哺乳动物早期胚胎的基因表达及其调控

哺乳动物的早期发育包括合子的形成、胚胎基因组的活化和细胞开始分化等。在这段时期,精蛋白被组蛋白取代;二倍体形成后甲基化的单倍体亲本基因组经历了脱甲基作用;母本控制的发育被合子控制所取代。此外,在染色体调节的转录抑制状态形成之后,胚胎基因组活化,但基因的有效表达需要有增强子。这种转录抑制状态的产生很可能发生在染色质结构水平,因为诱导组蛋白过乙酰化可免除对增强子的需求。早期胚胎的mRNA表达模式与在体内或体外成功发育的关系,对确定最佳培养条件和核移植程序是必不可少的。     

DNA sequence templates adjacent nucleosome and ORC sites at gene amplification origins in Drosophila

Eukaryotic origins of DNA replication are bound by the origin recognition complex (ORC), which scaffolds assembly of a pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) that is then activated to initiate replication. Both pre-RC assembly and activation are strongly influenced by developmental changes to the epigenome, but molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined. We have been examining the activation of origins responsible for developmental gene amplification in Drosophila. At a specific time in oogenesis, somatic follicle cells transition from genomic replication to a locus-specific replication from six amplicon origins. Previous evidence indicated that these amplicon origins are activated by nucleosome acetylation, but how this affects origin chromatin is unknown. Here, we examine nucleosome position in follicle cells using micrococcal nuclease digestion with Ilumina sequencing. The results indicate that ORC binding sites and other essential origin sequences are nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs). Nucleosome position at the amplicons was highly similar among developmental stages during which ORC is or is not bound, indicating that being an NDR is not sufficient to specify ORC binding. Importantly, the data suggest that nucleosomes and ORC have opposite preferences for DNA sequence and structure. We propose that nucleosome hyperacetylation promotes pre-RC assembly onto adjacent DNA sequences that are disfavored by nucleosomes but favored by ORC.