously under long- (LD: 16 h light/day) and short-day (SD: 8 h light/day) conditions for 3 wk. Fischer 344 rats preferred the LFD to the HFD under the LD condition, whereas preference for both diets was equivalent under the SD condition. Consequently, their body weight and total energy intake exhibited 11-15 and 10-13% increases, respectively, under the LD condition. Calculation of energy intake from macronutrients revealed that rats under the LD condition consumed 20-24 and 9-13% higher energy of carbohydrates and proteins, respectively, than those under the SD condition. In contrast, Wistar rats preferred the LFD to the HFD irrespective of photoperiod and exhibited no photoperiodic changes in any parameters examined. Next, Fischer 344 rats were provided either the LFD or HFD for 3 wk under LD or SD conditions. Calorie intake was 10% higher in the rats fed the LFD than those fed the HFD under SD condition. However, rats under LD condition exhibited 5-10, 14, and 64% increases in body weight, epididymal fat mass, and plasma leptin levels, respectively, compared with those under the SD condition irrespective of dietary composition. In conclusion, photoperiod regulates feeding and energy metabolism in young growing Fischer 344 rats via the interactions with dietary macronutrient composition.     

Evaluation of concentrate factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a development of the relative total diet intake index

The aim of this work was to develop an index describing the relative intake of the total diet by dairy cows, and hence the ability to predict intake responses to changes in both forage and concentrate variables. An evaluation of concentrate factors affecting silage dry matter (DM) intake of dairy cows was conducted based on dietary treatment means from milk production experiments. The data were divided into four subsets according to concentrate treatments used within the experiments: the amount of concentrate supplementation (n = 217), protein supplementation (n = 336), carbohydrate composition (n = 114) and fat concentration of the concentrate (n = 29). The data were subjected to mixed-model regression analysis. Increased concentrate DM intake (CDMI) decreased silage DM intake (SDMI) quadratically. The substitution rate (substitution of silage DM for concentrate DM) increased with improved silage intake potential. SDMI increased quadratically with concentrate protein intake, the response being negatively related to the effective protein degradability (EPD) of concentrates. Replacement of starchy concentrate ingredients with fibrous supplements had a small positive effect on silage intake, whereas increased concentrate fat concentration slightly decreased SDMI. The outcome of concentrate factors influencing total DM intake (TDMI) was used to create a relative CDMI index as follows: CDMI index = 100 + 10 × [(CDMI - 0.1629 × CDMI - 0.01882 × CDMI2 - 5.49) + ((0.9474 × CCPI - 0.4965 × CCPI2) - 2.017 × (CEPD - 0.74)) + 0.00225 × (CNDF - 250) - 0.0103 × (40 - Cfat) - 0.00058 × (CDMI - 8.0) × (SDMI index - 100)], where CDMI = concentrate DM intake (kg/day), CCPI = supplementary concentrate CP intake (kg/day; CP>170 g/kg DM), CEPD = concentrate EPD (g/g), CNDF = concentrate NDF concentration (g/kg DM), Cfat = concentrate fat concentration (g/kg DM) and SDMI index is the relative intake potential of silage (Huhtanen, Rinne and Nousiainen 2007. Animal 1, 758-770). TDMI index was calculated as SDMI index + CDMI index - 100 to describe the relative intake potential of the total diet. For the whole data set (n = 943), one TDMI index unit was equivalent to 0.095 kg/day DM intake, i.e. close to the default value of 0.100 kg. The CDMI index explained proportionally 0.88 of the variation in TDMI within a study with a 0.27 kg/day residual mean-square error (n = 616). The corresponding values for the TDMI index were 0.81 and 0.37 kg/day (n = 943), respectively. The residual mean-square errors in cross-validation were marginally higher. The developed TDMI index can be used to estimate the intake responses to diet changes. It provides an improved basis for practical dairy cow ration formulation and economic evaluation.     

Effect of dietary crude protein on ammonia-N emission measured by herd nitrogen mass balance in a freestall dairy barn managed under farm-like conditions

The main objective of this experiment was to monitor the impact of barn side and dietary crude protein (CP) on production performance, manure production and composition, and ammonia nitrogen (N) emission from a lactating dairy herd housed in a free-stall barn and managed under farm-like conditions throughout a number of months in each season of the year. The 78-cow lactating herd of the University of Wisconsin-Platteville (USA) was halved and each group was allocated to either the north or south side of the barn and either a recommended (REC) diet with 16.7 ± 1.3% CP dry matter basis (DM) or an excess (EXC) CP diet containing 1.5 units of CP above the REC diet (18.2 ± 1.5%). In 7 months between February 2004 and January 2005, total manure collection was conducted by manual scraping of the alleys and ammonia-N emission was calculated as intake N + bedding N - milk N - scraped manure N. Side of the barn (northern v. southern exposure) did not influence measurements and there was no effect of dietary CP on dry matter intake (DMI), milk, milk fat, and milk protein production, but a lower manure N concentration was observed for the group of cows fed the REC diet compared with the EXC diet (3.43% v. 3.66% of DM). Nitrogen intake was 63 g/day lower (643 v. 706 g/day), milk N was unaffected (157 g/day), manure N was 32 g/day lower (391 v. 423 g/day), and ammonia-N emission was 34 g/day lower (93 v. 127 g/day) for the group consuming the REC diet compared with the group consuming the EXC diet. There were larger variations in measured responses among months of the year than between level of dietary CP. Wet and dry manure excretions tended to be higher, but manure pH was reduced when corn silage became unavailable and the diet included additional corn grain and alfalfa silage as the only forage source. Prediction of manure N excretion for a group of cow determined as N intake - N milk was 9% higher than current prediction equations of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Ammonia-N loss averaged 110 g/day per lactating cow, but ranged from 64 g/day to 178 g/day with no clear seasonal pattern. There was no clear association between barn temperature, manure temperature or manure pH and ammonia-N emission; however, intake N explained 61% of the variation in ammonia-N emission.     

Ensiled alkali-treated straw. II. The nutritive value for young beef cattle of mixtures of ensiled or frozen alkali-treated straw and ryegrass silage

Ensiled or frozen barley straw, treated with 7.5 g NaOH and 120 ml solution per 100 g DM prior to storage, was given in mixtures with ryegrass silage to young calves, initially 100 kg live weight. Urea was added to the straw at feeding at 2.5% of the dry matter (DM) and soya bean meal was given at 0.3% live weight per day in all treatments. Voluntary intake, digestibility and live-weight gain were similar for the two types of treated straw. Intake of metabolisable energy and weight gain decreased with increasing level of straw in the diet, averaging 889 g per head per day for a control diet of grass silage (91.7% of total diet DM), and 749, 550 and 150 g per head per day when the proportion of straw DM to grass silage DM was 33: 66, 66 : 33 and 100 : 0, respectively. Whilst alkali-treated straw cannot replace high quality grass silage with the same nutritional efficiency, weight gains in excess of 500 g/day can be reached if the proportion of straw is less than half the total DM.     

铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道黏膜结构的影响

目的 研究铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道黏膜的保护作用。 方法 将18只SPF级KM小鼠随机分为正常组和脾虚便秘组,其中正常组6只,脾虚便秘组12只。脾虚便秘组小鼠灌胃1 g/mL番泻叶水煎液(0.8 mL/d,分2次灌胃),持续7 d;从第8天开始,脾虚便秘组小鼠停止使用番泻叶,改为隔天喂低纤维饲料生大米4～8 g,每天自由饮水1次,每次0.5 h,控制饮食持续8 d,致小鼠脾虚便秘。当造模成功之后,将脾虚便秘小鼠随机分为自然恢复组和铁皮石斛治疗组(每组6只)。铁皮石斛治疗组按3.5 g/(kg·d)灌胃0.1 g/mL铁皮石斛汤剂,每天2次,每次0.35 mL,共5 d。正常组和脾虚便秘自然恢复组灌胃等量的无菌水。 结果 铁皮石斛能改善因造模造成的小肠黏膜炎症细胞浸润,增加回肠、盲肠的杯状细胞数目。 结论 铁皮石斛能有效改善脾虚便秘小鼠肠道的黏膜结构。     

A new model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat utilizing total enteral nutrition to overfeed a high-polyunsaturated fat diet

We have used total enteral nutrition (TEN) to moderately overfeed rats high-polyunsaturated fat diets to develop a model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed by TEN a 187 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1) diet containing 5% (total calories) corn oil or a 220 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1) diet in which corn oil constituted 5, 10, 25, 35, 40, or 70% of total calories for 21 or 65 days. Rats fed the 5% corn oil, 220 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1)diet had greater body weight gain (P < or = 0.05), fat mass (P < or = 0.05), and serum leptin and glucose levels (P < or = 0.05), but no liver pathology. A dose-dependent increase in hepatic triglyceride deposition occurred with increase in percent corn oil in the 220 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1) groups (P < or = 0.05). Steatosis, macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and focal necrosis were present in the 70% corn oil group, accompanied by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (P < or = 0.05). An increase in oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and TNF-alpha expression (P < or = 0.05) was observed in the 70% corn oil group, as well as an increase in hepatic CYP2E1 and CYP4A1 expression (P < or = 0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between the level of dietary corn oil and the degree of pathology, ALTs, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Liver pathology was progressive with increased necrosis, accompanied by fibrosis, observed after 65 days of TEN. Increased expression of CD36 and l-fabp mRNA suggested development of steatosis was associated with increased fatty acid transport. These data suggest that intragastric infusion of a high-polyunsaturated fat diet at a caloric level of 17% excess total calories results in pathology similar to clinical NASH.     

低FODMAP饮食治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征的效果分析

目的:研究低发酵(fermentable)寡糖(oligosaccharides)、单糖(monosaccharides)、双糖(disaccharides)及多元醇(polyols)(FODMAP)饮食治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征(diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome,IBS-D)的治疗临床效果及可能机制。方法:选择2015年6月至2017年6月我院收治的107例IBS-D患者作为研究对象,并采用随机数字表法将其分为低FODMAP饮食组54例(LFD)和正常饮食组53例(ND),分别给予低FODMAP饮食、正常饮食。实验前采集患者的一般情况,于实验的第0天、28天完善IBS症状积分量表(IBS-severity scoring system,IBS-SSS)、生活质量评分量表(IBS-Quality of Life,IBS-QOL)、完善粪便双歧杆菌、乳杆菌及大肠杆菌检查,计算相应积分及菌群计数。结果:两组患者实验前一般情况、IBS-SSS、IBS-QOL比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。实验28天时,LFD患者IBS-SSS(156.35±95.44vs223.18±66.96)、IBS-QOL(64.81±19.27vs54.62±18.98)较实验前明显改善,且IBS-SSS(156.35±95.44vs201.42±91.28)及IBS-QOL(64.81±19.27vs55.76±20.38)评分明显优于ND组(P0.05);低FODMAP饮食组肠道乳杆菌(6.33±0.95vs6.45±1.12)、双歧杆菌(8.57±0.84vs 8.61±0.79)的活菌数量无显著变化(P0.05),而大肠杆菌数量较前减少(8.01±1.12vs8.65±1.11)(P0.05);LFD患者BMI指数间与0天(23.42±2.38vs22.67±3.75)及ND(23.42±2.38vs 22.93±2.43)相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:低FODMAP饮食治疗IBS-D患者的效果明显,其机制除了食物的直接作用,还可能与肠道菌群的改变有关。     

Effect of method of processing foliage of Acacia mangium and inclusion of bamboo charcoal in the diet on performance of growing goats

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of including charcoal and of different processing methods of foliage from Acacia mangium in the diet on intake and performance of goats. In experiment 1, four male goats were used in a Latin square arrangement. The treatments were: control, no bamboo charcoal, and 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g bamboo charcoal per kg body weight (BW). The diet consisted of 10 g/kg initial BW dry matter (DM) of concentrate and Para grass, respectively. Acacia was fed ad libitum at a level of 130% of the individual fresh intake the previous day. The time for each period was 21 days with the last seven days for data collection. Adding bamboo charcoal to the diet did not increase DM intake of Acacia, total DM intake or neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber digestibilities, but had a significant effect on DM, organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) digestibilities and nitrogen (N) retention higher values being obtained in treatments 0.5 and 1.0, significantly higher than in the control or 1.5 treatments.

In experiment 2, 42 goats were randomly allotted to 6 different treatment groups. The treatments were three different methods of processing Acacia: fresh foliage, wilted foliage or dried foliage. Each method was tested with or without adding bamboo charcoal (0.5 g charcoal/kg BW). The diet was the same as in Exp. 1. The experimental time was 12 weeks. The goats fed the diet with bamboo charcoal consumed similar amounts of total DM and DM of Acacia as the goats fed the diet without bamboo charcoal and grew significantly faster (53 and 44 g/day, respectively, with and without charcoal). The processing method of Acacia foliage had a significant effect on total DM intake and DM intake of Acacia. The highest total DM intake was obtained by goats fed wilted Acacia, significantly different from fresh and dried Acacia. The weight gain of goats fed wilted or dried Acacia was higher than that of goats fed fresh Acacia, but this difference was not significant. In conclusion, the value of Acacia mangium as a feed for goats can be improved by wilting the foliage and feeding 0.5 to 1 g/kg BW of bamboo charcoal per day