二甲双胍联合卡铂对三阴性乳腺癌细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨二甲双胍联合卡铂对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖的影响。方法:体外培养三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231,分别给予不同浓度(0、2.5、5、10 mmol/L)二甲双胍和20μmol/L卡铂处理后,采用MTT实验、平板克隆实验检测二甲双胍联合卡铂对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响。结果:MTT实验结果显示:二甲双胍抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖,5、10mM组细胞OD490值均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且10 mM组细胞OD490值明显低于其他各组(P0.05);与单药相比,二甲双胍和卡铂联用组细胞生长抑制率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。平板克隆实验结果显示:与单药相比,二甲双胍和卡铂联用组细胞的克隆形成抑制率率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:二甲双胍联合卡铂能够有效的抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖。     

二甲双胍通过下调c-Myc增强他莫昔芬对乳腺癌的抗肿瘤作用

乳腺癌是一种常见的高度恶性肿瘤,在临床病人的治疗中,寻找有效的抑制肿瘤生长的治疗方法尤为重要。他莫昔芬目前被用于治疗雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌。二甲双胍是一种抗糖尿病药物,据报道可以降低人类癌症发病率,提高乳腺癌患者的生存率。该文主要研究二甲双胍联合他莫昔芬对乳腺癌细胞的协同作用及其机制。采用CCK-8法和平板克隆形成实验检测细胞活力和增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡; Transwell实验检测细胞迁移、侵袭能力;免疫印迹法检测MAPK信号通路和c-Myc蛋白。结果显示,他莫昔芬与二甲双胍联合用药对乳腺癌细胞增殖、克隆形成、迁移侵袭及凋亡的作用均优于单独用药,表明二甲双胍可以增强他莫昔芬对肿瘤生长的抑制作用,并能下调c-Myc蛋白的表达。该研究结果显示,二甲双胍能明显提高乳腺癌细胞的抗肿瘤作用,这些影响是通过下调c-Myc蛋白介导的。该发现可能对乳腺癌的治疗有潜在的临床应用价值。     

SK-1基因敲除联合阿霉素抑制乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖和迁移

目的:将乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的SK-1基因敲除,结合阿霉素对细胞增殖和迁移的抑制作用,研究乳腺癌的治疗新方法.方法:将阿霉素分 别感染野生型及SK-1敲除型MDA-MB-231细胞,3H-TdR掺入法分析细胞增殖,RT-PCR检测细 胞内SK-1的mRNA表达量,Western blot 检测SK-1蛋白表达及细胞凋亡相关因子caspase 3的蛋白表达,Transwell法分析细胞迁移. 结果:阿霉素感染MDA-MB-231细胞,抑制细胞增殖和迁移,细胞存活率明 显下降;阿霉素呈浓度依赖性及时间依赖性抑制SK-1 mRNA及蛋白水平表达;将SK-1基因敲 除,细胞迁移率下降,协同阿霉素的作用,迁移率进一步下降,且将导致细胞凋亡.结论: SK-1基因敲除可增强阿霉素对乳腺癌细胞增殖和迁移的抑制作用.     

BIOCOCKTAIL对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231凋亡的促进作用

目的从细胞凋亡方面观察BIOCOCKTAIL（益生菌微生物制剂）对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的抑制作用。方法采用FITC和PI双染色法及TUNEL法检测凋亡。结果通过FITC和PI双染色法,观察到BIOCOCKTAIL可显著增加乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB一231凋亡细胞。I组乳腺癌细胞系（8．1％绑38．7％,P〈0．05）,Ⅱ组乳腺癌细胞系（6．9％掷19．4％,P〈0．05）。TUNEL法检测MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡现象明显增多。结论BIOCOCKTAIL能够有效诱导乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231凋亡,有可能成为乳腺癌治疗的补充方案。     

融合蛋白1hFVII-LDM的制备及其对乳腺癌细胞的抑制作用

该文主要研究了强化融合蛋白lhFⅦ-LDM对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的抑制作用。通过PCR和重叠PCR的方法构建了pET19b-lhFⅦ-LDP表达载体,重组质粒转化BL21,经IPTG诱导后表达并用Co~(2+)亲和层析纯化lhFⅦ-LDP融合蛋白,Western blot检测融合蛋白的正确性,再通过分子重组的方法将lhFⅦ-LDP与力达霉素(LDM)的活性发色团(AE)组装成为强化融合蛋白lhFⅦ-LDM。通过免疫共沉淀实验鉴定lhFⅦ-LDP与组织因子(TF)的特异性结合作用,利用平板克隆形成实验观察lhFⅦ-LDM对细胞增殖的影响,采用Hoechst33342染色检测lhFⅦ-LDM诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡情况,建立了人乳腺癌裸鼠肿瘤模型,研究lhFⅦ-LDM对MDA-MB-231肿瘤生长的抑制作用。结果显示,lhFⅦ-LDM强化融合蛋白在体外能很好的诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡,动物实验结果表明,强化融合蛋白对MDA-MB-231肿瘤的生长具有显著的抑制作用。     

二甲双胍联合放射线照射对鼻咽癌细胞CNE-1增殖的影响

目的:探讨二甲双胍联合放射线照射对鼻咽癌细胞CNE-1增殖的影响。方法:分别给予鼻咽癌细胞CNE-1二甲双胍(5m M)、2Gy放射线照射、二甲双胍(5 m M)联合2Gy放射线照射处理后,采用MTT实验、克隆形成实验检测和比较其细胞增殖抑制率和克隆形成抑制率。结果:MTT实验结果显示:与二甲双胍组或2Gy放射线照射组相比,二甲双胍联合放射线照射组细胞增殖抑制率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);克隆形成实验结果显示,与二甲双胍组或2Gy放射线照射组相比,二甲双胍联合放射线照射组细胞克隆形成抑制率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:二甲双胍联合放射线照射能够有效的抑制鼻咽癌细胞CNE-1的增殖。     

靶向下调FOXM1 基因表达对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231 细胞增殖的影响

目的：探讨靶向抑制FOXM1 对乳腺癌细胞增殖能力的影响,为乳腺癌的个性化靶向治疗提供理论依据。方法：利用重组真 核转录载体pSilencer1.0-U6-FOXM1-shRNA,脂质体法转染乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,下调其FOXM1基因表达。采用四甲基 偶氮唑盐(MTT) 比色法、平板克隆形成实验观察细胞增值曲线以及克隆形成能力;采用实时定量- 聚合酶链反应(Real-time qPCR)、蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）分别检测FOXM1 基因在mRNA、蛋白水平的表达变化。结果：重组载体pSilencer1. 0-U6-FOXM1-shRNA转染MDA-MB-231细胞后,与对照组相比,增殖速率明显下降（P<0.05）,平板克隆形成显著减少（P<0.05）, 重组载体转染后显著抑制MDA-MB-231 细胞中FOXM1 基因在mRNA、蛋白水平的表达。结论：沉默FOXM1 基因对乳腺癌细胞 株MDA-MB-231 生长具有抑制作用,为阐明乳腺癌发病机制提供了新的切入点,也为临床抑制肿瘤生长提供了新的作用靶点。     

小檗碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖抑制作用及其分子机制研究

本研究的目的是为了探索小檗碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响以及阐明小檗碱促乳腺癌细胞凋亡的分子机制。在实验过程中,我们通过MTT检测小檗碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的抑制作用,采用Annexin-V/PI染色定量考察小檗碱对肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响,运用Western Blot实验检测肿瘤相关通路蛋白表达来进行研究。实验表明小檗碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖具有抑制作用,使细胞中自噬因子Beclin 1表达增加,诱导细胞自噬泡的形成,导致肿瘤细胞发生凋亡。综上说明小檗碱是通过抑制AKT-mTOR通路,诱导MDA-MB-231细胞的自噬以及凋亡,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。     

虫草素联合阿霉素干预乳腺癌细胞增殖及转移作用

研究了虫草素联合阿霉素在体外抑制三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖及转移作用,评估了联合用药的作用效应,为虫草素在临床应用上增强抗乳腺癌作用提供了科学数据。研究结果表明,联合用药比单独用药作用效果更明显,根据Chou-Talalay法显示出在80μmol/L虫草素联合1μmol/L阿霉素的条件下,联合用药协同作用最优,CI值为0.665,细胞抑制率达到60.31%±1.06%;与对照组相比,平板克隆形成实验证明联合用药显著抑制细胞增殖,克隆形成率仅为7.03%±1.19%;显微观察细胞形态变化表明联合用药明显影响细胞生长;Hochest 33258染色、DNA Ladder发现联合用药对细胞凋亡诱导作用更显著,细胞凋亡率可达78.52%±11.18%;细胞划痕愈合实验检测联合用药显著抑制细胞迁移,细胞迁移率仅为18.82%±2.43%。本研究确证虫草素可协助阿霉素治疗乳腺癌的增敏作用。     

二甲双胍对胶质母细胞瘤细胞的抑制作用研究

为了探究二甲双胍对不同胶质母细胞瘤U87细胞、GL261细胞及C6细胞增殖的影响,选取小鼠GBM细胞GL261细胞系、大鼠GBM细胞C6细胞系及人源GBM细胞U87MG细胞系,使用二甲双胍处理,通过CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性;细胞实时荧光检测细胞凋亡水平;平板克隆实验检测GBM细胞克隆形成能力;CCK-L法检测胞内ATP水平;Western blot检测Akt及其磷酸化水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,随着作用浓度增加,二甲双胍显著抑制GBM细胞增殖活性,影响细胞形态;与对照组相比,同一作用浓度下,二甲双胍提高了GBM细胞凋亡水平,抑制了GBM细胞克隆形成能力,降低了GBM胞内ATP的产生;二甲双胍处理24 h后,GBM细胞内p-Akt表达显著下调,Akt无明显变化。结果表明,二甲双胍在体外可抑制多种GBM细胞的增殖、克隆,降低胞内ATP水平,其机制可能与Akt磷酸化水平相关,研究结果为进一步探索二甲双胍对胶质母细胞瘤的作用机制提供了体外研究理论基础。     

BCG对乳腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的从细胞增殖和凋亡两方面观察BCG对乳腺癌细胞MDA—MB-231的抑制作用。方法用MTT法检测BCG作用后MDA—MB-231细胞的增殖能力,采用TUNEL法检测凋亡。结果BCG能明显降低MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖代谢活性而抑制其增殖。TUNEL法染色显示BCG可显著增加凋亡细胞。结论BCG不仅能显著抑制MDA—MB-231细胞增殖,还能有效诱导其凋亡。     

The anti-proliferative effect of metformin in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is highly dependent on glucose concentration: Implications for cancer therapy and prevention

Background

Metformin has been shown to have a strong anti-proliferative effect in many breast cancer cell lines, mainly due to the activation of the energy sensing kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). MDA-MB-231 cells are aggressive and invasive breast cancer cells that are known to be resistant to several anti-cancer agents as well as to the anti-proliferative effect of metformin. As metformin is a glucose lowering drug, we hypothesized that normoglycemia will sensitize MDA-MB-231 cells to the anti-proliferative effect of metformin.

Methods

MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with increasing metformin concentrations in hyperglycemic or normoglycemic conditions. The growth inhibitory effect of metformin was assessed by MTT assay. The expression of several proteins involved in cell proliferation was measured by Western blotting.

Results

In agreement with previous studies, treatment with metformin did not inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in hyperglycemic conditions. However, metformin significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 growth when the cells were cultured in normoglycemic conditions. In addition, we show that metformin-treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in normoglycemic conditions and not in hyperglycemic conditions caused a striking activation of AMPK, and an AMPK-dependent inhibition of multiple molecular signaling pathways known to control protein synthesis and cell proliferation.

Conclusion

Our data show that normoglycemia sensitizes the triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to the anti-proliferative effect of metformin through an AMPK-dependent mechanism.

General significance

These findings suggest that tight normoglycemic control may enhance the anti-proliferative effect of metformin in diabetic cancer patients.     

华蟾素联合顺铂对人骨肉瘤U2OS细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:研究华蟾素联合顺铂对人骨肉瘤U2OS细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,并探寻联合治疗增敏的可能分子机制。方法:采用不同浓度的华蟾素、顺铂单药和华蟾素联合顺铂处理人骨肉瘤U2OS细胞1-3天,通过CCK-8法检测其对U2OS细胞生长的抑制作用;平板克隆实验检测其对U2OS细胞集落形成能力的影响;流式细胞仪检测其对U2OS细胞凋亡的影响;RT-PCR及Western blotting检测Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、caspase-9等凋亡相关分子mRNA及蛋白水平的表达。结果:单用华蟾素或顺铂均可以浓度和时间依赖的方式抑制骨肉瘤U2OS细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,两药联合应用具有协同效应,并可以上调促凋亡基因Bax下调抑制凋亡基因Bcl-2的表达;联合用药组凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3、caspase-9的表达较单药组明显增加。结论:华蟾素联合顺铂与单一用药相比能够显著抑制人骨肉瘤细胞U2OS细胞的增殖,促进其凋亡,两药联合应用对骨肉瘤细胞的杀伤效应具有一定的协同效应,其机制可能与激活凋亡通路有关。     

靶向下调FOXM1基因表达对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响

目的：探讨靶向抑制FOXM1对乳腺癌细胞增殖能力的影响,为乳腺癌的个性化靶向治疗提供理论依据。方法：利用重组真核转录载体pSilencer1．0-U6-FOXMI—shRNA,脂质体法转染乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,下调其FOXM1基因表达。采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）比色法、平板克隆形成实验观察细胞增值曲线以及克隆形成能力;采用实时定量·聚合酶链反应（Real—timeqPCR）、蛋白免疫印迹法（Westemblot）分别检测FOXMl基因在mRNA、蛋白水平的表达变化。结果：重组载体pSileneerl．0-U6-FOXMl-shRNA转染MDA-MB-231细胞后,与对照组相比,增殖速率明显下降（P〈0．05）,平板克隆形成显著减少（P〈0．05）,重组载体转染后显著抑制MDA—MB-231细胞中FOXM1基因在mRNA、蛋白水平的表达。结论：沉默FOXMI基因对乳腺癌细胞株MDA—MB-231生长具有抑制作用,为阐明乳腺癌发病机制提供了新的切入点,也为临床抑制肿瘤生长提供了新的作用靶点。     

Akt3稳定表达细胞株的建立及其对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响

目的 构建人蛋白激酶Bγ（Akt3）基因编码区序列（cDNA）的真核表达载体、建立其稳定表达细胞株并观察其对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响.方法 从流产胎儿脑组织中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR方法扩增Akt3 cDNA的全长序列后克隆入pEGFP-N2质粒中,构建成Akt3基因真核表达载体,然后转染入MDA-MB-231细胞中,新霉素筛选稳定转染细胞克隆,通过MTT实验,研究转染Akt3基因前后细胞增殖的变化.结果 重组载体经酶切鉴定和测序证实目的 基因正确无误.Western印迹检测结果显示AKT3融合蛋白在MDA-MB-231细胞中表达良好,而转染空载体及未转染细胞对照中未见有此融合蛋白质条带;MTT结果显示AKT3表达上调的稳定克隆组,其增殖活性显著高于空载体稳定转染细胞组及未转染亲代细胞组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,而后两者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 Akt3过表达可增强MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖.     

Metformin induces unique biological and molecular responses in triple negative breast cancer cells

Triple negative (TN) breast cancer is more frequent in women who are obese or have type II diabetes, as well as young Women of Color. These cancers do not express receptors for the steroid hormones estrogen or progesterone, or the type II receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Her-2 but do have upregulation of basal cytokeratins and the epidermal growth factor (EGFR). These data suggest that aberrations of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, signaling through EGFR and genetic factors may promote the development of TN cancers. The anti-type II diabetes drug metformin has been associated with a decreased incidence of breast cancer, although the specific molecular subtypes that may be reduced by metformin have not been reported. Our data indicates that metformin has unique anti-TN breast cancer effects both in vitro and in vivo. It inhibits cell proliferation (with partial S phase arrest), colony formation and induces apoptosis via activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways only in TN breast cancer cell lines. At the molecular level, metformin increases P-AMPK, reduces P-EGFR, EGFR, P-MAPK, P-Src, cyclin D1 and cyclin E (but not cyclin A or B, p27 or p21), and induces PARP cleavage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These data are in stark contrast to our previously published biological and molecular effects of metformin on luminal A and B, or Her-2 type breast cancer cells. Nude mice bearing tumor xenografts of the TN line MDA-MB-231, treated with metformin, show significant reductions in tumor growth (p=0.0066) and cell proliferation (p=0.0021) as compared to untreated controls. Metformin pre-treatment, before injection of MDA-MB-231 cells, results in a significant decrease in tumor outgrowth and latency. Given the unique anti-cancer activity of metformin against TN disease, both in vitro and in vivo, it should be explored as a therapeutic agent against this aggressive form of breast cancer.     

Glucose promotes breast cancer aggression and reduces metformin efficacy

Metformin treatment has been associated with a decrease in breast cancer risk and improved survival. Metformin induces complex cellular changes, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation, reduction of stem cells, and apoptosis. Using a carcinogen-induced rodent model of mammary tumorigenesis, we recently demonstrated that overfeeding in obese animals is associated with a 50% increase in tumor glucose uptake, increased proliferation, and tumor cell reprogramming to an “aggressive” metabolic state. Metformin significantly inhibited these pro-tumorigenic effects. We hypothesized that a dynamic relationship exists between chronic energy excess (glucose by dose) and metformin efficacy/action.

Media glucose concentrations above 5 mmol/L was associated with significant increase in breast cancer cell proliferation, clonogenicity, motility, upregulation/activation of pro-oncogenic signaling, and reduction in apoptosis. These effects were most significant in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. High-glucose conditions (10 mmol/L or above) significantly abrogated the effects of metformin. Mechanisms of metformin action at normal vs. high glucose overlapped but were not identical; for example, metformin reduced IGF-1R expression in both the HER2+ SK-BR-3 and TNBC MDA-MB-468 cell lines more significantly at 5, as compared with 10 mmol/L glucose. Significant changes in gene profiles related to apoptosis, cellular processes, metabolic processes, and cell proliferation occurred with metformin treatment in cells grown at 5 mmol/L glucose, whereas under high-glucose conditions, metformin did not significantly increase apoptotic/cellular death genes. These data indicate that failure to maintain glucose homeostasis may promote a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype and alter metformin efficacy and mechanisms of action.     

Metformin Induces Apoptosis and Downregulates Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Breast Cancer Cells Only When Grown in Nutrient-Poor Conditions

Introduction

Metformin is proposed as adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment because of its ability to limit cancer incidence by negatively modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In vitro, in addition to inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, metformin can also induce apoptosis. The molecular mechanism underlying this second effect is still poorly characterized and published data are often contrasting. We investigated how nutrient availability can modulate metformin-induced apoptosis in three breast cancer cell lines.

Material and Methods

MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells were plated in MEM medium supplemented with increasing glucose concentrations or in DMEM medium and treated with 10 mM metformin. Cell viability was monitored by Trypan Blue assay and treatment effects on Akt/mTOR pathway and on apoptosis were analysed by Western Blot. Moreover, we determined the level of expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a well-known glycolytic enzyme expressed in cancer cells.

Results

Our results showed that metformin can induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells when cultured at physiological glucose concentrations and that the pro-apoptotic effect was completely abolished when cells were grown in high glucose/high amino acid medium. Induction of apoptosis was found to be dependent on AMPK activation but, at least partially, independent of TORC1 inactivation. Finally, we showed that, in nutrient-poor conditions, metformin was able to modulate the intracellular glycolytic equilibrium by downregulating PKM2 expression and that this mechanism was mediated by AMPK activation.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that metformin induces breast cancer cell apoptosis and PKM2 downregulation only in nutrient-poor conditions. Not only glucose levels but also amino acid concentration can influence the observed metformin inhibitory effect on the mTOR pathway as well as its pro-apoptotic effect. These data demonstrate that the reduction of nutrient supply in tumors can increase metformin efficacy and that modulation of PKM2 expression/activity could be a promising strategy to boost metformin anti-cancer effect.